RESUMO
Although mites of the Orthohalarachne genus are common parasites of otariids, their role as agents of disease and in causing population-level mortality is unknown. In the austral summer of 2016, there was an increase in mortality among South American fur seal ( Arctocephalus australis) pups at Guafo Island, Northern Chilean Patagonia. Pups found dead or terminally ill had moderate to marked, multifocal, mucopurulent bronchopneumonia associated with large numbers of respiratory mites ( Orthohalarachne diminuata) and rare Gram-positive cocci. In lung areas less affected by bronchopneumonia, acute interstitial pneumonia with marked congestion and scant hemorrhage was evident. Bacteria from pups dying of bronchopneumonia were isolated and identified as Streptococcus marimammalium and Streptococcus canis. Respiratory mites obstructed airflow, disrupted airway epithelial lining, and likely facilitated the proliferation of pathogenic ß-hemolytic streptococci, leading to severe bronchopneumonia and death of fur seal pups. An abrupt increase in sea surface temperature in Guafo Island corresponded to the timing of the bronchopneumonia outbreak. The potential role of environmental factors in the fur seal pup mortality warrants further study.
Assuntos
Broncopneumonia/veterinária , Surtos de Doenças/veterinária , Otárias , Infestações por Ácaros/veterinária , Ácaros/classificação , Infecções Estreptocócicas/veterinária , Animais , Broncopneumonia/complicações , Broncopneumonia/epidemiologia , Broncopneumonia/microbiologia , Chile/epidemiologia , Infestações por Ácaros/complicações , Infestações por Ácaros/epidemiologia , Infestações por Ácaros/parasitologia , Infecções Estreptocócicas/complicações , Infecções Estreptocócicas/epidemiologia , Infecções Estreptocócicas/microbiologiaRESUMO
Swine farms provide a dynamic environment for the evolution of influenza A viruses (IAVs). The present report shows the results of a surveillance effort of IAV infection in one commercial swine farm in Argentina. Two cross-sectional serological and virological studies (n=480) were carried out in 2011 and 2012. Virus shedding was detected in nasal samples from pigs from ages 7, 21 and 42-days old. More than 90% of sows and gilts but less than 40% of 21-days old piglets had antibodies against IAV. In addition, IAV was detected in 8/17 nasal swabs and 10/15 lung samples taken from necropsied pigs. A subset of these samples was further processed for virus isolation resulting in 6 viruses of the H1N2 subtype (δ2 cluster). Pathological studies revealed an association between suppurative bronchopneumonia and necrotizing bronchiolitis with IAV positive samples. Statistical analyses showed that the degree of lesions in bronchi, bronchiole, and alveoli was higher in lungs positive to IAV. The results of this study depict the relevance of continuing long-term active surveillance of IAV in swine populations to establish IAV evolution relevant to swine and humans.
Assuntos
Broncopneumonia/veterinária , Monitoramento Epidemiológico , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N1 , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/veterinária , Doenças dos Suínos/epidemiologia , Animais , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Argentina/epidemiologia , Broncopneumonia/epidemiologia , Broncopneumonia/virologia , Estudos Transversais , Humanos , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N1/classificação , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N1/imunologia , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N1/isolamento & purificação , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N2/isolamento & purificação , Influenza Humana , Pulmão/patologia , Pulmão/virologia , Nariz/virologia , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/epidemiologia , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/fisiopatologia , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/virologia , Sus scrofa , Suínos , Doenças dos Suínos/virologia , Eliminação de Partículas ViraisRESUMO
Although predictors of severe viral acute lower respiratory infections (ALRIs) in children have been reported, there have been few research studies performed in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). The aim of the present study was to determine predictors of disease severity in a population of Colombian children <5 years of age with ALRI. In a prospective cohort study, we determined independent predictors of severe ALRI in a hospitalized population of children under 5 years old with ALRI during a 1-year period. We included both underlying disease conditions and the infecting respiratory viruses as predictor variables of severe disease. We defined severe disease as the necessity of pediatric intensive care unit admission. Of a total of 1,180 patients admitted with a diagnosis of ALRI, 416 (35.3%) were included because they were positive for any kind of respiratory virus. After controlling for potential confounders, it was found that a history of pulmonary hypertension (RR 3.62; CI 95% 2.38-5.52; P < 0.001) and a history of recurrent wheezing (RR 1.77; CI 95% 1.12-2.79; P = 0.015) were independent predictors of severe disease. The present study shows that respiratory viruses are significant causes of ALRI in infants and young children in Colombia, a typical tropical LMIC, especially during the rainy season. Additionally, the results of the present study show that clinical variables such as a history of pulmonary hypertension and a history of recurrent wheezing are more relevant for predicting ALRI severity than the infecting respiratory viruses.
Assuntos
Broncopneumonia/epidemiologia , Broncopneumonia/patologia , Cuidados Críticos/estatística & dados numéricos , Hospitalização , Pneumonia Viral/epidemiologia , Pneumonia Viral/patologia , Causalidade , Pré-Escolar , Colômbia , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Estudos Prospectivos , Medição de RiscoRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To investigate the prevalence of excess body weight in the pediatric ward of University Hospital and to test both the association between initial nutritional diagnosis and the length of stay and the in-hospital variation in nutritional status. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study based on information entered in clinical records from University Hospital. The data were collected from a convenience sample of 91 cases among children aged one to 10 years admitted to the hospital in 2009. The data that characterize the sample are presented in a descriptive manner. Additionally, we performed a multivariate linear regression analysis adjusted for age and gender. RESULTS: Nutritional classification at baseline showed that 87.8% of the children had a normal weight and that 8.9% had excess weight. The linear regression models showed that the average weight loss z-score of the children with excess weight compared with the group with normal weight was -0.48 (p = 0.018) and that their length of stay was 2.37 days longer on average compared with that of the normal-weight group (p = 0.047). CONCLUSIONS: The length of stay and loss of weight at the hospital may be greater among children with excess weight than among children with normal weight.
Assuntos
Peso Corporal , Tempo de Internação/estatística & dados numéricos , Estado Nutricional , Sobrepeso/epidemiologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Broncopneumonia/epidemiologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Hospitais Universitários , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Prontuários Médicos , Análise Multivariada , Sobrepeso/diagnóstico , Prevalência , Estudos Retrospectivos , Redução de Peso/fisiologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: This study analyzed the factors that predicted the hospitalization of children with asthma following standardized treatment in emergency care unit (ECU). METHODS: This retrospective study examined data collected from the clinical records of children, 14 years or younger, who were diagnosed with asthma (often with bronchopneumonia, pneumonia, or other illnesses) and treated at the ECU of Santo André from January 2005 to December 2009. The following data were analyzed: month and year of care, child's age and sex, period of observation, and need for hospitalization. A pediatrician confirmed the clinical diagnoses of all participants. The children were first given clinical treatments and were then admitted to ECU for follow-up assessment. RESULTS: The number of hospital admissions was analyzed, and correlations were found with regard to this variable and child age (χ(2) = 166.9; P = 0.00001), the presence of associated illnesses (χ(2) = 63.8; P < 0.00001), and the observation period length (χ(2) = 11.4; P = 0.009). The number of hospital admissions was not correlated with child sex (χ(2) = 0.013; P = 0.9) or time of year (χ(2) = 15.8; P = 0.1). The 3-day observation period was not significant (P = 0.4) with regard to the remainder of the variables in the multiple logistic regression analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Age, mainly children younger than 1 year, the presence of associated illnesses, and the observation period length predicted the hospitalization of children with asthma following treatment in ECU. Sex and seasonality did not affect the need for hospitalization.
Assuntos
Asma/terapia , Hospitalização , Adolescente , Fatores Etários , Asma/epidemiologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Broncopneumonia/epidemiologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Comorbidade , Desidratação/epidemiologia , Diarreia/epidemiologia , Emergências , Serviço Hospitalar de Emergência/estatística & dados numéricos , Feminino , Hospitalização/estatística & dados numéricos , Hospitais Universitários/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Lactente , Tempo de Internação/estatística & dados numéricos , Masculino , Admissão do Paciente , Estudos Retrospectivos , Estações do Ano , Infecções Urinárias/epidemiologiaRESUMO
O objetivo desse estudo foi descrever o quadro clínico e epidemiológico, os achados patológicos, bacteriológicos e imuno-histoquímicos de um surto de pneumonia em uma granja de Javalis do Distrito Federal, Brasil. Em um período de cinco meses, morreram 90 javalis. Desses, 63 tinham lesões pulmonares. Clinicamente apresentavam atraso no desenvolvimento corporal, diminuição do apetite, letargia, tosse e dificuldade respiratória, principalmente quando movimentados. Constatou-se elevação da temperatura, 40ºC em média. Na auscultação, havia crepitações e estertores pulmonares de intensidade moderada. As alterações macroscópicas nos pulmões analisados eram típicas de broncopneumonia lobular. As lesões caracterizavam-se por consolidação crânio-ventral na maioria dos pulmões. A coloração variava de difusamente vermelho-escuro a um padrão mosaico (lóbulos vermelho-escuros intercalados por lóbulos cinzas) ou difusamente acinzentados. Na maioria dos pulmões observou-se exsudato mucopurulento na luz dos brônquios e fluindo do parênquima. Histologicamente, as alterações eram de broncopneumonia purulenta e histiocitária com focos de necrose. Em alguns animais havia também hiperplasia do BALT e, na maioria dos animais, infiltração linfocítica perivascular e peribronquial. Bordetella bronchiseptica e Streptococcus spp. foram as principais bactérias isoladas. A imuno-histoquímica demonstrou a bactéria Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae no epitélio bronquiolar e bronquial e o DNA desta bactéria foi detectado pela PCR. Este é o primeiro relato de broncopneumonia em Javalis associado à infecção por M. hyopneumoniae.(AU)
The aim of this paper is to describe the clinical, epidemiological, pathological, bacteriological and immunohistochemical aspects of a pneumonia outbreak in a wild pig farm in the Distrito Federal, Brazil. Ninety wild pigs died in a period of five months, and 63 of these had pulmonary lesions. Clinically, the pigs presented reduced growth rate, anorexia, lethargy, cough and dyspnea, especially after they were moved. High body temperature (40ºC in average) was verified in some animals. Auscultation revealed moderate pulmonary crepitation and stertors. Pulmonary gross lesions were typical of lobular bronchopneumonia. Lung lesions were characterized by ventral-cranial consolidation in the majority of the cases. The color of affected pulmonary areas varied from diffuse dark red to mosaic pattern (dark red lobule intercalate by grayish lobule) or diffusely grayish. The majority of the lungs had mucopurulent exsudate in the bronchial lumen that also drained from the parenchyma cut surface. Upon microscopy, the changes were characterized by purulent and histiocytic bronchopneumonia with necrotic foci. In some animals, there was BALT hyperplasia associated with perivascular and peribronchial plasma cells and lymphocytes infiltration in most of these cases. Bordetella bronchiseptica and Streptococcus spp. were the most frequently isolated bacteria. Immunohistochemistry evaluation demonstrated Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae on the luminal surface of bronchial and bronchiolar epithelial cells, and the DNA of bacteria was detected by PCR. This is the first report of bronchopneumonia in wild boars associated with M. hyopneumoniae infection.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Pneumonia Suína Micoplasmática/diagnóstico , Pneumonia Suína Micoplasmática/epidemiologia , Pneumonia Suína Micoplasmática/microbiologia , Pneumonia Suína Micoplasmática/patologia , Broncopneumonia/diagnóstico , Broncopneumonia/epidemiologia , Broncopneumonia/microbiologia , Broncopneumonia/patologia , Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae/patogenicidade , Sus scrofa , Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae/isolamento & purificação , Bordetella bronchiseptica/isolamento & purificação , Streptococcus/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
O objetivo desse estudo foi descrever o quadro clínico e epidemiológico, os achados patológicos, bacteriológicos e imuno-histoquímicos de um surto de pneumonia em uma granja de Javalis do Distrito Federal, Brasil. Em um período de cinco meses, morreram 90 javalis. Desses, 63 tinham lesões pulmonares. Clinicamente apresentavam atraso no desenvolvimento corporal, diminuição do apetite, letargia, tosse e dificuldade respiratória, principalmente quando movimentados. Constatou-se elevação da temperatura, 40ºC em média. Na auscultação, havia crepitações e estertores pulmonares de intensidade moderada. As alterações macroscópicas nos pulmões analisados eram típicas de broncopneumonia lobular. As lesões caracterizavam-se por consolidação crânio-ventral na maioria dos pulmões. A coloração variava de difusamente vermelho-escuro a um padrão mosaico (lóbulos vermelho-escuros intercalados por lóbulos cinzas) ou difusamente acinzentados. Na maioria dos pulmões observou-se exsudato mucopurulento na luz dos brônquios e fluindo do parênquima. Histologicamente, as alterações eram de broncopneumonia purulenta e histiocitária com focos de necrose. Em alguns animais havia também hiperplasia do BALT e, na maioria dos animais, infiltração linfocítica perivascular e peribronquial. Bordetella bronchiseptica e Streptococcus spp. foram as principais bactérias isoladas. A imuno-histoquímica demonstrou a bactéria Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae no epitélio bronquiolar e bronquial e o DNA desta bactéria foi detectado pela PCR. Este é o primeiro relato de broncopneumonia em Javalis associado à infecção por M. hyopneumoniae.
The aim of this paper is to describe the clinical, epidemiological, pathological, bacteriological and immunohistochemical aspects of a pneumonia outbreak in a wild pig farm in the Distrito Federal, Brazil. Ninety wild pigs died in a period of five months, and 63 of these had pulmonary lesions. Clinically, the pigs presented reduced growth rate, anorexia, lethargy, cough and dyspnea, especially after they were moved. High body temperature (40ºC in average) was verified in some animals. Auscultation revealed moderate pulmonary crepitation and stertors. Pulmonary gross lesions were typical of lobular bronchopneumonia. Lung lesions were characterized by ventral-cranial consolidation in the majority of the cases. The color of affected pulmonary areas varied from diffuse dark red to mosaic pattern (dark red lobule intercalate by grayish lobule) or diffusely grayish. The majority of the lungs had mucopurulent exsudate in the bronchial lumen that also drained from the parenchyma cut surface. Upon microscopy, the changes were characterized by purulent and histiocytic bronchopneumonia with necrotic foci. In some animals, there was BALT hyperplasia associated with perivascular and peribronchial plasma cells and lymphocytes infiltration in most of these cases. Bordetella bronchiseptica and Streptococcus spp. were the most frequently isolated bacteria. Immunohistochemistry evaluation demonstrated Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae on the luminal surface of bronchial and bronchiolar epithelial cells, and the DNA of bacteria was detected by PCR. This is the first report of bronchopneumonia in wild boars associated with M. hyopneumoniae infection.
Assuntos
Animais , Broncopneumonia/diagnóstico , Broncopneumonia/epidemiologia , Broncopneumonia/microbiologia , Broncopneumonia/patologia , Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae/patogenicidade , Pneumonia Suína Micoplasmática/diagnóstico , Pneumonia Suína Micoplasmática/epidemiologia , Pneumonia Suína Micoplasmática/microbiologia , Pneumonia Suína Micoplasmática/patologia , Sus scrofa , Bordetella bronchiseptica/isolamento & purificação , Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae/isolamento & purificação , Streptococcus/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
Infections of the respiratory system are responsible for the majority of hospitalizations and deaths in pediatric patients in developing countries. We selected 177 necropsies of pediatric patients who died as a result of serious respiratory infections. The histopathological findings and epidemiological data were reviewed, and lung tissue samples were separated for immunohistochemistry testing. Conventional immunohistochemistry techniques were used to detect viral antigens in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FF-PE) lung tissue samples using a pool of monoclonal antibodies against respiratory viruses (respiratory syncytial virus, influenza A and B, adenovirus, and parainfluenza 1, 2, and 3 viruses) as primary antibodies. The histopathological findings were classified into bronchopneumonia (BCP) and interstitial pneumonitis (IP) patterns. The immunohistochemistry results were compared with histopathological patterns and epidemiological data. Positive results for viruses were found in 34% and 62.5% of the BCP and IP cases, respectively. Males and infants below 1 year of age were more frequent in the group that had positive results for viruses. Acute enteritis was the main cause of hospitalization and sepsis the most frequent cause of death in this group. A clear seasonal distribution was observed, with the majority of cases occurring in the 2nd and 3rd trimesters (autumn and winter) of each year in the period studied. Immunohistochemistry is an affordable and easy-to-perform method for viral-antigen detection in FF-PE tissue samples. Although BCP is a classic histopathological pattern found in bacterial infections, it is possible that children with serious respiratory infections had concomitant viral and bacterial infections, regardless of their previous immunologic state.
Assuntos
Broncopneumonia/virologia , Doenças Pulmonares Intersticiais/virologia , Infecções por Pneumovirus/virologia , Pneumovirus/isolamento & purificação , Antígenos Virais/análise , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Brasil/epidemiologia , Broncopneumonia/epidemiologia , Broncopneumonia/patologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Bases de Dados Factuais , Feminino , Humanos , Imuno-Histoquímica/métodos , Lactente , Pulmão/virologia , Doenças Pulmonares Intersticiais/epidemiologia , Doenças Pulmonares Intersticiais/patologia , Masculino , Pneumovirus/imunologia , Infecções por Pneumovirus/epidemiologia , Infecções por Pneumovirus/patologiaRESUMO
El estudio de la morbilidad y la mortalidad es uno de los indicadores confiables y necesarios para el análisis del estado sanitario de una institución y fuente de datos para satisfacer una amplia cobertura que permite definir estrategias en las acciones de salud sobre una población. Después de la creación de las Unidades de Atención al Grave se hace necesario el estudio de estos indicadores para permitirnos incidir sobre la calidad de la atención médica.Nuestro objetivo fue definir las principales causas de morbimortalidad en las Unidades de Atención al Grave en el Hospital Militar de Matanzas y definir estrategias de tratamiento en el servicio. Se revisaron las historias clínicas de los pacientes ingresados en el servicio y los protocolos de necropsias de los fallecidos en el Hospital Militar de Matanzas desde enero hasta diciembre del 2005, se establecieron las relaciones seguidas en los protocolos de tratamientos. Se hizo el análisis estadístico y las propuestas de protocolos para el servicio. Se ingresaron 587 pacientes, predominaron el sexo masculino y las enfermedades cardiacas. Del total de fallecidos 41 pacientes con diagnóstico de bronconeumonía para un 56.16 por ciento. El grupo de edades que prevaleció fue el de más de 60 años con 30 pacientes para 73 por ciento. El sexo de mayor incidencia fue el femenino con 25 pacientes para un 60.9 por ciento. La causa de muerte más frecuente asociada a la bronconeumonía fue la aterosclerosis generalizada con 14 pacientes para un 34.14 por ciento. La bronconeumonía fue la causa directa de muerte en 21 pacientes. El servicio donde más fallecieron fue la Unidad de Cuidados Intermedios Polivalente con 29 pacientes
The study of the morbidity and mortality is one of the reliable and necessary indicators to analyze the sanitary status of an institution, and a data source to satisfy a wide covering allowing defining strategies of health actions over a population. After creating the Seriously-ill Attention Units, it is necessary to study these indicators to act on the quality of the medical care. Our objective was defining the main causes of morbimortality in the Seriously-ill Attention Units of the Military Hospital of Matanzas, and defining treatment strategies in the service. We reviewed the medical records of the patients admitted in the service, and the necropsy protocols of those deceased in the Military Hospital during the period January- December 2005. We established the relations followed in the treatment protocols. We made the statistical analysis and the protocols propositions for the service. There were admitted 587 patients, with a predomination of the male sex and hearth diseases. From the total of deceases, bronchopneumonia was diagnosed to 41 patients (56.16 %). The prevailing age group was the 60-and more-years-old group, with 30 patients (73 %). The female sex had the biggest incidence with 25 patients (60.9 %). The most frequently decease cause, associated with bronchopneumonia, was the generalized atherosclerosis with 14 patients (34.14 %). Bronchopneumonia was the decease direct cause of 21 patients. The service where more patients died was the Polyvalent Intermediate Care Unit, with 29 patients.
Assuntos
Humanos , Adulto , Broncopneumonia/epidemiologia , Broncopneumonia/mortalidade , Causas de Morte , Cuidados Críticos , Instituições para Cuidados IntermediáriosRESUMO
El estado de salud de la población cubana se ha modificado a lo largo del período revolucionario al pasar de un patrón de morbimortalidad predominantemente infeccioso a crónico no transmisible, contribuido por el proceso de envejecimiento poblacional. Surgieron las Unidades de Atención al Grave donde se brinda atención diferenciada y especializada a estos pacientes y se modifican las causas de morbimortalidad. Nuestro objetivo fue definir las principales causas de morbimortalidad en la Unidad de Cuidados Intermedios Polivalentes (UCIM) para trazar estrategias de tratamientos. Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo no experimental en la Unidad de Cuidados Intermedios Polivalentes del Hospital Militar de Matanzas donde revisamos los datos de nuestro libro de ingresos y egresos además de los protocolos de necropsias de los fallecidos en el año 2004. Se realizó el análisis estadístico y se revisaron los protocolos de tratamientos del servicio. La causa de ingreso más frecuente fue la Cardiopatía Isquémica con 178 pacientes para 36.9 por ciento, seguido de la Enfermedad Cerebrovascular con 80 pacientes para 16.59 por ciento. Predominó el sexo femenino con 268 para 55 por ciento. Las edades más afectadas fueron los mayores de 60 años con 348 pacientes para 72 por ciento. La causa más frecuente de muerte fue la Bronconeumonía con 8 pacientes para 28.5 por ciento.
The Cuban population health status has been modified throughout the revolutionary period, when it passed from a predominantly infectiously pattern of morbimortality to a chronic non-transmissible one, to which contributes the aging process of the population. There were founded the Seriously-ill Attention Units, where this kind of patients receive a specialized, differentiated care, and the causes of morbimortality are changed. Our objective was to define the main causes of the morbimortality at the Polyvalent Intermediate Care Units, to design treatment strategies. We made a non-experimental retrospective study at the Polyvalent Intermediate Care Unit of the Military Hospital of Matanzas, where we reviewed the data recorded in our admission and discharging book, and the necropsy protocols of those patients who died during 2004. We made a statistic analysis and we reviewed the treatment protocols of the service. The most frequent cause of admission was the myocardial ischemia, with 178 patients (36.9 %), followed by the cerebrovascular disease, with 80 patients (16.59 %). The female sex predominated, with 268 patients (55 %). The most affected age group was the more-than-60 years-old persons group with 348 patients (72 %). The most frequent cause of death was bronchopneumonia with 8 patients (28.5 %).