RESUMO
This study presents the synthesis of four series of novel hybrid chalcones (20,21)a-g and (23,24)a-g and six series of 1,3,5-triazine-based pyrimido[4,5-b][1,4]diazepines (28-33)a-g and the evaluation of their anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal, and cytotoxic properties. Chalcones 20b,d, 21a,b,d, 23a,d-g, 24a-g and the pyrimido[4,5-b][1,4]diazepines 29e,g, 30g, 31a,b,e-g, 33a,b,e-g exhibited outstanding anticancer activity against a panel of 60 cancer cell lines with GI50 values between 0.01 and 100 µM and LC50 values in the range of 4.09 µM to >100 µM, several of such derivatives showing higher activity than the standard drug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). On the other hand, among the synthesized compounds, the best antibacterial properties against N. gonorrhoeae, S. aureus (ATCC 43300), and M. tuberculosis were exhibited by the pyrimido[4,5-b][1,4]diazepines (MICs: 0.25-62.5 µg/mL). The antifungal activity studies showed that triazinylamino-chalcone 29e and triazinyloxy-chalcone 31g were the most active compounds against T. rubrum and T. mentagrophytes and A. fumigatus, respectively (MICs = 62.5 µg/mL). Hemolytic activity studies and in silico toxicity analysis demonstrated that most of the compounds are safe.
Assuntos
Chalconas , Isocianatos , Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Chalconas/farmacologia , Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Staphylococcus aureus , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Azepinas/farmacologia , Fluoruracila , Neisseria gonorrhoeae , Triazinas/farmacologiaRESUMO
Psychostimulants regulate behavioral responses in zebrafish via epigenetic mechanisms. We have previously shown that DNA methylation and histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition abolish nicotine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) but little is known about the role of histone methylation in addictive-like behaviors. To assess the influence of histone methylation on nicotine-CPP, zebrafish were treated with a histone (H3) lysine-9 (K9) dimethyltransferase G9a/GLP inhibitor, BIX-01294 (BIX), which was administered before conditioning sessions. We observed a dual effect of the inhibitor BIX: at high doses inhibited while at low doses potentiated nicotine reward. Transcriptional expression of α6 and α7 subunits of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and of G9a, DNA methyl transferase-3, and HDAC-1 was upregulated in zebrafish with positive scores for nicotine-CPP. Changes in relative levels of these mRNA molecules reflected the effects of BIX on nicotine reward. BIX treatment per sé did not affect transcriptional levels of epigenetic enzymes that regulate trimethylation or demethylation of H3. BIX reduced H3K9me2 protein levels in a dose-dependent manner in key structures of the reward pathway. Thus, our findings indicated that different doses of BIX differentially affect nicotine CPP via strong or weak inhibition of G9a/GLP activity. Additionally, we found that the lysine demethylase inhibitor daminozide abolished nicotine-CPP and drug seeking. Our data demonstrate that H3 methylation catalyzed by G9a/GLP is involved in nicotine-CPP induction. Dimethylation of K9 at H3 is an important epigenetic modification that should be considered as a potential therapeutic target to treat nicotine reward and perhaps other drug addictions.
Assuntos
Histona-Lisina N-Metiltransferase , Nicotina , Peixe-Zebra , Animais , Nicotina/farmacologia , Histona-Lisina N-Metiltransferase/metabolismo , Azepinas/farmacologia , Histonas/metabolismo , Recompensa , Quinazolinas/farmacologia , Receptores Nicotínicos/metabolismo , Proteínas de Peixe-Zebra/metabolismo , Proteínas de Peixe-Zebra/genética , MasculinoRESUMO
Topical ophthalmic antibiotics show low efficacy due to the well-known physiological defense mechanisms of the eye, which prevents the penetration of exogenous substances. Here, we aimed to incorporate besifloxacin into liposomes containing amines as positively charged additives and to evaluate the influence of this charge on drug delivery in two situations: (i) iontophoretic and (ii) passive treatments. Hypothesis are (i) charge might enhance the electromigration component upon current application improving penetration efficiency for a burst drug delivery, and (ii) positive charge might prolong formulation residence time, hence drug penetration. Liposomes elaborated with phosphatidylcholine (LP PC) or phosphatidylcholine and spermine (LP PC: SPM) were stable under storage at 6 ºC for 30 days, showed mucoadhesive characteristics, and were non-irritant, according to HET-CAM tests. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy measurements showed that neither the drug nor spermine incorporations produced evident alterations in the fluidity of the liposome's membranes, which retained their structural stability even under iontophoretic conditions. Mean diameter and zeta potential were 177.2 ± 2.7 nm and - 5.7 ± 0.3 mV, respectively, for LP PC; and 175.4 ± 1.9 nm and + 19.5 ± 1.0 mV, respectively, for LP PC:SPM. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimal bactericide concentration (MBC) of the liposomes for P. aeruginosa showed values lower than the commercial formulation (Besivance). Nevertheless, both formulations presented a similar increase in permeability upon the electric current application. Hence, liposome charge incorporation did not prove to be additionally advantageous for iontophoretic therapy. Passive drug penetration was evaluated through a novel in vitro ocular model that simulates the lacrimal flow and challenges the formulation resistance in the passive delivery situation. As expected, LP PC: SPM showed higher permeation than the control (Besivance). In conclusion, besifloxacin incorporation into positively charged liposomes improved passive topical delivery and can be a good strategy to improve topical ophthalmic treatments.
Assuntos
Azepinas , Olho/metabolismo , Fluoroquinolonas , Administração Oftálmica , Animais , Azepinas/química , Azepinas/farmacocinética , Azepinas/farmacologia , Fluoroquinolonas/química , Fluoroquinolonas/farmacocinética , Fluoroquinolonas/farmacologia , Lipossomos , Permeabilidade , Fosfatidilcolinas/química , Fosfatidilcolinas/farmacocinética , Fosfatidilcolinas/farmacologia , SuínosRESUMO
A member of the Trk family of neurotrophin receptors, tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB, encoded by the NTRK2 gene) is an increasingly important target in various cancer types, including glioblastoma (GBM). EGFR is among the most frequently altered oncogenes in GBM, and EGFR inhibition has been tested as an experimental therapy. Functional interactions between EGFR and TrkB have been demonstrated. In the present study, we investigated the role of TrkB and EGFR, and their interactions, in GBM. Analyses of NTRK2 and EGFR gene expression from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) datasets showed an increase in NTRK2 expression in the proneural subtype of GBM, and a strong correlation between NTRK2 and EGFR expression in glioma CpG island methylator phenotype (G-CIMP+) samples. We showed that when TrkB and EGFR inhibitors were combined, the inhibitory effect on A172 human GBM cells was more pronounced than when either inhibitor was given alone. When U87MG GBM cells were xenografted into the flank of nude mice, tumor growth was delayed by treatment with TrkB and EGFR inhibitors, given alone or combined, only at specific time points. Intracranial GBM growth in mice was not significantly affected by drug treatments. Our findings indicate that correlations between NTRK2 and EGFR expression occur in specific GBM subgroups. Also, our results using cultured cells suggest for the first time the potential of combining TrkB and EGFR inhibition for the treatment of GBM.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Neoplasias Encefálicas/metabolismo , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Glioblastoma/metabolismo , Glicoproteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Receptor trkB/metabolismo , Animais , Azepinas/farmacologia , Benzamidas/farmacologia , Neoplasias Encefálicas/genética , Ciclo Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Ciclo Celular/genética , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Sobrevivência Celular/genética , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Receptores ErbB/antagonistas & inibidores , Receptores ErbB/genética , Receptores ErbB/metabolismo , Glioblastoma/genética , Humanos , Glicoproteínas de Membrana/antagonistas & inibidores , Glicoproteínas de Membrana/genética , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Nus , Gradação de Tumores , Quinazolinas/farmacologia , Receptor trkB/antagonistas & inibidores , Receptor trkB/genética , Tirfostinas/farmacologia , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de XenoenxertoRESUMO
ABSTRACT Background: Latent HIV-1 is a major hurdle in obtaining HIV-1 sustained virological remission (SVR). Here we explored histone deacetylation inhibition property of nicotinamide (NAM; n = 17) for the first time in comparison to a combination of methyltransferase inhibitors (MTIs; Chaetocin and BIX01294; n = 25) to reactivate latent HIV ex vivo in CD8-depleted PBMCs from antiretroviral treated aviremic individuals. Results: NAM reactivated HIV-1 from 13/17 (76.4%) samples compared to 20/25 (80.0%) using MTIs with mean viral load (VLs) of 4.32 and 3.22 log10 RNA copies/mL, respectively (p = 0.004). Mean purging time after NAM and MTIs stimulation was 5.1 and 6.75 days, respectively (p = 0.73). Viral purging in autologous cultures exhibited blunted HIV recovery with fluctuating VLs followed by a complete viral extinction when expanded in allogenic system. Electron microscopy from five supernatants revealed anomalous viral particles, with lack of complete viral genomes when characterized by ultradeep sequencing through metagenomics approach (n = 4). Conclusion: NAM alone was more potent HIV-1 activator than combination of MTIs, with potential of clinical use.
Assuntos
Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Quinazolinas/farmacologia , Azepinas/farmacologia , Ativação Viral/efeitos dos fármacos , Infecções por HIV/virologia , HIV-1/efeitos dos fármacos , Niacinamida/farmacologia , Metiltransferases/antagonistas & inibidores , Piperazinas/farmacologia , Leucócitos Mononucleares/virologia , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos , Regulação Viral da Expressão Gênica , Latência Viral , Carga Viral/efeitos dos fármacos , Tropismo Viral/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Latent HIV-1 is a major hurdle in obtaining HIV-1 sustained virological remission (SVR). Here we explored histone deacetylation inhibition property of nicotinamide (NAM; n=17) for the first time in comparison to a combination of methyltransferase inhibitors (MTIs; Chaetocin and BIX01294; n=25) to reactivate latent HIV ex vivo in CD8-depleted PBMCs from antiretroviral treated aviremic individuals. RESULTS: NAM reactivated HIV-1 from 13/17 (76.4%) samples compared to 20/25 (80.0%) using MTIs with mean viral load (VLs) of 4.32 and 3.22 log10 RNA copies/mL, respectively (p=0.004). Mean purging time after NAM and MTIs stimulation was 5.1 and 6.75 days, respectively (p=0.73). Viral purging in autologous cultures exhibited blunted HIV recovery with fluctuating VLs followed by a complete viral extinction when expanded in allogenic system. Electron microscopy from five supernatants revealed anomalous viral particles, with lack of complete viral genomes when characterized by ultradeep sequencing through metagenomics approach (n=4). CONCLUSION: NAM alone was more potent HIV-1 activator than combination of MTIs, with potential of clinical use.
Assuntos
Azepinas/farmacologia , Infecções por HIV/virologia , HIV-1/efeitos dos fármacos , Metiltransferases/antagonistas & inibidores , Niacinamida/farmacologia , Quinazolinas/farmacologia , Ativação Viral/efeitos dos fármacos , Adulto , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos , Feminino , Regulação Viral da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Leucócitos Mononucleares/virologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Piperazinas/farmacologia , Carga Viral/efeitos dos fármacos , Tropismo Viral/efeitos dos fármacos , Latência Viral , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Enriched environment (EE) protects the retina from adult rats against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury; however, how the components of EE contribute to the recovery after retinal ischemic damage remains unclear. We analyzed the contribution of social, cognitive, and visual stimulation on functional and histological alterations induced by I/R. Male Wistar rats were submitted to unilateral ischemia by increasing intraocular pressure to 120 mmHg for 40 min. After ischemia, animals were housed in the following conditions: standard environment (SE), enriched environment (EE), novelty environment (NE), standard social environment (SoE), standard visual environment (SVE), or visual environment (VE). In another set of experiments, rats were submitted to bilateral ischemia and housed in SE or EE. At 2 weeks post-ischemia, rats were subjected to electroretinography and histological analysis. EE (but not SoE or NE) afforded functional and histological protection against unilateral ischemia. EE did not induce protection in animals submitted to bilateral ischemia. VE protected retinal function and histology and increased retinal BDNF levels, while a TrkB receptor antagonist prevented the protective effect of VE against I/R damage. In animals submitted to unilateral ischemia, EE and VE induced an increase in c-fos immunoreactivity in the ipsi and contralateral superior colliculus, whereas in animals submitted to bilateral ischemia, no changes in c-fos-immunoreactivity were observed in either superior colliculus from EE-housed animals. These results support that visual stimulation could be a potent stimulus for driving retinal protection in adult rats through a BDNF/TrkB-dependent mechanism, likely involving the superior colliculus.
Assuntos
Isquemia/patologia , Estimulação Luminosa , Retina/patologia , Retina/efeitos da radiação , Animais , Azepinas/farmacologia , Benzamidas/farmacologia , Fator Neurotrófico Derivado do Encéfalo/metabolismo , Eletrorretinografia , Locomoção/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Ratos Wistar , Retina/efeitos dos fármacos , Retina/fisiopatologia , Células Ganglionares da Retina/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Ganglionares da Retina/patologia , Células Ganglionares da Retina/efeitos da radiaçãoRESUMO
Targeting self-renewal and tumorigenicity has been proposed as a potential strategy against cancer stem cells (CSCs). Epigenetic proteins are key modulators of gene expression and cancer development contributing to regulation and maintenance of self-renewal and tumorigenicity. Here, we have screened a small-molecule epigenetic inhibitor library using 3D in vitro models in order to determine potential epigenetic targets associated with self-renewal and tumorigenicity in Canine Mammary Cancer (CMC) cells. We identified inhibition of BET proteins as a promising strategy to inhibit CMC colonies and tumorspheres formation. Low doses of (+)-JQ1 were able to downregulate important genes associated to self-renewal pathways such as WNT, NOTCH, Hedgehog, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, EGF receptor and FGF receptor in CMC tumorspheres. In addition, we observed downregulation of ZEB2, a transcription factor important for the maintenance of self-renewal in canine mammary cancer cells. Furthermore, low doses of (+)-JQ1 were not cytotoxic in CMC cells cultured in 2D in vitro models but induced G2/M cell cycle arrest accompanied by upregulation of G2/M checkpoint-associated genes including BTG2 and CCNG2. Our work indicates the BET inhibition as a new strategy for canine mammary cancers by modulating the self-renewal phenotype in tumorigenic cells such as CSCs.
Assuntos
Carcinogênese/genética , Proliferação de Células/genética , Doenças do Cão/genética , Epigênese Genética , Neoplasias Mamárias Animais/genética , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Animais , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Azepinas/farmacologia , Biomarcadores Tumorais/genética , Carcinogênese/efeitos dos fármacos , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Doenças do Cão/patologia , Cães , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Epigênese Genética/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Testes Genéticos/métodos , Indazóis/farmacologia , Neoplasias Mamárias Animais/patologia , Família Multigênica/genética , Células-Tronco Neoplásicas/efeitos dos fármacos , Células-Tronco Neoplásicas/metabolismo , Células-Tronco Neoplásicas/patologia , Células-Tronco Neoplásicas/fisiologia , Piridonas/farmacologia , Triazóis/farmacologiaRESUMO
Head and neck cancer (HNSCC) are one of the most common solid malignancies of the world, being responsible for over 350,000 deaths every year. Much of the complications in managing and treating HNSCC advent from the complex genetic and epigenetic landscape of the disease. Emerging information has shown promising results in targeting BRD4, an epigenetic regulator bromodomain that functions as a scaffold for transcription factors at promoters and super-enhancers. Here we show that by disrupting the interaction between BRD4 and histones using the bromodomain inhibitor JQ1, HNSCC cells undergo cell growth arrest followed by cellular senescence. Mechanistically, JQ1 negatively impacted the phosphorylation levels of SIRT1 along with the acetylation levels of mutant p53 (active). In vivo administration of JQ1 resulted in disruption of HNSCC growth along with the activation of cellular senescence, observed by the accumulation of DNA double-strand breaks, p16ink4, accumulation of senescence-associated beta-galactosidase, and loss of phosphorylated Sirt1ser47. Furthermore, we also demonstrate that JQ1 was efficient in reducing the population of cancer stem cells from HNSCC xenografts.
Assuntos
Azepinas/farmacologia , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/antagonistas & inibidores , Senescência Celular , Inibidor de Quinase Dependente de Ciclina p21/metabolismo , Epigenoma , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço/patologia , Células-Tronco Neoplásicas/patologia , Fatores de Transcrição/antagonistas & inibidores , Triazóis/farmacologia , Animais , Apoptose , Biomarcadores Tumorais , Ciclo Celular , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/genética , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/metabolismo , Proliferação de Células , Inibidor de Quinase Dependente de Ciclina p21/genética , Feminino , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço/genética , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço/metabolismo , Histonas/genética , Histonas/metabolismo , Humanos , Camundongos , Camundongos Nus , Células-Tronco Neoplásicas/efeitos dos fármacos , Células-Tronco Neoplásicas/metabolismo , Prognóstico , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas de Cabeça e Pescoço/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas de Cabeça e Pescoço/genética , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas de Cabeça e Pescoço/metabolismo , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas de Cabeça e Pescoço/secundário , Taxa de Sobrevida , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Células Tumorais Cultivadas , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de XenoenxertoRESUMO
The synthesis of inhibitors of SphK2 with novel structural scaffolds is reported. These compounds were designed from a molecular modeling study, in which the molecular interactions stabilizing the different complexes were taken into account. Particularly interesting is that 7-bromo-2-(2-phenylethyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,4-epoxynaphtho[1,2-b]azepine, which is a selective inhibitor of SphK2, does not exert any cytotoxic effects and has a potent anti-inflammatory effect. It was found to inhibit mononuclear cell adhesion to the dysfunctional endothelium with minimal impact on neutrophil-endothelial cell interactions. The information obtained from our theoretical and experimental study can be useful in the search for inhibitors of SphK2 that play a prominent role in different diseases, especially in inflammatory and cardiovascular disorders.