RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Seafood present important advantages for human nutrition, but it can also accumulate high levels of toxic and potentially toxic elements. Culinary treatments could influence seafood chemical element content and element bioavailability. In this study, the influence of culinary treatments on the total concentration and on the bioavailability of Cd, Cr, Cu and Pb in shark, shrimp, squid, oyster, and scallop was assessed. METHODS: Boiling, frying, and sautéing with or without seasonings (salt, lemon juice and garlic) were evaluated. Total concentration and bioavailability of Cd, Cr, Cu and Pb in seafood after all these culinary treatments were compared with those in uncooked samples. Analytes were determined by triple-quadrupole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS/MS). An alternative to express the results avoiding underestimated or overestimated values was proposed. RESULTS: The analytes concentration in seafood without culinary treatment varied from 0.0030⯵g g-1 (shrimp) to 0.338⯵g g-1 (oyster) for Cd; 0.010⯵g g-1 (squid) to 0.036⯵g g-1 (oyster) for Cr; 0.088⯵g g-1 (scallop) to 8.63⯵g g-1 (oyster) for Cu, and < 0.005⯵g g-1 (shrimp, squid and oyster) to 0.020⯵g g-1 (shark) for Pb. Only Cd (in scallop) was influenced by culinary treatments (reduction from 37 to 53 % after boiling, frying, and sautéing). Bioavailability percentage varied from 11% (oyster) for Cd; 18% (oyster) to 41% (shark) for Cr; 6% (shark) for Cu, and 8% (oyster) for Pb. Bioavailability percentage was not influenced by culinary treatments. CONCLUSION: Cadmium concentration was reduced in scallop after some culinary treatments (reduction o 37-53% after boiling, frying, and sautéing), but bioavailability percentage was not influenced. The employed analytical method was adequate for the purpose, presenting import results for food safety assessment about the influence of culinary treatments on metals concentration and bioavailability in seafood.
Assuntos
Cádmio/análise , Cromo/análise , Culinária , Cobre/análise , Chumbo/análise , Alimentos Marinhos/análise , Disponibilidade Biológica , Cádmio/farmacocinética , Cromo/farmacocinética , Cobre/farmacocinética , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Humanos , Chumbo/farmacocinéticaRESUMO
The exposition of mate (Ilex Paraguariensis A. St.-Hil.) to As and Cd was investigated in plants derived from young mini-cuttings. Mate plants were cultivated in a closed soilless system, composed of coarse sand as substrate and flood fertirrigation. Plantlets were fertirrigated with nutritive solution and As and Cd solutions were added to the nutritive solution in the final concentration of 8 and 17 mg L-1 (As) and of 17 and 33 mg L-1 (Cd) during 14 days. Results show that stem diameter and Dickson quality index (DQI) variables could not be used as a potential indicator of accumulation of As and Cd. The shoot height, number of leaves and chlorophyll index are variables easy and quick to measure and they can be used as parameters to evaluate the stress caused in mate plants cultivation in a closed soilless system. The highest concentration of As and Cd was in roots of plants. Beyond the roots, As and Cd also can be translocated to the leaves achieving high concentrations. In addition, leaves from the treated mate plants were submitted to a hot infusion extraction in order to simulate the traditional beverage and As and Cd were determined in the infusion. Regarding to the infusion procedure, considerable As and Cd amounts were extracted from the leaves leading to conclude that this way of consumption can be an important source of toxic elements for the human diet.
Assuntos
Arsênio/toxicidade , Cádmio/farmacocinética , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Ilex paraguariensis/efeitos dos fármacos , Folhas de Planta/química , Cádmio/toxicidade , Exposição Dietética , Poluentes Ambientais/farmacocinética , Poluentes Ambientais/toxicidade , Humanos , Extratos Vegetais/análise , Extratos Vegetais/química , Raízes de Plantas/química , Chás de Ervas , Distribuição TecidualRESUMO
The Caco-2 cell line is derived from a human colon adenocarcinoma and is generally used in toxicity assays. The ingestion of soil or dust is a significant route of human exposure to potential harmful elements (PHE), and assays of bioaccessibility or bioavailability can be used to measure the potential hazard posed by exposure to toxic substances. The in vitro digestion (UBM method) and Caco-2 cell model were used to investigate the bioaccessibility and absorption by intestinal cells of the PHE in four matrices (two urban soils and two soils with lead (Pb)-mining tailings) along with the guidance material for bioaccessibility measurements, BGS 102. The gastrointestinal (GI) compartment was simulated, and the resulting material added to Caco-2 cells. In the GI, the average bioaccessibility was 24% for cadmium (Cd), 17% for copper (Cu), 0.2% for Pb, 44% for manganese (Mn) and 6% for zinc (Zn). The poor reproducibility was attributed to the pH (6.3) and the highly complex GI fluid that formed PHE precipitates and complexes. In 2 h, Caco-2 cells absorbed 0.2 ng mg-1 of cellular protein for Cd, 13.4 ng mg-1 for Cu, 5 ng mg-1 for Mn and 31.7 µg mg-1 for Zn. Lead absorption was lower than the limit of quantification (< 2 µg L-1). Cd was presented in the cell monolayer and could interfere in the intracellular accumulation of Cu, Mn and Zn. The use of in vitro assays allowed for an estimation of the absorption of Cd, Cu, Mn and Zn from environmental matrices to be made, and except for Mn, it had a positive correlation with bioaccessible concentration, suggesting a common association of these elements in the cellular environment.
Assuntos
Cádmio/farmacocinética , Cobre/farmacocinética , Poluentes Ambientais/farmacocinética , Manganês/farmacocinética , Zinco/farmacocinética , Disponibilidade Biológica , Brasil , Células CACO-2 , Cidades , Digestão , Poeira , Humanos , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Mineração , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Solo/química , Poluentes do Solo/farmacocinética , Testes de ToxicidadeRESUMO
With the aim of assessing health risk to shark consumers, cadmium, mercury, and selenium were measured in muscle of Sphyrna lewini from four coastal states (Baja California Sur, Sinaloa, Nayarit, and Colima) in western Mexico. According to length of specimens, three age modes were found: juveniles and neonates (the majority of the individuals), preadults and adults. Average concentrations (µg g-1 dry weight) in all the studied individuals followed the order cadmium (0.06), selenium (0.94), and mercury (1.56). The mean concentrations of cadmium and mercury increased significantly (pâ¯<â¯0.001) with mean length of specimens. Overall, hazard quotient and hazard index values were below one so there is no health risk to consumers. According to molar ratios of Hg and Se in the edible portion (muscle) of sharks, and depending on the areas of collection, individuals from Baja California Sur might not be beneficial to consumers.
Assuntos
Cádmio/análise , Mercúrio/análise , Músculos/química , Selênio/análise , Tubarões/metabolismo , Animais , Cádmio/farmacocinética , Humanos , Mercúrio/farmacocinética , México , Medição de Risco , Alimentos Marinhos/análise , Selênio/farmacocinética , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Poluentes Químicos da Água/farmacocinéticaRESUMO
The supply of potassium (K) is a strategy to increase the tolerance of plants exposed to Cd toxicity. The aim of this study was to verify the influence of K on the growth and potential of Tanzania guinea grass (Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Tanzania (syn. Megathyrsus maximus (Jacq.) B.K. Simon & S.W.L. Jacobs)) for Cd phytoextraction as well as to evaluate nutritional attributes of this grass under conditions of Cd stress. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design, using a 3 × 4 factorial arrangement, with three replications. Three rates of K (0.4, 6.0, and 11.6 mmol L-1) were combined with four rates of Cd (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mmol L-1) in nutrient solution. Two plant growth periods were evaluated. The increase in K supply to plants exposed to Cd rates of up to 1.0 mmol L-1 caused increase in morphogenic and production attributes, as well as reduction in tiller mortality rate, in the second growth period. K concentrations (in both harvests) increased, while calcium and magnesium concentrations in the second harvest decreased with increasing Cd rates. The high availability of Cd (1.5 mmol L-1) in the nutrient solution caused decrease in relative chlorophyll index (RCI) in both harvests. The high supply of K to plants exposed to Cd resulted in high shoot dry mass production, reducing Cd concentration in the photosynthetic tissues (which means great tolerance of the plant) and increasing the accumulation of this metal in the shoots that can be harvested. Therefore, K increases the Cd phytoextraction capacity of Tanzania guinea grass.
Assuntos
Cádmio/isolamento & purificação , Cádmio/toxicidade , Panicum/efeitos dos fármacos , Potássio/farmacologia , Biodegradação Ambiental , Cádmio/farmacocinética , Cálcio/metabolismo , Cálcio/farmacocinética , Clorofila/metabolismo , Magnésio/metabolismo , Magnésio/farmacocinética , Panicum/fisiologia , Fotossíntese/efeitos dos fármacos , Folhas de Planta/efeitos dos fármacos , Folhas de Planta/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Raízes de Plantas/efeitos dos fármacos , Raízes de Plantas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Raízes de Plantas/metabolismo , Brotos de Planta/efeitos dos fármacos , Brotos de Planta/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Brotos de Planta/metabolismo , Potássio/farmacocinética , Poluentes do Solo/isolamento & purificação , Poluentes do Solo/farmacocinética , Poluentes do Solo/toxicidade , Estresse FisiológicoRESUMO
The present study intends to assess the metal pollution of a eutrophic coastal lagoon, analyzing the long-term and actual metal content in surface sediments, suspended particles, aquatic macrophyte and fish species, and the loads emitted from natural processes and anthropogenic sources, including the relative emission of domestic untreated sewage. Distribution indicated contamination of suspended particles with Cd and the predominance of Pb in the bioavailable form in surface sediments which may explain Cd and Pb contamination in fish. Domestic untreated sewage was an important source of Cu and due to the lagoon's management, this source may be increasing the metal content in the lagoon's surface sediments. Soil loss, atmospheric deposition and solid waste disposal also contributed to metal inputs to the lagoon. Extensive contamination has been prevented by the lagoon's management such as sandbar opening. Metal retention within the watershed soils reduce the effective metal transference and lagoon pollution.
Assuntos
Sedimentos Geológicos/análise , Metais/análise , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Animais , Disponibilidade Biológica , Brasil , Cádmio/análise , Cádmio/farmacocinética , Ecotoxicologia/métodos , Monitoramento Ambiental , Peixes , Chumbo/análise , Chumbo/farmacocinética , Metais/farmacocinética , Metais/toxicidade , Esgotos , Poluentes do Solo/análise , Poluentes Químicos da Água/farmacocinética , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidadeRESUMO
Mangroves have been subject to more metal contamination, including cadmium (Cd). This study evaluated if a relatively short Cd exposure may induce metabolic, morphological and ultrastructural cell disturbance in Avicennia schaueriana. Cd induced evident constraints to seedlings since there was reduction in leaf gas exchanges and the plants did not survive for more than 10â¯days at a higher Cd exposure in controlled conditions. The highest Cd accumulation was observed in roots and gradually less in stem and leaves. Cadmium induced lignin deposition was observed in xylem cells of all vegetative organs. Intense sclerification in xylem cells, endoderm and change in the hypoderm organization were also detected. Cadmium clearly induced chloroplast deformities with ruptures of its membranes, thylakoids and core and provoked cytoplasm disorganization. These metal constraints under natural conditions for long term can lead to the accumulation of cellular and metabolic damages and jeopardize seedlings establishment and local biodiversity.
Assuntos
Avicennia/efeitos dos fármacos , Cádmio/toxicidade , Ecotoxicologia/métodos , Avicennia/metabolismo , Avicennia/ultraestrutura , Cádmio/farmacocinética , Folhas de Planta/efeitos dos fármacos , Folhas de Planta/metabolismo , Raízes de Plantas/química , Caules de Planta/efeitos dos fármacos , Plântula/efeitos dos fármacos , Áreas AlagadasAssuntos
Intoxicação por Cádmio/sangue , Cádmio/farmacocinética , Doença Hepática Induzida por Substâncias e Drogas/sangue , Lipídeos/sangue , Fígado/metabolismo , Animais , Doença Hepática Induzida por Substâncias e Drogas/patologia , Doença Crônica , Fígado/patologia , Masculino , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
Cadmium (Cd) is a metal known for its genotoxicity and cytotoxicity, much concerned for its potential environmental and human health impacts. This study evaluates the toxic effect of Cd in Calophyllum brasiliense plants. The plants were cultivated for 30 days in full nutrient solution in order to adapt, and for 15 days in nutrient solution without Cd or with 4, 8, 16, and 32 µmol Cd L-1. Anatomical analysis of the leaf showed no significant effects of Cd on epidermal thickness in abaxial and adaxial sides, palisade, and spongy parenchyma. Contrastingly, changes were noticed in the ultrastructural level in the leaf mesophyll cells as rupture of the membrane of chloroplasts and disorganization of the thylakoid membranes, in starch grains and in mitochondria with rupture of the membrane and invagination of the nuclear membrane. Electron dense materials into cells of the cortex and vascular bundle were also observed. In the cells of the root system, the observed ultrastructural changes were disruption of the cell wall and electron dense material deposition in the cortex cells and vascular region. Cd accumulated in roots with low translocation into shoot. Cd toxicity also affected the photosynthetic activity, inducing stomatal closure and photosynthetic assimilation reduction and the instantaneous carboxylation efficiency, drastically reducing the leaf transpiration. The nutrient content in the stem and root was variable, according to Cd increase in nutrient solution. Based on the experimental evidence, it can be concluded that C. brasiliense has potential to bioconcentrate high Cd levels in the root system.