RESUMO

Recovery of neuromuscular function is a gradual phenomenon whereby function progresses from absent to normal. The speed of spontaneous recovery can be used to predict the time when neuromuscular function is expected to be restored. However, the speed of recovery might be affected by the dose of the neuromuscular blocker administered, and by the dosing regimen of that dose. The effects of both factors on the speed of spontaneous recovery from vecuronium were evaluated. Seven dogs were anesthetized three times and the train-of-four (TOF) ratio was measured with acceleromyography. Vecuronium was administered at 0.1 mg/kg, 0.2 mg/kg, or 0.1 mg/kg followed by two doses of 0.05 mg/kg was administered each time. In the divided-dose treatment group, aliquots were administered on return of the first twitch (T1) of the TOF from the previous dose. The duration of surgical block, from injection to return of T1, was longest for the divided-dose protocol, intermediate for 0.2 mg/kg single bolus, and shortest for 0.1 mg/kg (P < 0.0001). The recovery period, from return of T1 to a TOF ratio ≥0.9, was longer for 0.2 mg/kg administered as a single bolus than for the other two groups (P = 0.007). Doubling the dose of a single bolus of vecuronium extended the time of surgical block and prolonged the duration of the recovery period. However, dividing that dose into smaller aliquots extended the period of surgical block while shortening the recovery period. Hence, the spontaneous reappearance of T1 should not be used in isolation to predict the time to complete recovery of neuromuscular function.

Assuntos

RESUMO

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A anestesia regional intravenosa (ARIV) para cirurgias de membros superiores com a tradicional alta dose de lidocaína pode levar a efeitos colaterais potencialmente letais. A fim de evitar esses efeitos, muitas técnicas modificadas de ARIV foram experimentadas com o uso de uma dose baixa de lidocaína, relaxante muscular e opioide. MÉTODOS: O presente estudo foi feito com 60 pacientes não medicados previamente, com classificação ASA 1-2, para comparar as características sensoriais e motoras, os parâmetros cardiorrespiratórios e os efeitos colaterais durante o período intraoperatório e de deflação pós-torniquete entre os pacientes que receberam 40 mL de lidocaína a 0,5% (n = 30) e aqueles que receberam uma combinação de 40 mL de lidocaína a 0,25% com 0,05 mg de fentanil e 0,5 mg de vecurônio (n = 30) em ARIV para cirurgias ortopédicas de membros superiores. Os resultados foram analisados com o uso do teste t de Student pareado para identificar a significância estatística. RESULTADO: A diferença entre os dois grupos em relação ao tempo médio de início e completo bloqueio sensitivo e motor foi estatisticamente significante. Porém, houve completo bloqueio sensitivo e motor em ambos os grupos 15 minutos após a injeção da solução anestésica. CONCLUSÃO: Embora a pequena demora observada no início e na obtenção completa dos bloqueios sensitivo e motor possa, teoricamente, atrasar o início da cirurgia em 10-15 minutos, clinicamente esse tempo seria gasto na preparação do campo cirúrgico. Portanto, essa combinação pode ser usada com segurança e eficácia em anestesia regional intravenosa para cirurgias ortopédicas de membros superiores com menor possibilidade de toxicidade anestésica local.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Intravenous regional anesthesia (IVRA) for upper limb surgeries with traditional high dose of lidocaine can lead to life threatening side effects. In order to avoid these potential life threatening side effects, many modified techniques of IVRA have been attempted by using a low dose of lidocaine, muscle relaxant and opioid. METHOD: The present study is carried out in sixty unpremedicated ASA Class 1 and 2 patients to compare the sensory and motor characteristics, cardio-respiratory parameters and side-effects during intra-operative and post-tourniquet deflation period between the patients who received 40 mL of 0.5% lidocaine alone (n = 30) and those who received a combination of 40 mL of 0.25% lidocaine with 0.05 mg fentanyl and 0.5 mg vecuronium (n = 30) in IVRA for upper limb orthopedic surgeries. The results were analyzed for statistical significance using a paired student t test. RESULTS: The difference between the two groups regarding the mean time of onset and complete sensory and motor block was statistically significant. But 15 minutes after the injection of anesthetic solution, there was complete sensory and motor block in both groups. CONCLUSION: Although the short delay observed in the onset and attainment of complete sensory and motor block may theoretically delay the start of surgery for 10-15 minutes but clinically that time will be spent in the preparation of surgical field. So this combination can be used safely and effectively in intravenous regional anesthesia for upper limb orthopedic surgeries with reduced chance of local anesthetic toxicity.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: La anestesia regional intravenosa (ARIV) para cirugías de miembros superiores con la tradicional dosis alta de lidocaína, puede conllevar a efectos colaterales que amenazan la vida. Para evitar esos efectos colaterales potencialmente amenazadores, muchas técnicas modificadas de ARIV fueron experimentadas con el uso de una dosis baja de lidocaína, relajante muscular y opioide. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: El presente estudio se hizo con 60 pacientes no medicados previamente, con clasificación ASA 1-2, para comparar las características sensoriales y motoras, los parámetros cardiorrespiratorios y los efectos colaterales durante el período intraoperatorio y de deflación pos torniquete, entre los pacientes que recibieron 40 mL de lidocaína al 0,5% sola (n = 30) y los que recibieron una combinación de 40 mL de lidocaína al 0,25% con 0,05 mg de fentanilo y 0,5 mg de vecuronio (n = 30) en ARIV para cirugías ortopédicas de miembros superiores. Los resultados se analizaron usando el teste t de Student pareado para identificar la significancia estadística. RESULTADO: La diferencia entre los dos grupos con relación al tiempo promedio de inicio y completo bloqueo sensitivo y motor, fue estadísticamente significativo. Sin embargo, hubo un completo bloqueo sensitivo y motor en ambos grupos 15 minutos después de la inyección de la solución anestésica. CONCLUSIONES: Aunque la pequeña demora observada al inicio y durante la obtención completa de los bloqueos sensitivo y motor, teóricamente pueda atrasar el inicio de la operación entre 10 y 15 minutos, clínicamente ese tiempo se gastaría en la preparación del campo quirúrgico. Por tanto, esa combinación puede ser usada con seguridad y eficacia en la anestesia regional intravenosa para las cirugías ortopédicas de miembros superiores con menor posibilidad de toxicidad anestésica local.

Assuntos

RESUMO

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Intravenous regional anesthesia (IVRA) for upper limb surgeries with traditional high dose of lidocaine can lead to life threatening side effects. In order to avoid these potential life threatening side effects, many modified techniques of IVRA have been attempted by using a low dose of lidocaine, muscle relaxant and opioid. METHOD: The present study is carried out in sixty unpremedicated ASA Class 1 and 2 patients to compare the sensory and motor characteristics, cardio-respiratory parameters and side-effects during intra-operative and post-tourniquet deflation period between the patients who received 40mL of 0.5% lidocaine alone (n=30) and those who received a combination of 40mL of 0.25% lidocaine with 0.05mg fentanyl and 0.5mg vecuronium (n=30) in IVRA for upper limb orthopedic surgeries. The results were analyzed for statistical significance using a paired student t test. RESULTS: The difference between the two groups regarding the mean time of onset and complete sensory and motor block was statistically significant. But 15 minutes after the injection of anesthetic solution, there was complete sensory and motor block in both groups. CONCLUSION: Although the short delay observed in the onset and attainment of complete sensory and motor block may theoretically delay the start of surgery for 10-15 minutes but clinically that time will be spent in the preparation of surgical field. So this combination can be used safely and effectively in intravenous regional anesthesia for upper limb orthopedic surgeries with reduced chance of local anesthetic toxicity.

Assuntos

RESUMO

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: We investigated the effect of Nitrous Oxide (N2O) on controlled hypotension in low-flow isoflurane-dexmedetomidine anesthesia in terms of hemodynamics, anesthetic consumption, and costs. METHODS: We allocated forty patients randomly into two equal groups. We then maintained dexmedetomidine infusion (0.1 µg.kg-1.min-1) for 10 minutes. Next, we continued it until the last 30 minutes of the operation at a dose of 0.7 µg.kg(-1).hour(-1). We administered thiopental (4-6 mg. kg(-1)) and 0.08-0.12 mg.kg(-1) vecuronium bromide at induction for both groups. We used isoflurane (2%) for anesthesia maintenance. Group N received a 50% O2-N2O mixture and Group A received 50% O -air mixture as carrier gas. We started low-flow anesthesia (1 L.min(-1)) after a 10-minute period of initial high flow (4.4 L.min(-1)). We recorded values for blood pressure, heart rate, peripheral O2 saturation, inspiratory isoflurane, expiratory isoflurane, inspiratory O2, expiratory O2, inspiratory N2O, expiratory N2O, inspiratory CO2, CO2 concentration after expiration, Minimum Alveolar Concentration. In addition, we determined the total consumption rate of fentanyl, dexmedetomidine and isoflurane as well as bleeding. RESULTS: In each group the heart rate decreased after dexmedetomidine loading. After intubation, values were higher for Group A at one, three, five, 10, and 15 minutes. After intubation, the patients reached desired hypotension values at minute five for Group N and at minute 20 for group A. MAC values were higher for Group N at minute one, three, five, 10, and 15 (p < 0.05). FiO2 values were high between minute five and 60 for Group A, while at minute 90 Group N values were higher (p < 0.05). Fi Iso (inspiratuvar isofluran) values were lower in Group N at minute 15 and 30 (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: By using dexmedetomidine instead of nitrous oxide in low flow isoflurane anesthesia, we attained desired MAP levels, sufficient anesthesia depth, hemodynamic stability and safe inspiration parameters. Dexmedetomidine infusion with medical air-oxygen as a carrier gas represents an alternative anesthetic technique.

Assuntos

RESUMO

O sugamadex é uma droga nova e revolucionária desenvolvida como antagonista seletivo dos agentes bloqueadores neuromusculares (ABNM) esteroides (rocurônio > vecurônio ¼ pancurônio). O medicamento é uma y-ciclodextrina modificada e hidrossolúvel que forma um composto estável com o ABNM na razão de 1:1. Ele se liga ao ABNM livre no plasma, criando um gradiente de concentração que desloca o ABNM dos receptores nicotínicos na junção neuromuscular, levando à reversão completa e duradoura do BNM. O sugamadex não se liga às proteínas ou a qualquer outro receptor no organismo, o que lhe confere ótimo perfil de tolerância. O sugamadex pode ser usado na reversão do BNM profundo, promovendo recuperação mais rápida em relação à succinilcolina. Seu emprego pode diminuir a necessidade de monitorização do BNM, a incidência de bloqueio residual e ainda evitar os efeitos adversos causados pelos anticolinesterásicos e anticolinérgicos. Entretanto, também há limitações em relação à utilização 00 sugamadex. Ele impede o uso dos AB- NMs esteroides durante 24 horas, caso seja necessário novo BNM, e pode aumentar o risco do emprego desnecessário e indiscriminado dos ABNMs. Além disso, faltam dados da sua utilização em alguns grupos populacionais e de seu uso em larga escala. Por fim, deve-se considerar também o fator econômico, visto que se trata de uma droga nova e de valor ainda elevado no mercado...

Sugammadex is a novel and unique compaund designed as a selective antaganist ot steroidal neuromuscular blaeking agents (NMBA) (rocuronium>vecuronium¼pancuronium). The drug is a modified water-saluble y-cyclodextrin that forms a stable complex at a 1:1 ratio with the NMBA. It combines with the NMBA creating a concentration gradient favoring the movement ot the NMBA from the nicotine receptors ot the neuromuscular junction leading to the complete and lasting reversal af the neuromuscular blockade (NMB). Sugamadex does not bind to plasma proteins or any other receptors system in the body what provides him a great tolerance profile. Sugamadex can be used in the reversal af deep neuromuscular blockade with a faster recovery time in relation to succinylcholine. Its use can diminish the necessity af monitoring af the NMB, the incidence ot residual blockade and still prevent the adverse effects caused by the antiecholinesterase and anticholinergic drugs. However, there are limitatians regarding the use af Sugammadex. It hinders the use ot the steroidal NMBA during 24 hours if a new NMB must be restablished and it can increase the risk ot unnecessary and indiscriminate use af the NMBA. Mareaver, there is a laek ot data regarding the its use in some population groups and in large scale. Final/y, the economic factor must be also considered, since it is a new drug with a still raised value in market...

Assuntos

RESUMO

The relative contribution of the pre- and post-synaptic effects to the neostigmine-induced recovery of neuromuscular transmission blocked by vecuronium was studied. A conjunction of myographical and electrophysiological techniques was employed. The preparation was the sciatic nerve-extensor digitorum longus muscle of the rat, in vitro. The physiological variables recorded were nerve-evoked twitches (generated at 0.1 Hz), tetanic contractions (generated at 50 Hz) and end-plate potentials (epps), generated in trains of 50 Hz. The epps were analyzed in: amplitude of first epp in the train; mean amplitude of the 30th to the 59th epp in the train (epps-plateau); half-decay time of the epp; early tetanic rundown of epps in the train; plateau tetanic rundown of epps in the train; quantal content of the epps and quantal size. In myographical experiments, a concentration of vecuronium was found (0.8 µm) that affected both twitches and tetanic contractions and a concentration of neostigmine was found (0.048 µm) that completely restored the twitch affected by vecuronium. The cellular effects of vecuronium and neostigmine, studied alone or in association, in the above-mentioned concentrations, were scrutinized by means of electrophysiological techniques. These showed that vecuronium alone decreased the peak amplitude, the quantal content of epps and the quantal size and reinforced the tetanic rundown of epps. Neostigmine alone increased the peak amplitude, the quantal content and the half-decay time of the epps. When employed in the presence of vecuronium, neostigmine increased both the quantal content of the epps (via a presynaptic effect) and the half-decay time of the epps (via a postsynaptic effect). Seeing the pre- and the post-synaptic effects of neostigmine were of similar magnitude, they permit to conclude that both these effects contributed significantly to the restoration by neostigmine of the neuromuscular transmission blocked by vecuronium.

Assuntos

RESUMO

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease marked by high titers of immunoglobulin G antibodies, which accelerate destruction of cholinergic receptors and interfere with neuromuscular transmission. This study aimed to determine whether neuromuscular function under a rocuronium block is different from function under a vecuronium block patients with myasthenia gravis and to describe extubation conditions in the operating room or the intensive care unit. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Randomized, single-blind clinical trial enrolling patients with myasthenia gravis type IIa and IIb according to the classification of Osserman. The patients were randomized to groups receiving a vecuronium or rocuronium block. We recorded arterial oxygen saturation, capnogram, heart rate, noninvasive blood pressure, electrocardiogram, and neuromuscular function by accelerometry. During surgery 25% of the total dose of the neuromuscular blocking agent was administered. Maintenance was with a continuous infusion of propofol and fentanyl. All patients were extubated according to clinical criteria, confirmed by train-of-four ratio (T4/T1). RESULTS: The mean (SD) time elapsed before recovery of 25% of neuromuscular function was 53.1 (1.9) min in the rocuronium group and 56.2 (0.8) min in the vecuronium group (P = .01). Time elapsed before recovery of 90% of function was 71.3 (2.7) min in the rocuronium group and 96.3 (1.2) min in the vecuronium group (P = .001). Twenty-eight of the 30 patients in the rocuronium group (93.3%) were extubated with recovery of 89.1% (0.5%) of twitch response and a T4/T1 ratio of 0.83. The difference between groups was statistically significant (P = .01). In no case was it necessary to administer a maintenance dose or reverse the block. CONCLUSIONS: The rocuronium block had a better profile than the vecuronium block in this study. With this blocking agent we were able to circumvent respiratory depression, with its immediate consequences, and thus meet the main clinical criterion when anesthetizing patients with myasthenia gravis.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Os relaxantes neuromusculares não despolarizantes são fármacos indispensáveis nos procedimentos cirúrgicos que requerem entubação endotraqueal, visto que diminuem o tônus muscular. Quimicamente são divididos em derivados isoquinolinicos e derivados de esteróides, esses últimos com maior aplicação clinica e comercialização no Brasil. Assim sendo, é importante a validação de métodos analíticos para o controle de qualidade com alternativas confiáveis que garantam sua eficácia e segurança. Os brometos de vecurônio, de pancurônio e de rocurônio são fármacos relaxantes neuromusculares não despolarizantes derivados de esteróides. As propriedades farmacológicas destes fármacos são significativamente diferentes entre si, porém, as propriedades químicas são bastante similares. Na presente pesquisa foram desenvolvidos e validados métodos analíticos de separação (cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência e eletroforese capilar) para cada fármaco. Estes métodos foram aplicados a medicamentos comercializados no Brasil. Para todos os métodos cromatográficos foi utilizada uma coluna amino devido a seu caráter polar. Em função da baixa absorção dos três fármacos na região ultravioleta, os métodos eletroforéticos foram aplicados com detecções indiretas utilizando substâncias cromóforas. Comparando-se as técnicas utilizadas para determinação dos fármacos nos medicamentos isoladamente, não houve diferença significativa com nível de confiança de 95,0%. Nos testes de hipótese aplicados (F-Snedecor e t-Student), não foram observadas diferenças na precisão (variâncias) e no valor encontrado dos fármacos contidos nas amostras estudadas (comparação de duas médias).

The non-depolarizing neuromuscular relaxant drugs are essential in surgical procedures requiring endotracheal intubation, as they decrease muscle tonics. These drugs are chemically divided in isoquinolines derivatives and steroid derivatives, this latter group, with greater clinical application and commercialization in Brazil. Therefore, the study and validation of analytical methods are important for quality control with reliable alternatives to ensure their effectiveness and safety. The vecuronium, pancuronium and rocuronium bromides are steroid derivatives presenting non-depolarizing neuromuscular relaxant action. Pharmacological properties of these drugs differ significantly, however, its chemical properties are quite similar. In this research, analytical separation methods (high performance liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis), for each drug, were developed and fully validated. The methods were applied to pharmaceutical formulations commercialized in Brazil. For all chromatographic methods, an amino column was used, due to its polar characteristics. Due to the low absorption of the three drugs in the ultraviolet region, electrophoretic methods has been applied with indirect detection using chromophoric substances. When comparing both techniques used for quantitative determination of these drugs in pharmaceutical products, no significant difference was observed using a confidence level of 95.0%. By applying hypothesis tests (F-Snedecor and t-Student), it was not observed difference in precision (variance) and in the found amount of drugs contained in the selected samples (comparison of two means).

Assuntos

RESUMO

El objetivo de la presente investigación es definir y aclarar controversiales resultados sobre la influencia del género de los pacientes en la potencia y el curso de acción del vecuronio. En la primera parte se calculó la curva dosis respuesta al vecuronio después de otorgar su consentimiento institucional en tres grupos de pacientes electivos: uno mixto compuesto por sujetos de ambos géneros, uno exclusivamente femenino y otro exclusivamente masculino que recibieron dosis únicas desde 9 hasta 40,5 µg.kg-1 (rango). Después de establecer el máximo efecto por electromiografía y transformarlo en probits y la dosis en logarítmos, se calcularon las DE50’, 90 y 95' En la segunda parte, seis grupos de pacientes con características similares recibieron VEC 40 µg.kg-1, bien como un bolo o en forma de cebado, y por el mismo método se determinaron: el período de comienzo inicial, máximo efecto, tiempo de comienzo, velocidad de acción: inicial, final y global, tiempo de recuperación entre 10 y 25 por ciento y entre 25 y 50 por ciento, duración clínica y tiempo de recuperación. Los resultados muestran que las DE50' 90 y 95: 25±6 (23-28), 42±10 (38-46), 50±12 (45-55) para el grupo femenino (promedio ± una desviación estándar y límites de confianza 95 por ciento), 26±7 (22-29), 43±12 (38-48), 51±15 (45-58) para el grupo masculino y 27±(25-29), 48±12 (44-51), 58±14 (54-62) para el grupo mixto respectivamente, no son estadísticamente diferentes. En la segunda parte no se detectó ninguna diferencia significativa entre los géneros en los parámetros farmacodinámicos analizados. Estos resultados sugieren que no hay una influencia significativa del género de los pacientes sobre la potencia y curso de acción del vecuronio. Los hallazgos de otras investigaciones que apuntan en dirección contraria pudieran estar afectados en sus planteamientos metodológicos.

There is no agreement on the influence of gender on the potency and course of action for vecuronium. The aim of the present trial is to further clarify these inconsistencies. In partone, dose response curves for vecuronium was calculated for: a female group, a male and a mixed gender group of elective and consenting patients who received a single dose range from 9 to 40,5 µg.kg -1. After maximal effect was assessed by electromyography and transformed in probits and dose was transformed in logarithms, ED50' 90 and 95 were calculated. During second part, six groups of similar patients received VEC 40 µg.kg-l either by bolus or primed. Using the same method: early onset time, maximal blockade, onset time, speed of action: initial, final and global speed of action, recovery time between 10 and 25 per cent and 25 to 50 per cent, clinical duration and recovery time were assessed. Present results showed that ED 50' 90 and 95: 25±6 (23-28), 42±10 (38-46), 50±12 (45-55) for female (mean ± standard deviation, 95 per cent interval of confidence), 26±(22-29), 43±12 (38-48), 51±15 (45-58) for male and 27±6 (25-29), 48±12 (44-51), 58±14 (54-62) for mixed gender groups respectively, were not statistically different. In the second part, any significant differences were noticed among groups for the assessed pharmacodynamic parameters. These results suggest that any significant influence of gender on the potency and course of action of vecuronium could be detected. Results coming from other authors who pointed out in different direction are possible affected for methodological lacks.

O objetivo da presente investigação é definir e aclarar resultados polemicos sobre a influencia do genero dos pacientes sobre a potencia e o tipo de ação do vecurónio. Inicialmente foi calculada a curva dose-resposta ao vecurónio em tres grupos de pacientes eletivos, depois que forneceram seu consentimento informado: um misto, composto por sujeitos de ambos os generos, outro exclusivamente feminino e o terceiro exclusivamente masculino; os pacientes receberam doses únicas de 9 até 40,5 µg.kg-1 (faixa). Depois de estabelecer o máximo efeito por eletromiografia e transformá-Io em probits, e transformar as doses em logaritmos, foram calculadas as DE 50' 90 e 95' Na segunda parte, seis grupos de pacientes com características similares receberam VEC 40 µg.kg-1, bem como um bolo ou como "priming", e pelo mesmo método foram determinados: o período de comerço inicial, máximo efeito, tempo de início, velocidade de ação: inicial, final e global, tempo de recuperarção entre 10 e 25 por cento e entre 25 e 50 por cento, duração clínica e tempo de recuperação. Os resultados mostram que as DE 50' 90 e 95’: 25±6 (23-28), 42±10 (38-46) e 50±12 (45-55) para o grupo feminino (média ± desvio standard e limites de confiança 95 por cento); 26±7 (22-29), 43±12 (38-48) e 51±15 (45- 58) para o grupo masculino; e 27±6 (25-29), 48±12 (44-51) e 58±14 (54-62) para o grupo misto, respectivamente, nao sao estatisticamente diferentes. Na segunda parte não foi detectada nenhuma diferença significativa entre os gêneros nos parámetros farmacodinamicos analisados. Estes resultados sugerem que não existe influencia significativa do genero dos pacientes sobre a potencia e tipo de ação do vecuronio. Os achados de outras investigações que apontam em direção contrária poderiam estar prejudicados em suas formulações metodológicas.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Antecedentes: La evaluación hemodinámica constituye el método clínico para evaluar la modulación que la técnica anestésica ejerce sobre el eje sistema simpático-adrenal. La prolactina y el cortisol se han utilizado como marcadores de estrés y pueden alcanzar valores diferentes de acuerdo con la técnica anestésica. Objetivo: Estudiar las modificaciones hemodinámicas de la prolactina y del cortisol durante la inducción anestésica con fentanil o remifentanil. Lugar de aplicación: Servicios de anestesiología. Diseño: Ensayo prospectivo, aleatorio, con dos grupos controlados. Población: Pacientes ASA I, 21-60 años, sin enfermedad o medicación que repercuta sobre el sistema inmune. Método: Grupo fentanil: recibió 5 mcg/kg. Grupo remifentanil: recibió remifentanil, bolo de 1 mcg/kg, seguido de infusión de 0,5 mcg/kg. min. Todos recibieron propofol 2 mcg/kg y vecuronio 0,1 mcg/kg. Se obtuvieron muestras de sangre previo a la inducción, a los 5 minutos y en la pre y post intubación endotraqueal. Resultados: Hubo mayor estabilidad hemodinámica en el grupo al que se administró remifentanil. La prolactina aumenta en ambos grupos a los pocos minutos de comenzar la administración de opioides, produciéndose el mayor cambio antes de la laringoscopía. El cortisol no presentó modificaciones durante el estudio. Conclusiones: El remifentanil es más efectivo que el fentanil en bloquear el estímulo del eje simpático-adrenal. La prolactina se eleva antes de la laringoscopía, lo que avalaría el concepto de que los opioides estimulan su secreción.

Assuntos