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Background: The relationship between cannabis use and the risk of returning to using opioids non-medically during treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD) remains unclear.Objective: We sought to quantify the impact of cannabis use on the risk of non-medical opioid use among people receiving pharmacotherapies for OUD.Methods: A comprehensive search was performed using multiple databases from March 1 to April 5 of 2023. Eligible studies longitudinally assessed the association between cannabis use and non-medical opioid use among people with OUD receiving treatment with buprenorphine, methadone, or naltrexone. We utilized a random-effects model employing the restricted maximum likelihood method. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to understand potential differences between each OUD treatment modality.Results: A total of 10 studies were included in the final meta-analysis. There were 8,367 participants (38% female). The average follow-up time across these studies was 9.7 months (SD = 3.77), ranging from 4 to 15 months. The pharmacotherapies involved were methadone (76.3%) buprenorphine (21.3%), and naltrexone (2.4%). The pooled odds ratio did not indicate that cannabis use significantly influenced non-medical opioid use (OR: 1.00, 95% CI: 0.97-1.04, p = .98). There is evidence of moderate heterogeneity and publication bias.Conclusion: There was no significant association between cannabis use and non-medical opioid use among patients receiving pharmacotherapies for OUD. These findings neither confirm concerns about cannabis increasing non-medical opioid use during MOUD, nor do they endorse its efficacy in decreasing non-medical opioid use with MOUD. This indicates a need for individualized approaches for cannabis use and challenges the requirement of cannabis abstinence to maintain OUD pharmacotherapies.

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OBJECTIVES: Recent trends demonstrate increases in the rates of opioid use among pregnant and parenting women. Treatment for pregnant people with opioid use disorder (OUD) includes medications for OUD, like methadone, as well as comprehensive support services. Still, inpatient treatment engagement is suboptimal and treatment drop out is common. There is little research examining the maternal perspective of the inpatient methadone initiation experience. The primary aim of this qualitative methods study was to explore patient experience and perspective of the inpatient methadone initiation period. METHODS: All participants were recruited from a single urban university affiliated hospital and OUD treatment program. Data were collected from 30 maternal participants in OUD treatment about their inpatient methadone initiation experience while pregnant using semistructured interviews. Thematic analyses were conducted using an inductive approach after an iterative process of code development and application among a multidisciplinary team of 3 coders. Validity was accounted for through 2 participant feedback interviews and study team review and discussion of findings. RESULTS: Four themes emerged from the maternal interview data: (1) Barriers to Inpatient Methadone Initiation, (2) Facilitators to Inpatient Methadone Initiation, (3) Transition From Hospital Inpatient to Outpatient or Residential OUD Treatment Services, and (4) Opportunities for Enhanced Clinical Support. CONCLUSION: Maternal participants reported multiple barriers and facilitators to inpatient care during methadone initiation, highlighting opportunities for improvement to effectively engage pregnant individuals in treatment.

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Buprenorphine is a safe and effective treatment for opioid use disorder but remains underutilized because a major challenge of conventional buprenorphine initiation (termed induction) is that the patient must already be in opioid withdrawal. Previous legal barriers and clinician lack of familiarity with the unique pharmacology of buprenorphine have also limited its use. In this review, we outline changes regarding buprenorphine prescribing laws and physician perceptions of buprenorphine. We also review buprenorphine pharmacology and novel low-dose buprenorphine induction procedures that can be adopted in primary care settings to improve treatment acceptability, retention, and outcomes.

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BACKGROUND: Attention-deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is frequently diagnosed in patients with substance use disorders (SUDs), including opioids. There remains concern about the safety and efficacy of prescription amphetamines (PAs) and their impact on effectiveness of opioid use disorder (OUD) treatment with buprenorphine. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effect of PAs on OUD buprenorphine treatment retention and/or SUD-related emergency admission or drug-related poisonings. METHODS: We used a retrospective cohort design with a secondary analysis of data from Merative MarketScan Commercial and Multi-State Medicaid Databases from 1 January 2006 to 31 December 2016. Individuals included were aged 12-64 years, had an OUD diagnosis and were prescribed buprenorphine. Our analysis used multivariable Cox regression to evaluate the relationship between PA receipt and time to buprenorphine discontinuation. The second part focused on subsamples of buprenorphine initiators who had either (1) any SUD-related emergency admissions or (2) drug-related poisoning. These outcomes were modelled as a function of PA exposure using conditional logistic regression models as part of a within-person, case-crossover design. FINDINGS: Our sample had 90 269 patients with OUD (mean age 34.2 years (SD=11.3)) who initiated buprenorphine. Being prescribed a PA was associated with improved buprenorphine retention among individuals both with (adjusted HR (aHR) 0.91 (95% CI 0.86 to 0.97)) and without a concurrent psychostimulant use disorder (PSUD) (aHR 0.92 (95% CI 0.90 to 0.93)). CONCLUSIONS: PA use was associated with improved buprenorphine retention in people with OUD with and without co-occurring PSUD. The risks of acute SUD-related events and drug-related poisonings associated with PA use did not differ when comparing PA-using days with days without PA use. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Patients with OUD on buprenorphine should receive treatment with a PA when indicated.

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The antidepressant effect of ketamine has been widely acknowledged and the use of one of its enantiomers, S-ketamine (esketamine), has recently been approved for the clinical management of treatment-resistant depression. As with ketamine, the non-selective opioid receptor-interacting drug buprenorphine is reported to have antidepressant and anxiolytic properties in humans and rodents. Given the fact that antidepressant drugs are also first line treatment for panic disorder, it is surprising that the potential panicolytic effect of these compounds has been scarcely (ketamine), or not yet (buprenorphine) investigated. We here evaluated the effects of ketamine (the racemic mixture), esketamine, and buprenorphine in male Wistar rats submitted to a panicogenic challenge: acute exposure to hypoxia (7% O2). We observed that esketamine (20 mg/kg), but not ketamine, decreased the number of escape attempts made during hypoxia, and this effect could be observed even 7 days after the drug administration. A panicolytic-like effect was also observed with MK801, which like esketamine, antagonizes NMDA glutamate receptors. Buprenorphine (0.3 mg/kg) also impaired hypoxia-induced escape, an effect blocked by the non-selective opioid receptor antagonist naloxone, indicating an interaction with classical ligand sites, such as µ and kappa receptors, but not with nociception/orphanin FQ receptors. Altogether, the results suggest that esketamine and buprenorphine cause rapid-onset panicolytic-like effects, and may be alternatives for treating panic disorder, particularly in patients who are refractory to standard pharmacological treatment.

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INTRODUÇÃO: Considera-se que, no Brasil, a dor crônica seja umas das principais razões de atendimento ambulatorial da dor. A dor crônica pode estar associada a diferentes agravos e ter um ou vários componentes. Considera-se que a percepção da dor é diferente para pacientes com a mesma doença, variando em sofrimento de acordo com sexo, raça, cultura, e história pessoal. Quatro grandes grupos serão abordados no presente relatório, a saber, dor crônica oncológica, musculoesquelética (dor de osteoartrite, dor lombar), neuropática e dor não oncológica ou não específica. Os opioides continuam sendo o padrão ouro pelo qual os outros analgésicos clinicamente efetivos são medidos. Para a dor moderada a grave, os opioides fortes podem ser considerados primeira linha. Os opioides fortes padronizados pela Relação Nacional de Medicamentos Essenciais (RENAME) são a morfina e a metadona. Os especialistas presentes na reunião de escopo da atualização do PCDT da Dor Crônica propuseram a avaliação dos medicamentos fentanila, oxicodona e buprenorfina. TECNOLOGIA: Opioides fortes (fentanila, oxicodona e buprenorfina). PERGUNTA: Os opioides fortes (fentanila, oxicodona e buprenorfina) são eficazes, seguros e custo-efetivos no tratamento de pacientes adultos com dor crônica, quando comparados aos medicamentos atualmente disponíveis no SUS para esta indicação? EVIDÊNCIAS CLÍNICAS: Por meio da pergunta PICO, foram realizadas buscas nas plataformas Medline (PUBMED) e EMBASE. Foram encontradas 8.873 publicações e, ao final, foram incl

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O QUE É DOR CRÔNICA?: A dor crônica é aquela que persiste por um período igual ou superior a três meses. No Brasil, de todas as pessoas que buscam atendimento ambulatorial por causa de dor, entre 28% e 76% se referem a quadros de dor crônica. Essa dor acaba trazendo não apenas sofrimento físico, mas também psicológico, podendo comprometer a qualidade de vida, gerar incapacitação, ansiedade e depressão. COMO OS PACIENTES COM DOR CRÔNICA SÃO TRATADOS NO SUS? O PCDT (Protocolo Clínico e Diretrizes Terapêuticas) da Dor Crônica, publicado em 2012, indica o tratamento farmacológico para os diferentes tipos de dores de acordo com uma escala em degraus numéricos, que correspondem a uma determinada combinação de medicamentos. MEDICAMENTOS ANALISADOS: OPIOIDES FORTES (FENTANILA, OXICODONA E BUPRENORFINA): Os opioides são substâncias químicas que atuam em uma área do cérebro chamada sistema nervoso central e possuem potentes propriedades analgésicas. Os opioides fortes atualmente disponíveis no SUS são a morfina e a metadona. Motivada pela atualização do PCDT da Dor Crônica, a Secretaria de Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovação e Insumos Estratégicos em Saúde, do Ministério da Saúde (SCTIE/MS), demandou a incorporação dos opioides fortes fentanila, oxicodona e buprenorfina para o tratamento de pacientes com dor crônica no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). PERSPECTIVA DO PACIENTE: As chamadas públicas para participar da Perspectiva do Paciente sobre os temas de dor crônica foram abertas em dois períodos distintos: de 13/01/2021 a 17/01/2021 e de 19/01/2021 a 02/02/2021. As quatro chamadas públicas abertas tiveram um total de 32 inscrições. A indicação dos representantes titular e suplente foi feita a partir de consenso entre o grupo de inscritos. RECOMENDAÇÃO INICIAL DA CONITEC: A Conitec recomendou inicialmente a não incorporação dos opioides fortes fentanila, oxicodona e buprenorfina no SUS para o tratamento de dor crônica. Esse tema foi discutido durante a 97ª reunião ordinária da Comissão, realizada nos dias 05 e 06 de maio de 2021. Na ocasião, o Plenário considerou que os resultados das análises não mostraram diferença significante entre os medicamentos mencionados e aqueles disponíveis atualmente no SUS, seja em termos de eficácia ou de segurança. O assunto esteve disponível na consulta pública nº 44, durante 20 dias, no período de 27/05/2021 a 15/06/2021, para receber contribuições da sociedade (opiniões, sugestões e críticas) sobre o tema. RESULTADO DA CONSULTA PÚBLICA: Foram recebidas 65 contribuições, sendo 30 de natureza técnico-científica e 35 de experiência ou opinião. As contribuições abordaram principalmente a necessidade de incorporação dos opióides fortes para dor oncológica. Os resultados da consulta pública, no entanto, não foram suficientes para alterar o entendimento do plenário e a recomendação inicial, desfavorável à incorporação, foi mantida. RECOMENDAÇÃO FINAL DA CONITEC: O Plenário da Conitec, em sua 99ª Reunião Ordinária, no dia 01 de julho de 2021, deliberou por unanimidade recomendar a não incorporação dos opioides fortes (fentanila, oxicodona e buprenorfina) para o tratamento de dor crônica, pois entendeu que as contribuições da consulta pública não trouxeram elementos suficientes para promover a mudança da recomendação preliminar, que ficou mantida. DECISÃO FINAL: Com base na recomendação da Conitec, o secretário de Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovação e Insumos Estratégicos em Saúde do Ministério da Saúde, no uso de suas atribuições legais, decidiu pela não incorporação, no âmbito do Sistema Único de Saúde - SUS, dos opioides fortes (fentanila, oxicodona e buprenorfina) para o tratamento de dor crônica.

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BACKGROUND: Despite changing federal regulations for providing telehealth services and provision of controlled substances during the COVID-19 pandemic, there is little guidance available for office-based opioid treatment (OBOT) programs integrated into primary care settings. PURPOSE: (1) Develop disaster-preparedness protocols specific to the COVID-19 pandemic for an urban OBOT program, and (2) evaluate the impacts of the protocol and telehealth on care. METHODS: Disaster-preparedness protocols specific to the COVID-19 pandemic were developed for an urban OBOT program, implemented on March 16, 2020. Retrospective chart review compared patients from January 1, 2020 to March 13, 2020, to patients from March 16, 2020 to April 30, 2020, abstracting patient demographics and comparing show and no-show rates between studied groups. RESULTS: The disaster-preparedness protocol was developed under a deliberative process to address social issues of the urban underserved population. Of 852 visits conducted between Jan 1, 2020, and April 30, 2020, a 91.7% show rate (n = 166/181) was documented for telemedicine visits after protocol implementation compared with a 74.1% show rate (n = 497/671) for routine in-person care (P = .06) without significant differences between the study populations. The no-show rate was significantly lower after protocol implementation (8.3% vs 25.9%; P <0.05). CONCLUSIONS: OBOTs require organized workflows to continue to provide services during the COVID-19 pandemic. Telemedicine, in the face of relaxed federal regulations, has the opportunity to enhance addiction care, creating a more convenient as well as an equally effective mechanism for OBOTs to deliver care that should inform future policy.

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Objetivo: El presente trabajo de investigación tuvo como objetivo explorar la eficacia analgésica mediante la comparación de la respuesta analgésica de los parches transdérmicos (PTD) de buprenorfina y fentanilo en dolor oncológico y patrón de uso. Material y Método: Se obtuvieron los datos y variables desde los registros clínicos de pacientes ingresados a la Unidad de Cuidados Paliativos (UCP) del Instituto Nacional del Cáncer (INC) que estaban bajo tratamiento en mayo del 2017. Se incluyó en este estudio a 78 pacientes con PTD, que representan el 13% de los pacientes en control mensual. De estos, 66 estaban bajo tratamiento con buprenorfina y 8 bajo tratamiento con fentanilo. Resultados: Los resultados mostraron que el PTD de buprenorfina se utiliza más frecuentemente que el de fentanilo. El principal motivo de rotación fue dolor no controlado, seguido por imposibilidad de contar con la administración por vía oral. En pacientes con mayores intensidades de dolor somático o visceral se indicó fentanilo y en aquellos con componente neuropático se prefirió el uso de buprenorfina. PTD de fentanilo fue indicado en dosis mayores que buprenorfina, incluso al comparar sus dosis equianalgésicas, siendo la variación de dosis alta para ambos parches: aumentó en promedio 257%. Se logró una mejor respuesta analgésica con buprenorfina, con una variación de intensidad de escala numérica verbal (ENV) de 2,94 y 1,88 puntos de promedio para buprenorfina y fentanilo, respectivamente. Adicionalmente, se presentó mayor reacción local dérmica con fentanilo. Conclusiones: Se evidenció diferencias en patrón de uso y, a diferencia de lo esperado, se obtuvo una mejor eficacia analgésica con buprenorfina. Datos que deben ser corroborados en estudios con mayor número de pacientes bajo tratamiento con fentanilo.

Objective: This study aims to explore analgesic efficacy comparisons of buprenorphine and fentanyl transdermal patches (TDP) in cancer pain and it's usage pattern. Material and Method: Data and variables were collected from patient's clinical reports who were admitted in the National Cancer Institute's (NCI) Palliative Care Unit (PCU) and were under treatment with TDP in May 2017. 78 TDP patients were studied and represented 13% of the monthly control patients in the PCU. Of these, 66 were under buprenorphine treatment and 8 under fentanyl treatment. Results: The results showed that buprenorphine TDP is more frequently used than fentanyl TDP, and the main reason for exchange between them was uncontrolled pain, followed by oral administration impossibility. Fentanyl TDP was indicated in patients with higher somatic or visceral pain intensities and Buprenorphine TDP was preferred in patients with neuropathic pain. Fentanyl TDP was indicated in higher doses than buprenorphine, even when comparing its equianalgesic doses, the dose variation was high for both patches throughout the treatment: it increased on average by 257%. A better analgesic response was achieved with buprenorphine, with a variation of intensity of the Verbal Numerical Scale (VNS) of 2.94 and 1.88 average points, for buprenorphine and fentanyl respectively. Additionally, there was a higher local dermal reaction with fentanyl TDP. Conclusions: Differences in usage patterns were evidenced and, unlike what was expected, better analgesic efficacy was obtained with buprenorphine TDP. This data should be corroborated in receiving fentanyl treatment.

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