RESUMO
Desde el inicio de la Humanidad el hombre se vinculó con los animales, como lo testimonian las pinturas de Altamira y tantas otras representaciones del arte rupestre paleolítico. También hoy sabemos, por un conjunto de indicios, que la extinción de algunas especies de la megafauna en el inicio del Holoceno han sido provocadas por actividades humanas.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Preservação Biológica/história , Animais Selvagens/genética , Bem-Estar do Animal/história , BiodiversidadeRESUMO
We remember Lazaro Spallanzani (1729-1799) mainly for his controversy with Needham over spontaneous generation, but he was a man of multiple scientific activities in the fields of biology, mineralogy, physics, mathematics and volcanology! Called "the biologist of biologists", he developed a series of investigations about reproduction of amphibian, in one of them -Experiences in service to the history of the generation of animals and plants- we have found horrific experiments with frogs, including severe and useless mutilation of males, in order to interrupt its copulation with females, acts he describes as "barbaric", and we estimate inadmissible in the ecclesiastic man he was, even in an epoch in which animals were considered "anima vili" (something without value). A brief review of the use of animals in laboratories shows significant advances in the ethical regulations for this practice, but we believe that these achievements are not enough.
Assuntos
Bem-Estar do Animal , Laboratórios , Bem-Estar do Animal/história , Bem-Estar do Animal/normas , Animais , Animais de Laboratório , Feminino , História do Século XVIII , Laboratórios/ética , Masculino , Reprodução/fisiologia , Ciência/ética , Ciência/históriaRESUMO
Resumen Recordamos al abate Lázaro Spallanzani (1729-1799) fundamentalmente por su victoriosa contienda con Needham sobre la generación espontánea, pero fue un hombre de múltiples intereses en distintos campos de la ciencia, desde la biología a la volcanología. Se lo llamó el "biólogo de los biólogos", desarrollando una serie de investigaciones sobre la reproducción de los anfibios, en una de las cuales - "Experiencias al servicio de la historia de la generación de animales y plantas" - el lector moderno se estremece de horror ante las crueles mutilaciones que infligiera a los sapos machos tratando de interrumpir su copulación con las hembras. Él mismo las califica de "bárbaras" estas torturas, inadmisibles en un hombre que detentaba una jerarquía eclesiástica, aún en una época como la suya, en que se calificaba a los animales como "anima vili" (cosa sin valor). Mucho se ha avanzado hoy en día en resguardo de nuestros "hermanos menores", como los llamara San Francisco, pero aún falta mucho que hacer en la regulación de la experimentación científica que los utiliza.
Abstract We remember Lazaro Spallanzani (1729-1799) mainly for his controversy with Needham over spontaneous generation, but he was a man of multiple scientific activities in the fields of biology, mineralogy, physics, mathematics and… volcanology! Called "the biologist of biologists", he developed a series of investigations about reproduction of amphibian, in one of them -Experiences in service to the history of the generation of animals and plants- we have found horrific experiments with frogs, including severe and useless mutilation of males, in order to interrupt its copulation with females, acts he describes as "barbaric", and we estimate inadmissible in the ecclesiastic man he was, even in an epoch in which animals were considered "anima vili" (something without value). A brief review of the use of animals in laboratories shows significant advances in the ethical regulations for this practice, but we believe that these achievements are not enough.
Assuntos
Humanos , Animais , Masculino , Feminino , História do Século XVIII , Bem-Estar do Animal/história , Bem-Estar do Animal/normas , Laboratórios/ética , Reprodução/fisiologia , Ciência/história , Ciência/ética , Animais de LaboratórioRESUMO
Foi aplicado um questionário destinado a levantar as condições socioeconômicas dos carroceiros da região de Pirassununga-SP e analisar as condições de bem-estar a que são submetidos os seus equídeos de tração. As entrevistas foram efetuadas, no período de agosto de 2012 a julho de 2013, durante o acompanhamento do Projeto Carroceiro promovido pela Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos (FZEA/USP); e de visitas realizadas às residências dos carroceiros inscritos no projeto, tendo-se obtido uma amostra de 26 indivíduos que trabalhavam como carroceiros. Posteriormente, também, foram analisados os prontuários de 49 cavalos atendidos anteriormente, de outubro de 2011 a junho de 2012, início do projeto, para a avaliação das alterações clínicas registradas. A maioria dos carroceiros começou a trabalhar antes de atingir a maioridade; complementava a renda com outras atividades; sustentava quatro ou mais pessoas com a renda obtida; transportava materiais variados de descarte e os depositava em pátios destinados a este fim ou aterros sanitários. Todos recebiam menos de R$ 1.000,00 ao mês, gastando entre 10 e 30% da renda com o animal. Grande parte (8/26) mantinha seus animais presos aos arreios durante os intervalos, mas não utilizava chicote (16/26). As principais alterações clínicas foram problemas locomotores e cutâneos. A alimentação adotada era de baixa qualidade.(AU)
It was applied a questionnaire to establish the socioeconomic identities of carters that live around the city of Pirassununga, in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil, in order to associate it to the state of welfare undergone by their cart horses. The evaluation was conducted from August 2012 until July 2013 through questionnaires made during the Carters Project, sponsored by the School of Animal Science and Food Engineering (FZEA/USP), and through home visits to the carters previously enrolled in the project, obtaining a sample of 26 individuals. Furthermore, it was made an evaluation of 49 records of horses attended previously (October 2011 to June 2012) in order to analyze their most frequent health problems. The majority of the carters started working before adulthood, supplemented family income with other activities, sustained four or more people and transported various materials and deposited them at the courtyard of the city hall and landfills. The majority of the carters reported to receive less then R$ 1,000.00 per month, having estimated the costs with their animals feeding between 10 and 30% of that income. Most of them (8/26) keep their animals attached to the saddlery, but dont use whip (16/26). Based on the records analyzed, it was observed that the most frequent clinical problems are cutaneous and locomotor disorders. Low quality feeding was also observed.(AU)
Assuntos
Bem-Estar do Animal/história , Cavalos/anatomia & histologia , Cavalos/classificação , Tração/veterináriaRESUMO
Foi aplicado um questionário destinado a levantar as condições socioeconômicas dos carroceiros da região de Pirassununga-SP e analisar as condições de bem-estar a que são submetidos os seus equídeos de tração. As entrevistas foram efetuadas, no período de agosto de 2012 a julho de 2013, durante o acompanhamento do Projeto Carroceiro promovido pela Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos (FZEA/USP); e de visitas realizadas às residências dos carroceiros inscritos no projeto, tendo-se obtido uma amostra de 26 indivíduos que trabalhavam como carroceiros. Posteriormente, também, foram analisados os prontuários de 49 cavalos atendidos anteriormente, de outubro de 2011 a junho de 2012, início do projeto, para a avaliação das alterações clínicas registradas. A maioria dos carroceiros começou a trabalhar antes de atingir a maioridade; complementava a renda com outras atividades; sustentava quatro ou mais pessoas com a renda obtida; transportava materiais variados de descarte e os depositava em pátios destinados a este fim ou aterros sanitários. Todos recebiam menos de R$ 1.000,00 ao mês, gastando entre 10 e 30% da renda com o animal. Grande parte (8/26) mantinha seus animais presos aos arreios durante os intervalos, mas não utilizava chicote (16/26). As principais alterações clínicas foram problemas locomotores e cutâneos. A alimentação adotada era de baixa qualidade.
It was applied a questionnaire to establish the socioeconomic identities of carters that live around the city of Pirassununga, in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil, in order to associate it to the state of welfare undergone by their cart horses. The evaluation was conducted from August 2012 until July 2013 through questionnaires made during the Carters Project, sponsored by the School of Animal Science and Food Engineering (FZEA/USP), and through home visits to the carters previously enrolled in the project, obtaining a sample of 26 individuals. Furthermore, it was made an evaluation of 49 records of horses attended previously (October 2011 to June 2012) in order to analyze their most frequent health problems. The majority of the carters started working before adulthood, supplemented family income with other activities, sustained four or more people and transported various materials and deposited them at the courtyard of the city hall and landfills. The majority of the carters reported to receive less then R$ 1,000.00 per month, having estimated the costs with their animals feeding between 10 and 30% of that income. Most of them (8/26) keep their animals attached to the saddlery, but dont use whip (16/26). Based on the records analyzed, it was observed that the most frequent clinical problems are cutaneous and locomotor disorders. Low quality feeding was also observed.
Assuntos
Bem-Estar do Animal/história , Cavalos/anatomia & histologia , Cavalos/classificação , Tração/veterináriaRESUMO
Proporcionar e mensurar bem-estar para animais mantidos em cativeiro é um grande desafio para profissionais da área. A adaptação frente a diferentes estímulos estressores pode proporcionar custos biológicos importantes nos aspectos clínicos, comportamentais e fisiológicos dos animais. O enriquecimento ambiental é uma ferramenta importante na busca de comportamentos típicos da espécie, melhor qualidade de vida e bem-estar desejável.(AU)
To provide and to measure welfare of animals in captivity is a great challenge for professionals in this fi eld. Having to adapt to a diversity of stressor stimuli may bring with it important biological expenses for the clinical, physiological and behavioral aspects of these animals. Environmental enrichment is an important tool in the search for species-typical behaviors, better quality of life and the desirable welfare.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Bem-Estar do Animal/história , Animais de Zoológico/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Animais de Zoológico/fisiologiaRESUMO
Proporcionar e mensurar bem-estar para animais mantidos em cativeiro é um grande desafio para profissionais da área. A adaptação frente a diferentes estímulos estressores pode proporcionar custos biológicos importantes nos aspectos clínicos, comportamentais e fisiológicos dos animais. O enriquecimento ambiental é uma ferramenta importante na busca de comportamentos típicos da espécie, melhor qualidade de vida e bem-estar desejável.
To provide and to measure welfare of animals in captivity is a great challenge for professionals in this fi eld. Having to adapt to a diversity of stressor stimuli may bring with it important biological expenses for the clinical, physiological and behavioral aspects of these animals. Environmental enrichment is an important tool in the search for species-typical behaviors, better quality of life and the desirable welfare.
Assuntos
Animais , Animais de Zoológico/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Animais de Zoológico/fisiologia , Bem-Estar do Animal/históriaRESUMO
To investigate the science of animal welfare for zoo and wild animals in the period from 1966 to 2007, we conducted a bibliometric analysis of abstracts downloaded from The Web of Science((c)) database using the keyword combination "Animal welfare, Zoo* and wild" in the topic field. In total we downloaded 1,125 abstracts, which were classified into the following categories: year of publication; environment of the study (e.g., zoo) or theoretical; area of knowledge (e.g., conservation in situ); number of experimental animals used; species; addresses of authors; taxonomic classification; publication language; journal name; number of citations received. Since 1990, there has been a rapid increase in the number of articles published in this area of animal welfare. One worrying result was that published articles were predominately of a theoretical nature (58.65%, N=563). Most of the articles were published by authors either in Europe (47.43%, N=480) or North America (37.65%, N=381) and written in English (87.71%, N=971). The majority of experimental studies were conducted with mammals (75.92%, N=391), and had small sample sizes (N=7 for zoo-based studies). In terms of impact factor (IF), the journals in this study had a median factor equivalent to that for the area of biological sciences (median IF=1.013). Little knowledge cross-over from farm animal welfare was found (only four articles) in this study. In conclusion, zoo and wild animal welfare as a science may benefit from a greater interaction with farm animal welfare.
Assuntos
Bem-Estar do Animal/história , Bem-Estar do Animal/normas , Animais Selvagens , Animais de Zoológico , Bibliometria , Bem-Estar do Animal/tendências , Animais , Bases de Dados Bibliográficas , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Fator de Impacto de RevistasRESUMO
This article concerns animal experimentation and official Mexican norm Nom 0062-Zoo-1999 entitled Technical specifications for the production, care and use of laboratory animals. The history of animal experimentation is briefly resumed. During the nineteenth century, doubts arose as to the right to expose animals to experimental procedures that frequently cause pain and suffering. The first law which protected animals against cruelty was passed in Great Britain in 1876; subsequently, other nations approved similar legislation. During the second part of the twentieth century, opposition to animal experimentation grew. Other groups, mainly scientists and pharmaceutical concerns, defended the right to use animals in research. New knowledge concerning the neurophysiology, cognitive capacity, and the animal faculty to experience pain is briefly mentioned. Guidelines on care and use of animals used in research published in several countries are listed. Finally, the recently published Mexican legislation (Norm) referring to production, care and use of laboratory animals is discussed and its benefits are stressed.