RESUMO
Mauritia flexuosa (Buriti) pulp oil contains bioactive substances and lipids that are protective against cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases. We performed physical and chemical analyses to verify its quality and stability. Buriti oil was stable according to the Rancimat test, presenting an induction period of 6.6 h. We evaluated the effect of supplementation with crude buriti oil and olive oil on metabolic parameters in 108 Swiss mice for 90 days. We investigated six groups: extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) 1 and 2 (1000 and 2000 mg/kg), buriti oil (BO) 1 and 2 (1000 and 2000 mg/kg), synergic (S) (BO1 + EVOO1), and control (water dose 1000 mg/kg). The animals were euthanized to examine their blood, livers, and fats. The supplementation did not interfere with food consumption, weight gain, and histological alterations in the liver. Group S showed the strongest relationship with the fractions HDL-c and non-HDL-c, indicating a possible cardioprotective effect. Moreover, we observed significantly higher IL-6 levels in the control, EVOO2, and BO1 groups than in the EVOO1 group. Resistin was also significantly higher for the synergic treatment than for the control. We conclude that BO combined with EVOO could be an excellent food supplement for human consumption.
Assuntos
Arecaceae , Animais , Arecaceae/química , Suplementos Nutricionais , Fígado/metabolismo , Camundongos , Modelos Teóricos , Azeite de Oliva/metabolismo , Óleos de Plantas/químicaRESUMO
Silica has been extracted from rice husks via a simple hydrothermal process and functionalized with triethoxy(octyl)silane -OCTES (Octyl-SiO2) and (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane - 3-APTES (Amino-SiO2), with the aim of using it as support to immobilize lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus (TLL) via adsorption. The supports have been characterized by particle size distribution and elemental analyses, XRD, TGA, SEM, AFM and N2 physisorption so as to confirm their functionalization. Effect of pH, temperature, initial protein loading and contact time on the adsorption process has been systematically evaluated. Maximum immobilized protein loading of 12.3 ± 0.1 mg/g for Amino-SiO2 (5 mM buffer sodium acetate at pH 4.0, 25 °C and initial protein loading of 20 mg/g) and 21.9 ± 0.1 mg/g for Octyl-SiO2 (5 mM buffer sodium acetate at pH 5.0, 25 °C and initial protein loading of 30 mg/g) was observed. However, these biocatalysts presented similar catalytic activity in olive oil emulsion hydrolysis (between 630 and 645 U/g). TLL adsorption was a spontaneous process involving physisorption. Experimental data on Octyl-SiO2 and Amino-SiO2 adsorption were well-fitted to the Langmuir isotherm model. It was also investigated whether these biocatalysts could synthesize cetyl esters via esterification reaction. Thus, it was found that cetyl stearate synthesis required 100-110 min of reaction time to attain maximum conversion percentage (around 94%). Ester productivity of immobilized TLL on Amino-SiO2 was 1.3-3.1 times higher than Octyl-SiO2.
Assuntos
Adsorção , Enzimas Imobilizadas/metabolismo , Eurotiales/enzimologia , Lipase/metabolismo , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Hidrólise , Cinética , Lipase/isolamento & purificação , Azeite de Oliva/metabolismo , Oryza/química , Dióxido de Silício/isolamento & purificação , Dióxido de Silício/metabolismo , TemperaturaRESUMO
This work aims to compare the use of olive mill solid waste as substrate in pH-controlled fermentation at acid (pHâ¯=â¯5), neutral (uncontrolled, pHâ¯≈â¯7) and alkaline (pHâ¯=â¯9) operating pH levels. The results obtained in this study indicate that operating pH strongly affected the anaerobic microorganisms and, hence, different target compounds could be obtained by adjusting the operating pH. Fermentation at neutral pH resulted in the conversion of 93.5% of the fed chemical oxygen demand to methane. However, fermentations at pHâ¯5 and 9 resulted in the inhibition of the methanogenic activity. At pHâ¯9, volatile fatty acids reached a maximum concentration of 3.69â¯g O2/L, where acetic acid represented up to 79.3% of the total volatile fatty acids. Unlike volatile fatty acid production, an optimal operation of fermentation at pHâ¯5 could allow the recovery of phenols such as vanillin.
Assuntos
Ácidos Graxos Voláteis/análise , Olea/química , Fenóis/análise , Resíduos Sólidos , Gerenciamento de Resíduos/métodos , Anaerobiose , Bactérias Anaeróbias/metabolismo , Análise da Demanda Biológica de Oxigênio , Ácidos Graxos Voláteis/química , Ácidos Graxos Voláteis/metabolismo , Fermentação , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Metano/análise , Metano/química , Metano/metabolismo , Azeite de Oliva/química , Azeite de Oliva/metabolismo , Fenóis/química , Fenóis/metabolismoRESUMO
The accumulation of triacylglycerols (TAG) is a common feature among actinobacteria belonging to Rhodococcus genus. Some rhodococcal species are able to produce significant amounts of those lipids from different single substrates, such as glucose, gluconate or hexadecane. In this study we analyzed the ability of different species to produce lipids from olive oil mill wastes (OMW), and the possibility to enhance lipid production by genetic engineering. OMW base medium prepared from alperujo, which exhibited high values of chemical oxygen demand (127,000 mg/l) and C/N ratio (508), supported good growth and TAG production by some rhodococci. R. opacus, R. wratislaviensis and R. jostii were more efficient at producing cell biomass (2.2-2.7 g/l) and lipids (77-83% of CDW, 1.8-2.2 g/l) from OMW than R. fascians, R. erythropolis and R. equi (1.1-1.6 g/l of cell biomass and 7.1-14.0% of CDW, 0.1-0.2 g/l of lipids). Overexpression of a gene coding for a fatty acid importer in R. jostii RHA1 promoted an increase of 2.2 fold of cellular biomass value with a concomitant increase in lipids production during cultivation of cells in OMW. This study demonstrates that the bioconversion of OMW to microbial lipids is feasible using more robust rhodococal strains. The efficiency of this bioconversion can be significantly enhanced by engineering strategies.
Assuntos
Resíduos Industriais , Lipídeos/biossíntese , Azeite de Oliva/metabolismo , Rhodococcus/metabolismo , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Biomassa , Biotransformação , Clonagem Molecular , Meios de Cultura/química , Ácidos Graxos/análise , Ácidos Graxos/metabolismo , Regulação Bacteriana da Expressão Gênica , Genes Bacterianos/genética , Engenharia Genética , Lipídeos/análise , Olea , Filogenia , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Rhodococcus/classificação , Rhodococcus/genética , Rhodococcus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Triglicerídeos/biossínteseRESUMO
In this study, the biosurfactant production by an Aureobasidium thailandense LB01 was reported for the first time. Different agro-industrial by-products (corn steep liquor, sugarcane molasses, and olive oil mill wastewater) were evaluated as alternative low-cost substrates. The composition of the culture medium was optimized through response surface methodology. The highest biosurfactant production (139±16mg/L) was achieved using a culture medium containing yeast extract (2g/L); olive oil mill wastewater (1.5%, w/w); glucose (6g/L) and KH2PO4 (1g/L) after 48h of fermentation. The partially purified biosurfactant exhibited a critical micelle concentration of 550mg/L, reducing the surface tension of water up to 31.2mN/m. Its molecular structure was found to be similar to a lauric acid ester. The biosurfactant exhibited a better performance than the chemical surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) in oil dispersion assays, thus suggesting its potential application in bioremediation.
Assuntos
Ascomicetos/metabolismo , Azeite de Oliva/metabolismo , Tensoativos/metabolismo , Ascomicetos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Biodegradação Ambiental , Meios de Cultura/química , Fermentação , Dodecilsulfato de Sódio/química , Tensão Superficial , Tensoativos/química , Tensoativos/isolamento & purificação , Águas Residuárias , ÁguaRESUMO
In this work, biosurfactant production by several yeast strains was evaluated using different culture media. The best results were obtained with the strain Wickerhamomyces anomalus CCMA 0358 growing in a culture medium containing glucose (1g/L) and olive oil (20g/L) as carbon sources. This strain produced 2.6g of biosurfactant per liter after 24h of growth. The crude biosurfactant reduced the surface tension of water to values around 31mN/m, and its critical micelle concentration was 0.9mg/mL. This biosurfactant was characterized through mass spectrometry (MS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) as a mixture of two different glycolipids, comprising a sugar moiety linked to one or three molecules of oleic acid. To the best of our knowledge, these biosurfactants are structurally different from those previously reported. Furthermore, the crude biosurfactant exhibited antimicrobial activity against several microorganisms, including the pathogens Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Streptococcus agalactiae, which opens the possibility for its use in several biomedical applications.
Assuntos
Anti-Infecciosos/metabolismo , Saccharomycetales/metabolismo , Tensoativos/metabolismo , Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Candida albicans/efeitos dos fármacos , Candida albicans/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Meios de Cultura/química , Escherichia coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Escherichia coli/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Fermentação , Glucose/metabolismo , Micelas , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Azeite de Oliva/metabolismo , Staphylococcus epidermidis/efeitos dos fármacos , Staphylococcus epidermidis/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Streptococcus agalactiae/efeitos dos fármacos , Streptococcus agalactiae/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Tensão Superficial , Tensoativos/farmacologia , ÁguaRESUMO
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of trans-fatty acids (TFA) on liver and serum TAG regulation in mice fed diets containing different proportions of n-3, n-6 and n-9 unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) from olive (O), maize (C) or rapeseed (R) oils partially substituted or not with TFA (Ot, Ct and Rt, respectively). Male CF1 mice were fed (30 d) one of these diets. The effects of the partial substitution (1 %, w/w) of different UFA with TFA on the activity and expression of hepatic enzymes involved in lipogenesis and fatty acids oxidation were evaluated, as well as their transcription factor expressions. Some of the mechanisms involved in the serum TAG regulation, hepatic VLDL rich in TAG (VLDL-TAG) secretion rate and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity were assessed. In liver, TFA induced an increase in TAG content in the Ot and Rt groups, and this effect was associated with an imbalance between lipogenesis and ß-oxidation. In the Ot group, exacerbated lipogenesis may be one of the mechanisms responsible for the liver steatosis induced by TFA, whereas in Rt it has been related to a decreased ß-oxidation, compared with their respective controls. The enhanced hepatic VLDL-TAG secretion in the Ot and Rt groups was compensated with a differential removal of TAG by LPL enzyme in extrahepatic tissues, leading to unchanged serum TAG levels. In brief, the effects of low levels of TFA on liver and serum TAG regulation in mice depend on the dietary proportions of n-3, n-6 and n-9 UFA.
Assuntos
Dieta Hiperlipídica/efeitos adversos , Gorduras Insaturadas na Dieta/metabolismo , Óleos de Plantas/metabolismo , Ácidos Graxos trans/farmacologia , Triglicerídeos/metabolismo , Animais , Óleo de Milho/química , Óleo de Milho/metabolismo , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/administração & dosagem , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/metabolismo , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-6/administração & dosagem , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-6/metabolismo , Fígado Gorduroso/metabolismo , Leucotrienos/metabolismo , Lipogênese , Lipase Lipoproteica/metabolismo , Lipoproteínas VLDL/metabolismo , Fígado/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Azeite de Oliva/química , Azeite de Oliva/metabolismo , Oxirredução , Óleos de Plantas/química , Óleo de Brassica napus , Triglicerídeos/biossínteseRESUMO
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a fatty liver disorder that could be improved with extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) supplementation in diet. We propose the monitoring, in whole mouse liver extracts and in isolated mitochondria, of the absorption of compounds from three different diets: standard (CT), high-fat (HFD) and high-fat supplemented with EVOO (HFSO). Male mice were submitted to one of the following three diets: CT or HFD for 16 weeks or HFD for 8 weeks followed by additional 8 weeks with HFSO. Following this period, liver was extracted for histological evaluation, mitochondria isolation and mass spectrometry analyses. Diets, liver extracts and Percoll-purified mitochondria were analyzed using ESI-MS and the lipidomics approach. Morphological, histological and spectrometric results indicated a decrease in NASH severity with EVOO supplementation in comparison with animals maintained with HFD. Spectrometric data also demonstrated that some compounds presented on the diets are absorbed by the mitochondria. EVOO was shown to be a potential therapeutic alternative in food for NASH. Our results are in accordance with the proposition that the major factor that influences different responses to diets is their composition - and not only calories - especially when it comes to studies on obesity.
Assuntos
Dieta Hiperlipídica , Extratos Hepáticos/química , Mitocôndrias/química , Azeite de Oliva/metabolismo , Espectrometria de Massas por Ionização por Electrospray/métodos , Animais , Fígado/química , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/metabolismo , Fígado/patologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/metabolismo , Obesidade , Azeite de Oliva/farmacologia , Análise de Componente PrincipalRESUMO
The purpose of this research was to characterize an olive core collection using some agronomic characters and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and to determine SSR markers associated with the content of fatty acids in olive oil. SSR marker analysis demonstrated the presence of a high amount of genetic variation between the olive cultivars analyzed. A UPGMA dendrogram demonstrated that olive cultivars did not cluster on the basis of their geographic origin. Fatty acid components of olive oil in these cultivars were determined. The results also showed that there was a great amount of variation between the olive cultivars in terms of fatty acid composition. For example, oleic acid content ranged from 57.76 to 76.9% with standard deviation of 5.10%. Significant correlations between fatty acids of olive oil were observed. For instance, a very high negative correlation (-0.812) between oleic and linoleic acids was detected. A structured association analysis between the content of fatty acids in olive oil and SSR markers was performed. STRUCTURE analysis assigned olive cultivars to two gene pools (K = 2). Assignment of olive cultivars to these gene pools was not based on geographical origin. Association between fatty acid traits and SSR markers was evaluated using the general linear model of TASSEL. Significant associations were determined between five SSR markers and stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids of olive oil. Very high associations (P < 0.001) between ssrOeUA-DCA14 and stearic acid and between GAPU71B and oleic acid indicated that these markers could be used for marker-assisted selection in olive.
Assuntos
Ácidos Graxos/metabolismo , Variação Genética , Repetições de Microssatélites/genética , Olea/genética , Olea/metabolismo , Azeite de Oliva/metabolismo , Alelos , Análise por Conglomerados , Frequência do Gene , Genótipo , Olea/classificação , Azeite de Oliva/química , Fenótipo , Polimorfismo Genético , Especificidade da EspécieRESUMO
Sunflower seed hulls were used as the main component of a solid substrate for the cultivation of the lingzhi or reishi medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum. This study evaluated the effects of supplementing the substrate with olive oil and copper (II) on the mushroom production (MP) parameters and fruiting body total triterpenoid content. The addition of 1.5% olive oil increased total MP by 21.7% (dry basis) in 3 flushes. Copper (60 ppm) increased the daily productivity of the first flush (MP per day) by both reducing the time needed to harvest the crop and increasing the MP. However, the MP at the second and third flushes was reduced. When both supplements were combined, the MP at the first flush was 43% higher than with control treatment. No significant change in mushroom total triterpenoid content was observed by the addition of supplements to the substrate. An increase of 145-155% in the mushroom copper content was obtained by the addition of 60 ppm copper to the substrate. It is thus recommended to use substrate formulations containing both olive oil and copper (II) and harvest just the first flush.