RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To establish the possible relation between total caries (TC) and caries severity (CS) with the AMY1 gene copy number (AMY1GCN). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was an observational, cross-sectional, population-based, and association study with 303 participants. Each participant underwent a complete anamnesis and stomatological check-up, and peripheral blood was obtained to extract gDNA. TC and CS were determined as the number of caries at the dental exploration and the number of dental surfaces affected by caries, respectively, and AMY1GCN was determined by qPCR. RESULTS: We found an elevated caries prevalence (92.7%); TC and CS were 8 ± 10 and 10 ± 13 (median ± IR). There were higher TC and CS in those participants with AMY1GCN above the mean value (0.02 and 0.01 p values, respectively). A positive correlation between TC and CS with AMY1GCN (0.11 and 0.125 r values, 0.03 and 0.01 p values, respectively) was found, in addition to an association between TC and CS with AMY1GCN (1.5 and 1.6 OR values, 0.48 and 0.26 p values, respectively). CONCLUSION: TC and CS were positively related to the AMY1GCN. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Dental caries has a high prevalence and a multifactorial etiology and has been related to a genetic component. Indeed, the salivary enzyme alpha-amylase could play a significant role in caries susceptibility, considering that its codifying gene (AMY1) can show variation in its gene copy number. This can be considered an important factor for the development of caries at a genetic level.
Assuntos
Suscetibilidade à Cárie Dentária , Cárie Dentária , alfa-Amilases Salivares , Cárie Dentária/enzimologia , Cárie Dentária/epidemiologia , Cárie Dentária/genética , Cárie Dentária/patologia , alfa-Amilases Salivares/genética , alfa-Amilases Salivares/metabolismo , Estudos Transversais , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto Jovem , Adulto , Gravidade do Paciente , Suscetibilidade à Cárie Dentária/genética , PrevalênciaRESUMO
La caries es la enfermedad crónica más prevalente en niños constituyendo un problema de salud pública a nivel mundial. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la prevalencia y severidad de caries en niños y niñas pertenecientes al Programa de Salud Oral asociado a escuelas de la Junta Nacional de Auxilio Escolar y Becas (JUNAEB). Se realizó un estudio de corte trasversal basado en datos del año 2015 del Sistema Informático del Programa de Salud Oral de JUNAEB. Las variables de estudio fueron presencia y severidad de caries (índices ceod y COPD) y las variables de asociación exploratorias fueron zona geográfica, provincias, sexo, tipo de dependencia administrativa del colegio, tipo de enseñanza, sistema de salud, situación de extrema pobreza, tipo de dentición y tipo de atención. La asociación independiente entre las variables se analizó mediante el test de Chi2 y t-test. La muestra quedó constituida por 162.116 individuos, siendo el 50 % mujeres. La población estudiada mostró una prevalencia de 49 % y un índice ceod y COPD de 2,48 y 1,55 respectivamente. La mayor prevalencia (63 %) fue la zona centro sur y la región del Bío-Bío mostró los mayores índices de severidad (p<0,001). Las asociaciones más significativas fueron entre caries y el nivel socioeconómico y zona geográfica (p<0,001). Este estudio evidencia la asociación de la prevalencia/ severidad de caries y el nivel socioeconómico, y la distribución geográfica de la caries; lo cual hace necesario implementar medidas preventivas que compensen la ruralidad o la falta de fluoración del agua en algunas zonas geográficas de pobreza extrema.
Caries is the most prevalent chronic disease in children, constituting a worldwide public health problem. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and severity of caries in children included in the Oral Health Program associated to schools of the National Board of School Aid and Scholarships (JUNAEB). A cross- sectional study based on data from 2015 electronic register JUNAEB Oral Health Program was carried out. The main variables studied were presence and severity of caries (dmft and DMFT indices) and association variables were geographical area, sex, type of administrative dependency of the school, type of education, health system, and situation of extreme poverty, type of teething and type of care. The independent association between the variables was analyzed using the Chi2 test and the t-test.The sample consisted of 162,116 individuals, 50 % being women. The studied population showed a prevalence of 49 % and a CEOD and COPD index of 2.48 and 1.55, respectively. The highest prevalence (63 %) was the south-central zone and the Bío- Bío region showed the highest severity indices (p <0.001). The most significant associations were between caries and socioeconomic level and geographic area (p <0.001). This study shows the association between caries prevalence / severity and socioeconomic level, and the geographical distribution of caries, which make necessary the implementation of preventive measures that compensate rurality, or the lack of water fluoridation in some areas of extreme poverty.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Cárie Dentária/patologia , Cárie Dentária/epidemiologia , Chile/epidemiologia , Saúde Bucal/educação , Prevalência , Estudos Transversais , Fatores de Risco , Cárie Dentária/enzimologia , Cárie Dentária/genética , Fatores SociodemográficosRESUMO
This study investigated pH, activity and concentration of carbonic anhydrase VI (CA VI) in dental biofilm of caries and caries-free children of 7-9 years old. Seventy-four children were selected and divided into two groups. The caries diagnosis was performed according to the WHO criteria, including the early caries lesion. After biofilm collection and pH determination, CA VI concentration and activity were determined by ELISA and Zimography respectively. The data were submitted to a Mann-Whitney test and to Pearson and Spearman correlation analyses. Means and standard deviations of dental caries for the caries group were of 3.162 ± 1.385. The biofilm pH was significantly higher in the caries-free group. The CA VI activity was significantly higher in biofilm of children with caries. The CA VI concentration was significantly higher in biofilm of caries-free children. In caries-free children, there was a moderate negative correlation between CA VI activity and concentration in dental biofilm as well as between pH and CA VI activity. A negative correlation between biofilm pH and CA VI concentration was found in the caries group. In conclusion, CA VI was shown to be more active in the biofilm of school children with caries in order to contribute to neutralization of biofilm acid.
Assuntos
Biofilmes , Anidrases Carbônicas/metabolismo , Cárie Dentária/enzimologia , Cárie Dentária/patologia , Placa Dentária/microbiologia , Criança , Cárie Dentária/microbiologia , Ativação Enzimática , Feminino , Humanos , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , MasculinoRESUMO
Recent evidence suggests that head-and-neck radiotherapy (HNRT) increases active forms of matrix metalloproteinase-20 (MMP-20) in human tooth crowns, degrading the dentin-enamel junction (DEJ) and leading to enamel delamination, which is a pivotal step in the formation of radiation-related caries (RRC). Additional participation of enzymatic degradation of organic matrix components in caries progression was attributed to MMP-20 in dentin. Therefore, the current study tested the hypothesis that MMP-20 is overexpressed in the DEJ, dentin-pulp complex components, and carious dentin of post-HNRT patients, leading to detectable micromorphological changes to the enamel and dentin. Thirty-six teeth were studied, including 19 post-HNRT specimens and 17 nonirradiated controls. Optical light microscopy was used to investigate the micromorphological components of the DEJ, dentin-pulp complex components, and carious dentin. The samples were divided into 2 subgroups: nondemineralized ground sections (n = 20) and demineralized histological sections (n = 16). In addition, immunohistochemical analysis using the immunoperoxidase technique was conducted to semiquantitatively assess MMP-20 expression in the DEJ, dentin-pulp complex components, and carious dentin. No apparent damage to the DEJ microstructure or other dentin-pulp complex components was observed and no statistically significant differences were detected in MMP-20 expression (p > 0.05) between the irradiated and control groups. This study rejected the hypothesis that MMP-20 is overexpressed in the DEJ, dentin-pulp complex components, and carious dentin of post-HNRT patients, leading to detectable micromorphological changes. Hence, direct effects of radiation may not be regarded as an independent factor to explain aggressive clinical patterns of RRC.
Assuntos
Cárie Dentária/etiologia , Polpa Dentária/efeitos da radiação , Dentina/efeitos da radiação , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço/radioterapia , Metaloproteinase 20 da Matriz/metabolismo , Colo do Dente/efeitos da radiação , Adulto , Idoso , Cárie Dentária/enzimologia , Polpa Dentária/enzimologia , Dentina/enzimologia , Progressão da Doença , Feminino , Humanos , Técnicas Imunoenzimáticas , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores de Risco , Colo do Dente/enzimologiaRESUMO
AIM: This longitudinal study investigated the relationship among early childhood caries (ECC), α amylase, carbonic anhydrase VI (CA VI), and the presence of visible biofilm, besides detecting if these variables could predict risk for ECC. DESIGN: One hundred children were divided into two groups: caries group (n = 45) and caries-free group (n = 55). Visible biofilm on maxillary incisors was recorded, followed by caries diagnosis in preschoolers at baseline and at follow-up. Saliva samples were collected, and activities of CA VI and α amylase were determined. Data normality was assessed by Shapiro-Wilk test and then Mann-Whitney, Spearman correlation, and chi-square tests followed by multiple logistic regression analysis (α = 0.05, 95% confidence interval). RESULTS: CA VI activity was significantly higher in saliva of children with caries (P ≤ 0.05), and α amylase activity was significantly higher in saliva of caries-free children (P < 0.0001). Children with α amylase activity in saliva lower than 122.8 U/mL (OR = 3.33 P = 0.042) and visible biofilm on maxillary incisors (OR = 3.6 P = 0.009) were more likely to develop ECC than caries-free children. A negative correlation between caries and α amylase activity was found (P = 0.0008). CONCLUSIONS: The presence of visible biofilm and low salivary activity of α amylase may be considered risk predictors for ECC.
Assuntos
Biofilmes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Anidrases Carbônicas/metabolismo , Cárie Dentária/enzimologia , Incisivo , Saliva/enzimologia , alfa-Amilases/metabolismo , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Testes de Atividade de Cárie Dentária , Feminino , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Maxila , Medição de Risco , Estatística como AssuntoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors might be involved in enamel formation. AIM: This study aimed to evaluate the association between polymorphisms in MMP2, MMP3, MMP9, MMP20, TIMP1, and TIMP2 with white spot lesions (WSL) and early childhood caries (ECC). DESIGN: A cross-sectional study was performed on 786 children aged from 2 to 6 years in Brazil. After clinical evaluation, they were classified into groups with disease (the presence of WSL and/or ECC) and without disease (the absence of WSL or ECC). Genotyping of the selected polymorphisms was carried out with TaqMan real-time PCR, using genomic DNA extracted from buccal cells. Allele and genotype frequencies were compared between groups. Chi-square test, odds ratio (OR), and logistic regression were used (P ≤ 0.05). RESULTS: The dmft score was 1.3 (SD: 2.4), and 41.34% of the children have at least one caries lesion. In MMP9, the GG genotype was more frequent in the group without disease (P = 0.006). In a recessive model, WSL was associated with the marker rs1711437 in MMP20 (P = 0.019; OR = 1.20, 95% CI 1.02-1.42). The marker rs1784418 in MMP20 showed an association between the allele G distribution for the WSL group (P = 0.020; OR = 0.73, 95% CI 0.55-0.96). CONCLUSION: MMP9 and MMP20 are involved in WSL and ECC development.
Assuntos
Cárie Dentária/genética , Metaloproteinases da Matriz/genética , Inibidor Tecidual de Metaloproteinase-1/genética , Inibidor Tecidual de Metaloproteinase-2/genética , Alelos , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estudos Transversais , DNA/genética , Cárie Dentária/enzimologia , Feminino , Frequência do Gene , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Genótipo , Humanos , Isoenzimas , Masculino , Mucosa Bucal , Polimorfismo Genético , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) play an important role during the initial process of enamel development and therefore may play a role in caries susceptibility. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between the polymorphisms in the BMP2, BMP4 and BMP7 genes and their association with caries experience and primary enamel microhardness characteristics. DNA from buccal cells as well as clinical and demographic information from 1,731 subjects from three different data sets from Brazil were included. Polymorphisms in BMP2, BMP4 and BMP7 were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction from genomic DNA. Association between caries experience, genotype, and allele distribution in both cohorts was evaluated using χ(2) and logistic regression analyses. In the family-based set, the association between caries experience and alleles was tested using the transmission disequilibrium test. In the Rio de Janeiro cohort, microhardness data on 108 exfoliated primary teeth before and after demineralization and remineralization challenges was included. Associations between microhardness values and genotype and allele distribution were evaluated using χ(2) and logistic regression analyses. Differences between caries experience and some risk factors were statistically significant. In the cohort from Nova Friburgo, BMP2 was associated with caries experience in primary dentition during logistic regression analysis (p = 0.023; OR = 2.58; 95% CI 1.13-5.86). There was no association between genotype and allele distribution for BMP polymorphisms and primary enamel microhardness alterations. Our result suggests that BMP2 may be involved in caries experience in primary dentition from a Nova Friburgo cohort.
Assuntos
Proteína Morfogenética Óssea 2/genética , Índice CPO , Cárie Dentária/enzimologia , Polimorfismo Genético/genética , Dente Decíduo/enzimologia , Adolescente , Proteína Morfogenética Óssea 4/genética , Proteína Morfogenética Óssea 7/genética , Brasil , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estudos de Coortes , Cárie Dentária/genética , Dispositivos para o Cuidado Bucal Domiciliar/estatística & dados numéricos , Esmalte Dentário/anatomia & histologia , Comportamento Alimentar , Feminino , Frequência do Gene/genética , Variação Genética/genética , Genótipo , Dureza , Humanos , Lactente , Desequilíbrio de Ligação/genética , Masculino , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único/genética , Remineralização Dentária , Escovação Dentária/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Demineralization in dentinal caries and erosion exposes dentine organic matrix. This exposed matrix, containing type I collagen and non-collagenous proteins, is then degraded by host collagenolytic enzymes, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and cysteine cathepsins. The knowledge of the identities and function of these enzymes in dentine has accumulated only within the last 15 years, but has already formed a field of research called 'dentine degradomics'. This research has demonstrated the role of endogenous collagenolytic enzymes in caries and erosion development. In demineralized dentine, the enzymes degrade triple-helical collagen molecules, leading to the gradual loss of collagen matrix. Even before that, they can cleave off the terminal non-helical ends of collagen molecules called telopeptides, leading to the structural changes at the intramolecular gap areas, which may affect or even prevent intrafibrillar remineralization, which is considered essential in restoring the dentine's mechanical properties. They may also cause the loss of non-collagenous proteins that could serve as nucleation sites for remineralization. Here we review the findings demonstrating that inhibition of salivary or dentine endogenous MMPs and cysteine cathepsins may provide preventive means against the progression of caries or erosion. Furthermore, we also suggest the future directions for the new experimental preventive research to gain more knowledge of the enzymes and their function during and after dentine demineralization, and the pathways to find the clinically acceptable means to prevent the functional activity of these enzymes.
Assuntos
Cárie Dentária/enzimologia , Dentina/enzimologia , Peptídeo Hidrolases/fisiologia , Erosão Dentária/enzimologia , Catepsinas/antagonistas & inibidores , Catepsinas/metabolismo , Colágeno Tipo I/metabolismo , Colagenases/metabolismo , Cárie Dentária/prevenção & controle , Humanos , Inibidores de Metaloproteinases de Matriz/uso terapêutico , Metaloproteinases da Matriz/metabolismo , Fosfoproteínas/metabolismo , Erosão Dentária/prevenção & controleRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: This study investigated the relationship between urease and arginine deiminase system (ADS) activities and dental caries through a cross-sectional study. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Urease and ADS activities were measured in saliva and plaque samples from 10 caries-free subjects and 13 caries-active. Urease activity was obtained from the ammonia produced by incubation of plaque and saliva samples in urea. ADS activity was obtained from the ammonia generated by the arginine-HCl and Tris-maleate buffer. Specific activity was defined as micromoles of ammonia per minute per milligram of protein. Shapiro-Wilk statistical test was used to analyze the distribution of the data, and Mann-Whitney test was used to determine the significance of the data. RESULTS: The specific urease activity in saliva and plaque was significantly higher in individuals with low DMFT scores. ADS activity in saliva (6.050 vs 1.350, p=0.0154) and plaque (8.830 vs 1.210, p=0.025) was also higher in individuals with low DMFT scores. CONCLUSIONS: Caries-free subjects had a higher ammonia generation activity by urease and arginine deiminase system for both saliva and plaque samples than low caries-active subjects. High levels of alkali production in oral environment were related to caries-free subjects.
Assuntos
Cárie Dentária/enzimologia , Placa Dentária/enzimologia , Hidrolases/análise , Saliva/enzimologia , Urease/análise , Álcalis/metabolismo , Amônia/análise , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Estudos Transversais , Índice CPO , Placa Dentária/química , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Valores de Referência , Fatores de Risco , Saliva/química , Estatísticas não ParamétricasRESUMO
Objectives: This study investigated the relationship between urease and arginine deiminase system (ADS) activities and dental caries through a cross-sectional study. Material and Methods: Urease and ADS activities were measured in saliva and plaque samples from 10 caries-free subjects and 13 caries-active. Urease activity was obtained from the ammonia produced by incubation of plaque and saliva samples in urea. ADS activity was obtained from the ammonia generated by the arginine-HCl and Tris-maleate buffer. Specific activity was defined as micromoles of ammonia per minute per milligram of protein. Shapiro-Wilk statistical test was used to analyze the distribution of the data, and Mann-Whitney test was used to determine the significance of the data. Results: The specific urease activity in saliva and plaque was significantly higher in individuals with low DMFT scores. ADS activity in saliva (6.050 vs 1.350, p=0.0154) and plaque (8.830 vs 1.210, p=0.025) was also higher in individuals with low DMFT scores. Conclusions: Caries-free subjects had a higher ammonia generation activity by urease and arginine deiminase system for both saliva and plaque samples than low caries-active subjects. High levels of alkali production in oral environment were related to caries-free subjects. .