RESUMO
OBJECTIVES: One of the major drawbacks involves the contamination produced during the sampling of dental calculus samples due to their manipulation with non-sterilized latex gloves containing maize starch. These gloves have been commonly used for the sampling, cleaning and conservation of archaeological materials. The objective of the present work is to propose a protocol for the cleaning of dental calculus samples that have been contaminated, allowing the removal of such material from the calculus surface. The application of this protocol guarantees the exogenous elements elimination without causing the loss of the archaeological material, since as it is a nondestructive and/or invasive cleaning method, it remains contained within the dental calculus which protects and guarantees its preservation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-seven fragments of dental calculus were recovered from several archaeological sites in the province of Córdoba, Argentina, dated by AMS between 4058 and 387 14C years BP. A sample comprising 22 fragments larger than 2 mm, which represent 38.59% of the total, were subjected to four cleaning stages through distilled and centrifugal water. As a control test, 10 fragments of human dental tartar were taken, known to have not been previously handled with powdered latex gloves. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The results show significant differences between the four cleaning stages, representing an important reduction of modern starch grains adhered to the surface of archaeological samples of human dental calculus.
Assuntos
Arqueologia/métodos , Cálculos Dentários/química , Amido/análise , Amido/química , Verduras/química , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Microscopia de Polarização/métodos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Fetuin-A is a potent inhibitor of calcium-phosphate precipitation and of the calcification process, therefore it can also be related with dental calculus. Thus, we aimed to investigate a possible relationship between fetuin-A gene polymorphism and the presence of dental calculus. A possible relationship between serum, saliva and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) levels of fetuin-A was also investigated. Fetuin-A c.742C > T and c.766C > G polymorphisms were investigated in 103 patients with or without dental calculus. Additionally, serum, saliva and GCF fetuin-A levels of patients were compared according to dental calculus presence. A significant difference was not observed in the distribution of the fetuin-A c.742C > T and c.766C > G polymorphisms between patients with or without dental calculus. Saliva and GCF fetuin-A concentrations of patients with dental calculus were statistically higher than those without dental calculus (P=0.001, P=0.036 respectively). According to our results, fetuin-A c.742C > T and c.766C > G polymorphisms were not associated with presence of dental calculus. However, higher GCF and saliva fetuin-A levels were detected in patients with dental calculus than in patients without dental calculus, which may result from an adaptive mechanism to inhibit mineral precipitation and eventually calculus formation.
Assuntos
Cálculos Dentários/química , Líquido do Sulco Gengival/química , Polimorfismo Genético , Saliva/química , alfa-2-Glicoproteína-HS/análise , alfa-2-Glicoproteína-HS/genética , Adulto , Análise de Variância , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Cálculos Dentários/genética , Cálculos Dentários/fisiopatologia , Placa Dentária/química , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Feminino , Estudos de Associação Genética , Genótipo , Líquido do Sulco Gengival/fisiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Valores de Referência , Saliva/fisiologia , Estatísticas não Paramétricas , Adulto JovemRESUMO
ABSTRACT: Fetuin-A is a potent inhibitor of calcium-phosphate precipitation and of the calcification process, therefore it can also be related with dental calculus. Thus, we aimed to investigate a possible relationship between fetuin-A gene polymorphism and the presence of dental calculus. A possible relationship between serum, saliva and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) levels of fetuin-A was also investigated. Fetuin-A c.742C > T and c.766C > G polymorphisms were investigated in 103 patients with or without dental calculus. Additionally, serum, saliva and GCF fetuin-A levels of patients were compared according to dental calculus presence. A significant difference was not observed in the distribution of the fetuin-A c.742C > T and c.766C > G polymorphisms between patients with or without dental calculus. Saliva and GCF fetuin-A concentrations of patients with dental calculus were statistically higher than those without dental calculus (P=0.001, P=0.036 respectively). According to our results, fetuin-A c.742C > T and c.766C > G polymorphisms were not associated with presence of dental calculus. However, higher GCF and saliva fetuin-A levels were detected in patients with dental calculus than in patients without dental calculus, which may result from an adaptive mechanism to inhibit mineral precipitation and eventually calculus formation.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Adulto Jovem , Polimorfismo Genético , Saliva/química , Cálculos Dentários/química , Líquido do Sulco Gengival/química , alfa-2-Glicoproteína-HS/análise , alfa-2-Glicoproteína-HS/genética , Valores de Referência , Saliva/fisiologia , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Cálculos Dentários/fisiopatologia , Cálculos Dentários/genética , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Análise de Variância , Líquido do Sulco Gengival/fisiologia , Estatísticas não Paramétricas , Placa Dentária/química , Estudos de Associação Genética , Genótipo , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
Aim: To determine the relationship between the chemical composition of saliva, periodontal disease and dental calculus. Methods: An observational analytical cross-sectional study was conducted with patients over 55 years of age. Ethical principles of autonomy and risk protection were applied according to the international standards. Sociodemographic and diagnosis variables (presence of dental calculus and periodontal status) were considered to measure salivary concentrations of glucose (by the glucose oxidase/peroxidase method, amylase (by the colorimetric test), urea (by the amount of indophenol), total protein (by the Bradford method) and albumin (by the nephelometric method). Patients chewed a sterile rubber band and 3 mL of stimulated saliva were collected. The samples were stored at -5 °C, centrifuged at 2,800 rpm for 10 min, and the supernatant was removed and stored at -20 °C. Data were presented as frequencies and proportions for qualitative variables and measures of central tendency and dispersion for quantitative variables. Data were analyzed by either analysis of variance or Kruskal Wallis test . A p value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Significant relationships were observed between the concentration of salivary urea and periodontal status (p = 0.03) and the presence of dental calculus and urea (p = 0.04) was demonstrated. Conclusions: A relationship between the salivary urea concentration and the presence of periodontal disease and dental calculus is suggested.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Transversais , Cálculos Dentários/química , Doenças Periodontais/diagnóstico , Doenças Periodontais/epidemiologia , Gengivite/diagnóstico , Gengivite/epidemiologia , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Saliva/química , Albuminas/análise , Albuminas/química , Amilases/análise , Amilases/química , Glucose/análise , Glucose/química , Proteínas/análise , Proteínas/química , Ureia/análise , Ureia/químicaRESUMO
The Resonant inelastic X-ray scattering or resonant Raman scattering is an inelastic process of second order that becomes important when the energy of the excitation radiation is below but close to an absorption edge. In this process, the emitted photons have a continuous energy distribution with a high energy cut-off limit. In the last few years, experiments of resonant Raman scattering has become a very powerful technique to investigate excitations of electrons in solids. A qualitative study of the calcium local structure in the different layers of teeth was carried out. In order to perform the analysis, several measurements of tooth samples were achieved using monochromatic synchrotron radiation at the XRF station of the D09B-XRF beamline at the Brazilian synchrotron facility (LNLS, Campinas), below and close to the K absorption edge of Ca to inspect the resonant Raman scattering spectra. First of all, the spectra were analyzed with specific software to fit the experimental data. After that, the residuals were determined and a fast Fourier transform smoothing procedure was applied, taking into account the instrument functions of the detecting system. These oscillations present patterns that depend of the tooth layer, i.e. of the calcium state.
Assuntos
Cálcio/química , Cálculos Dentários/química , Esmalte Dentário/química , Dentina/química , Software , Análise Espectral Raman/métodos , Cálcio/metabolismo , Cálculos Dentários/ultraestrutura , Esmalte Dentário/ultraestrutura , Dentina/ultraestrutura , Análise de Fourier , Humanos , Oxirredução , Espectrometria por Raios X/instrumentação , Espectrometria por Raios X/métodos , Análise Espectral Raman/instrumentação , Síncrotrons , Raios XRESUMO
In this paper we report a study of an important property of biomineralized phases, crystallinity, on the basis of previous results for synthetic apatite. Crystallinity is not only important for understanding biomineralization, it is also related to the maturation and mechanisms of growth of calcium phosphates in biological surroundings. We studied two kinds of sample, teeth as an example of biomineralized tissues and dental calculi (adhering) as an example of mineralization without participation of biological agents, except possibly bacteria. The investigation focused on study of ν(1)-ν(3) infrared absorption bands of PO(4)(3-) phosphates. We used ATR (attenuated total reflection) analysis to examine human dental tissues and tartar on several samples. The results confirm for the first time previous assumptions about the growth and maturation of dental calculi, i.e., crystallinity progresses from regions of high crystallinity to regions of lower crystallinity, and, in addition, its quantification with spatial resolution in the sample. A gradual pattern was observed in dental calculus. Another result from this study was that cementum and dentine had similar crystallinity, despite their different biological and mechanical functions.
Assuntos
Cálculos Dentários/química , Cemento Dentário/química , Dentina/química , Adulto , Cristalização , Humanos , Espectrofotometria InfravermelhoRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Studies concerning side effects of chlorhexidine as related to the presence of plaque are scarce. The purpose of this study was to compare the side effects of 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) on previously plaque-free (control group) and plaque-covered surfaces (test group). METHODS: This study had a single-blind, randomized, split-mouth, 21 days-experimental gingivitis design, including 20 individuals who abandoned all mechanical plaque control methods during 25 days. After 4 days of plaque accumulation, the individuals had 2 randomized quadrants cleaned, remaining 2 quadrants with plaque-covered dental surfaces. On the fourth day, the individuals started with 0.12% CHX rinsing lasting for 21 days. Stain index intensity and extent as well as calculus formation were evaluated during the experimental period. RESULTS: Intergroup comparisons showed statistically higher (p<0.05) stain intensity and extent index as well as calculus formation over the study in test surfaces as compared to control surfaces. Thus, 26.19% of test surfaces presented calculus, whereas calculus was observed in 4.52% in control surfaces. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of plaque increased 0.12% CHX side effects. These results strengthen the necessity of biofilm disruption prior to the start of CHX mouthrinses in order to reduce side effects.
Assuntos
Clorexidina/análogos & derivados , Cálculos Dentários/etiologia , Placa Dentária/tratamento farmacológico , Antissépticos Bucais/efeitos adversos , Descoloração de Dente/etiologia , Adulto , Clorexidina/efeitos adversos , Cálculos Dentários/química , Placa Dentária/química , Profilaxia Dentária/efeitos adversos , Gengivite/fisiopatologia , Humanos , Masculino , Índice Periodontal , Método Simples-Cego , Propriedades de Superfície , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Studies concerning side effects of chlorhexidine as related to the presence of plaque are scarce. The purpose of this study was to compare the side effects of 0.12 percent chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) on previously plaque-free (control group) and plaque-covered surfaces (test group). METHODS: This study had a single-blind, randomized, split-mouth, 21 days-experimental gingivitis design, including 20 individuals who abandoned all mechanical plaque control methods during 25 days. After 4 days of plaque accumulation, the individuals had 2 randomized quadrants cleaned, remaining 2 quadrants with plaque-covered dental surfaces. On the fourth day, the individuals started with 0.12 percent CHX rinsing lasting for 21 days. Stain index intensity and extent as well as calculus formation were evaluated during the experimental period. RESULTS: Intergroup comparisons showed statistically higher (p<0.05) stain intensity and extent index as well as calculus formation over the study in test surfaces as compared to control surfaces. Thus, 26.19 percent of test surfaces presented calculus, whereas calculus was observed in 4.52 percent in control surfaces. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of plaque increased 0.12 percent CHX side effects. These results strengthen the necessity of biofilm disruption prior to the start of CHX mouthrinses in order to reduce side effects.
Assuntos
Adulto , Humanos , Masculino , Clorexidina/análogos & derivados , Cálculos Dentários/etiologia , Placa Dentária/tratamento farmacológico , Antissépticos Bucais/efeitos adversos , Descoloração de Dente/etiologia , Clorexidina/efeitos adversos , Cálculos Dentários/química , Placa Dentária/química , Profilaxia Dentária/efeitos adversos , Gengivite/fisiopatologia , Índice Periodontal , Método Simples-Cego , Propriedades de Superfície , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
This work presents a study of elemental composition and preponderant structure of human dental calculus, as they mature in the mouth for a period of 1 year. The synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence technique using a white beam was employed as an analytical method. The set of samples were extracted from different dental elements of the same subject, who did not require any other clinical care. By means of analyzing the Ca/P molar ratio an estimation of the main crystallographic structure was attained, by simple comparison with stoichiometric values of the several crystalline structures that compose the calculus. The results showed a slowly progressive transformation of the initial crystalline structures (brushite) into more stable structures (hydroxyapatite), passing through octacalcium phosphate and whitlockite. The concentrations of mayor components (Ca and P) as a function of time followed a sigmoid curve. The analysis of trace element concentrations versus time indicated a null or small correlation of concentration values with the kinetics of the crystallization process.
Assuntos
Cálculos Dentários/química , Espectrometria de Fluorescência/métodos , Cristalografia por Raios XRESUMO
This work presents elemental composition studies of human dental calculus by X-ray fluorescence analysis using synchrotron radiation. The intrinsic characteristics of synchrotron light allow for a quantitative analysis of major, minor, and trace elements of very small samples in a single measurement. At present, several theories of calculus formation exist, but none of them can describe completely all the complicated mechanisms involved in the mineralization processes. For this reason, and taking into account that experimental data are long overdue, several calculi with certain degrees of formation were collected from adult patients for analysis. The ratio of calcium/phosphorus was used as an indicator of the major crystalline structure and the state of formation of the calculus. The results demonstrate a clear correlation between the concentrations of certain elements and the type of calculus (supra- or sub-gingival). In addition, the possible correlation between the elements was analyzed.