RESUMO
Conducting studies that assist in the evaluation of agroecosystems is essential for advancing biodiverse and sustainable agriculture. This study aimed to assess the impact of intercropping on the photosynthetic activity of Arabica coffee plants. The experiment was conducted in the municipality of Alegre, Espírito Santo, southeastern Brazil. Three coffee cropping systems were studied: Arabica coffee monoculture; Arabica coffee intercropped with Nanicon variety banana; and Arabica coffee intercropped with Nanicon variety banana and Juçara palm. The Arabica coffee variety used was Catuaí Vermelho IAC 44, planted in 1991, with a spacing of 3.0 m between rows and 2.0 m between holes, accommodating two plants per hole. In 2010, coffee trees underwent mid-height pruning (low-cutting pruning), and the Nanicon bananas were planted between rows with a spacing of 5.0 x 3.0 m. Three years later, palm seedlings were planted in the same rows as the banana plants, with a spacing of 5 x 3 m. Five experimental units were randomly selected for each cropping system. The evaluated variables included chlorophyll indexes (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and chlorophyll a/b ratio) and gas exchange parameters (net CO2 assimilation rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO2 concentration, transpiration, intrinsic water use efficiency, instantaneous water use efficiency, and carboxylation efficiency). Regarding chlorophyll indexes, differences were observed only in chlorophyll b, with monoculture coffee displaying the highest values. In terms of gas exchange, intercropped coffee exhibited lower values of intrinsic and instantaneous water use efficiency, and higher values of stomatal conductance and transpiration. The highest net assimilation rate values were observed in coffee with banana intercropping, while the highest water use efficiency was found in coffee in monoculture. In summary, monoculture coffee showed the highest values for most of the variables related to photosynthetic activity, followed by Arabica coffee intercropped with banana, which stood out for achieving the highest net assimilation rate.(AU)
Realizar estudos que auxiliem na avaliação de agroecossistemas são de vital importância para avançar no desenvolvimento de uma agricultura biodiversa e sustentável. Desta forma, o objetivo da pesquisa foi avaliar o impacto do consórcio na atividade fotossintética de plantas de cafeeiro arábica. O experimento foi desenvolvido no município de Alegre, Espírito Santo, sudeste do Brasil. O estudo foi realizado em plantações de café sob três sistemas de cultivo: café Arábica em monocultura; café Arábica consorciado com banana variedade Nanicon; e café Arábica consorciado com banana variedade Nanicon e palmito Juçara. A variedade de café Arábica usada nos sistemas de cultivo foi o Catuaí Vermelho IAC 44, plantada em 1991, com espaçamento de 3,0 m entre linhas e 2,0 m entre covas, com duas plantas por cova. Em 2010, as árvores de café foram podadas na altura média (poda de baixo corte) e as bananas da variedade Nanicon foram plantadas entre as fileiras a 5,0 x 3,0 m de espaçamento. Três anos depois, as mudas de palmito foram plantadas na mesma linha que a banana a 5 x 3 m de espaçamento. Em cada sistema foram estabelecidas cinco unidades experimentais, selecionadas aleatoriamente. As variáveis avaliadas foram índices de clorofila (clorofila a, clorofila b, clorofila total e razão clorofila a/b) e trocas gasosas (taxa de assimilação líquida de CO2, condutância estomática, concentração subestomática de CO2, transpiração, eficiência intrínseca do uso da água, eficiência instantânea do uso da água e eficiência da carboxilação). Para os índices de clorofila, as diferenças são observadas apenas na clorofila b, onde o café em monocultura obteve os maiores índices. No caso das trocas gasosas, os menores valores de eficiência intrínseca e instantânea do uso da água, e os maiores valores de condutância estomática e transpiração, foram encontrados no café com consórcio, em que os maiores valores líquidos taxa de assimilação correspondeu ao café consorciado com banana, enquanto maior eficiência no uso da água, ao café em monocultura. Desta forma, observou-se que o café em monocultivo obteve os maiores valores para a maioria das variáveis envolvidas na atividade fotossintética, seguido pelo consórcio de café Arábica com banana, que se destacou por obter a maior taxa de assimilação líquida.(AU)
Assuntos
24444 , Café/fisiologia , Complexo de Proteínas do Centro de Reação Fotossintética/química , Brasil , Clorofila/biossínteseRESUMO
A cafeicultura vem crescendo cada vez mais no Brasil e, diante disso, tecnologias são desenvolvidas constantemente para obtenção de maiores produtividades. Nesse contexto, vem sendo estudado o efeito do mulching de polietileno e fontes de adubo na cafeicultura. O objetivodesse trabalho foi avaliar a incidência de bicho-mineiro e ácaro-vermelho em cafeeiro em função do uso do mulchingde polietileno e adubos (liberação controlada e convencional). A pesquisa foi realizada na área experimental da Universidade Federalde Uberlândia CampusMonte Carmelo, Minas Gerais, com a cultivar de Coffea arabicaIPR 100, com delineamento em blocos casualizados e quatro repetições. Foram testados os seguintes tratamentos: T1 -mulchingdupla face branco/preto com adubo convencional; T2 mulchingdupla face branco/preto com adubo de liberação controlada; T3 mulchingdupla face prata/preto com adubo convencional; T4 mulchingdupla face prata/preto com adubo de liberação controlada; T5 Sem mulchingcom adubo convencional; T6 Sem mulchingcom adubo de liberação controlada. As avaliações ocorreram quinzenalmente de julho de 2020 a dezembro de 2020, mediante a constatação da presença ou ausência de ácaro-vermelho e de lagartas de bicho-mineiro. Os picos de densidade populacional para bicho-mineiro ocorreram no período de julho a outubro de 2020, e para ácaro-vermelho no mês de agosto, devido à baixa umidade relativa do ar e precipitação. Assim, conclui-se que a utilização do mulchingdupla face prata/preto proporcionou maior atratividade do bicho-mineiro-do-cafeeiro. Já as fontes de adubo não influenciaram na probabilidade de ocorrência deste inseto-praga. Além disso, os adubos convencionais, bem como os de liberação controlada, e a ausência/presença de coberturas do solo, não influenciaram na incidência deácaro-vermelho em cafeeiros da região do Cerrado Mineiro.(AU)
Coffee crop has been growing increasingly in Brazil and, in view of this, technologies are constantly being developedto obtain greater productivity. In this context, the effect of polyethylene mulchingas a source of fertilizer on coffee production has been studied. The objective of this work was to evaluate the incidence of leaf miner and red mite in coffee as a function of the use of polyethylene mulching and controlled and conventional release fertilizer. The research was carried out in the experimental area of the Federal University of Uberlândia -Campus Monte Carmelo, Minas Gerais, with the cultivar IPR 100, in arandomized block design with four blocks. The following treatments were tested: T1 -double-faced white/black mulchingwith conventional fertilizer; T2 white/black double-sided mulchingwith controlled release fertilizer; T3 double-sided silver/black mulchingwith conventional fertilizer; T4 silver/black double-sided mulchingwith controlled release fertilizer; T5 No mulchingwith conventional fertilizer; T6 No mulchingwith controlledreleasefertilizer. The evaluations took place fortnightly from July 2020 to December 2020, upon verification of the presence or absence of leaf miner and red mite caterpillars. Population density peaks for leaf miner occurred from July to October 2020, and for red mite in August, due to low relative humidity and precipitation. Thus, it is concluded that the use of double-sided silver/black mulching provided greater attractiveness to the coffee leaf miner. The fertilizer sources did not influence the probability of occurrence of this insect pest. In addition, conventional fertilizers, as well as those of controlled release, and the absence/presence of soil coverings, did not influence the incidence of red mite in coffee trees in the Cerrado Mineiro region.(AU)
Assuntos
Café/fisiologia , Polietileno/administração & dosagem , Lepidópteros/química , Fertilizantes/efeitos adversos , Infestações por Ácaros/imunologia , Ácaros/químicaRESUMO
There are conclusive evidences of selenium (Se) deficiency in Brazilian soils and foods. Brazil is the largest producer and consumer of coffee worldwide, which favors agronomic biofortification of its coffee. This study aimed to evaluate effects of foliar application of three formulations and six rates of Se on antioxidant metabolism, agronomic biofortification and yield of coffee beans. Seven Se concentrations (0, 10, 20, 40, 80, 100 and 160 mg L-1) were applied from three formulations of Se (sodium selenate, nano-Se 1500, and nano-Se 5000). Selenium application up to 40 mg L-1 increased the concentration of photosynthetic pigments such as chlorophylls, pheophytins and carotenoids in coffee leaves. Foliar application of Se ranging from 20 to 80 mg L-1 decreased lipid peroxidation and concentration of hydrogen peroxide, but increased superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, catalase and glutathione reductase activities in coffee leaves. These results indicated that foliar Se application stimulates antioxidative metabolism to mitigate reactive oxygen species. Foliar application of 20 mg Se L-1 of sodium selenate increased coffee yield by 38%, and 160 mg Se L-1 of nano-Se 5000 increased dramatically coffee yield by 42%. Selenium concentration in grains ranged from 0.116 to 4.47 mg kg-1 (sodium selenate), 4.84 mg kg-1 (nano-Se 1500) and 5.82 mg kg-1 (nano-Se 5000). The results suggest the beneficial effect of Se on the increment of photosynthetic pigments, antioxidative metabolism, increased coffee yield and nutritional quality of grains. The recommended foliar Se application in this study can mitigate abiotic stressors such as high temperatures resulting in higher yield of coffee plants.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Café/fisiologia , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Selênio/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Ascorbato Peroxidases/metabolismo , Biofortificação/métodos , Catalase/metabolismo , Clorofila/metabolismo , Coffea , Peroxidação de Lipídeos , Oxirredução , Fotossíntese/efeitos dos fármacos , Folhas de Planta/metabolismo , Ácido Selênico/metabolismo , Superóxido Dismutase/metabolismoRESUMO
Understanding the response of species with differing life-history traits to habitat edges and habitat conversion helps predict their likelihood of persistence across changing landscape. In Brazil's Atlantic Forest, we evaluated frog richness and abundance by breeding guild at four distances from the edge of a reserve: i) 200 m inside the forest, ii) 50 m inside the forest, iii) at the forest edge, and iv) 50 m inside three different converted habitats (coffee plantation, non-native Eucalyptus plantation, and abandoned pastures, hereafter matrix types). By sampling a dry and a wet season, we recorded 622 individual frogs representing 29 species, of which three were undescribed. Breeding guild (i.e. bromeliad, leaf-litter, and water-body breeders) was the most important variable explaining frog distributions in relation to edge effects and matrix types. Leaf-litter and bromeliad breeders decreased in richness and abundance from the forest interior toward the matrix habitats. Water-body breeders increased in richness toward the matrix and remained relatively stable in abundance across distances. Number of large trees (i.e. DBH > 15 cm) and bromeliads best explained frog richness and abundance across distances. Twenty species found in the interior of the forest were not found in any matrix habitat. Richness and abundance across breeding guilds were higher in the rainy season but frog distributions were similar across the four distances in the two seasons. Across matrix types, leaf-litter species primarily used Eucalyptus plantations, whereas water-body species primarily used coffee plantations. Bromeliad breeders were not found inside any matrix habitat. Our study highlights the importance of primary forest for bromeliad and leaf-litter breeders. We propose that water-body breeders use edge and matrix habitats to reach breeding habitats along the valleys. Including life-history characteristics, such as breeding guild, can improve predictions of frog distributions in response to edge effect and matrix types, and can guide more effective management and conservation actions.
Assuntos
Anuros/fisiologia , Cruzamento/métodos , Bromelia/fisiologia , Café/fisiologia , Eucalyptus/fisiologia , Animais , Anuros/classificação , Brasil , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , Ecossistema , Florestas , Folhas de Planta/fisiologia , Densidade DemográficaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Drought is a widespread limiting factor in coffee plants. It affects plant development, fruit production, bean development and consequently beverage quality. Genetic diversity for drought tolerance exists within the coffee genus. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the adaptation of coffee plants to drought are largely unknown. In this study, we compared the molecular responses to drought in two commercial cultivars (IAPAR59, drought-tolerant and Rubi, drought-susceptible) of Coffea arabica grown in the field under control (irrigation) and drought conditions using the pyrosequencing of RNA extracted from shoot apices and analysing the expression of 38 candidate genes. RESULTS: Pyrosequencing from shoot apices generated a total of 34.7 Mbp and 535,544 reads enabling the identification of 43,087 clusters (41,512 contigs and 1,575 singletons). These data included 17,719 clusters (16,238 contigs and 1,575 singletons) exclusively from 454 sequencing reads, along with 25,368 hybrid clusters assembled with 454 sequences. The comparison of DNA libraries identified new candidate genes (n = 20) presenting differential expression between IAPAR59 and Rubi and/or drought conditions. Their expression was monitored in plagiotropic buds, together with those of other (n = 18) candidates genes. Under drought conditions, up-regulated expression was observed in IAPAR59 but not in Rubi for CaSTK1 (protein kinase), CaSAMT1 (SAM-dependent methyltransferase), CaSLP1 (plant development) and CaMAS1 (ABA biosynthesis). Interestingly, the expression of lipid-transfer protein (nsLTP) genes was also highly up-regulated under drought conditions in IAPAR59. This may have been related to the thicker cuticle observed on the abaxial leaf surface in IAPAR59 compared to Rubi. CONCLUSIONS: The full transcriptome assembly of C. arabica, followed by functional annotation, enabled us to identify differentially expressed genes related to drought conditions. Using these data, candidate genes were selected and their differential expression profiles were confirmed by qPCR experiments in plagiotropic buds of IAPAR59 and Rubi under drought conditions. As regards the genes up-regulated under drought conditions, specifically in the drought-tolerant IAPAR59, several corresponded to orphan genes but also to genes coding proteins involved in signal transduction pathways, as well as ABA and lipid metabolism, for example. The identification of these genes should help advance our understanding of the genetic determinism of drought tolerance in coffee.
Assuntos
Adaptação Fisiológica/genética , Coffea/genética , Secas , Genes de Plantas/genética , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala/métodos , Brotos de Planta/genética , Coffea/classificação , Coffea/fisiologia , Café/genética , Café/fisiologia , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica/métodos , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Biblioteca Gênica , Ontologia Genética , Folhas de Planta/genética , Folhas de Planta/fisiologia , Brotos de Planta/fisiologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa , Especificidade da EspécieRESUMO
In view of the predicted models of global climate change and differences in prices and production costs, there is increased interest in Coffea canephora cultivation in areas of high altitude. However, this species is sensitive to low temperatures, where genotypes vary regarding adaptation/tolerance mechanisms, demonstrating genotype x environment interaction. The aim of this study was to evaluate the stability and adaptability of C. canephora varieties in high-altitude areas. The experiments were carried out in February 2004, in Bom Jesus do Itabapoana, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, at an altitude of 725 m. Four clonal varieties (EMCAPA 8111, EMCAPA 8121, EMCAPA 8131, and EMCAPA 8151) and five harvests (2006 to 2010) were used. The experimental design was randomized blocks with four treatments and six plots, with 12 plants in each plot and spaced 2.5 x 1.2 m. Adaptability and stability parameters were determined using methods based on nonparametric analysis and analysis of variance. The results showed that the EMCAPA 8131 had the best performance according to stability and adaptability parameters and may be promising for high-altitude regions.
Assuntos
Altitude , Café/genética , Adaptação Fisiológica , Café/fisiologia , Genes de PlantasRESUMO
The opioid peptides have been implicated in peripheral antinociception induced by non-opioidergic compounds, including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and α(2) -adrenoceptor agonists. The aims of the present study were to investigate the possible peripheral antinociceptive effect of cafestol, a diterpene present in the oil derived from coffee beans, and to evaluate the involvement of opioid peptides in its effect. The rat paw pressure test was used to assess antinocipeptive effects. Hyperalgesia was induced by intraplantar injection of prostaglandin E(2) (2 µg/paw). All drugs were locally administered into the hind-paws of male Wistar rats. Intraplantar injection of cafestol (20, 40 and 80 µg) induced peripheral antinociception. The antinociceptive effect of cafestol was due to a local action because the higher dose (80 µg/paw) did not produce any effect in the contralateral paw. The opioid receptor antagonist naloxone (25, 50 and 100 µg/paw) prevented the action of cafestol (80 µg/paw), whereas the aminopeptidase inhibitor bestatin (400 µg/paw) potentiated the antinociceptive effect of cafestol (40 µg/paw). The results of the present study provide evidence that cafestol treatment has a peripheral antinociceptive effect and suggest that this effect is mediated by the release of endogenous opioids.
Assuntos
Café , Diterpenos/uso terapêutico , Hiperalgesia/tratamento farmacológico , Peptídeos Opioides/fisiologia , Medição da Dor/métodos , Animais , Café/química , Café/fisiologia , Diterpenos/farmacologia , Hiperalgesia/metabolismo , Hiperalgesia/patologia , Masculino , Peptídeos Opioides/uso terapêutico , Medição da Dor/efeitos dos fármacos , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
Coffee farms are often embedded within a mosaic of agriculture and forest fragments in the world's most biologically diverse tropical regions. Although shade coffee farms can potentially support native pollinator communities, the degree to which these pollinators facilitate gene flow for native trees is unknown. We examined the role of native bees as vectors of gene flow for a reproductively specialized native tree, Miconia affinis, in a shade coffee and remnant forest landscape mosaic. We demonstrate extensive cross-habitat gene flow by native bees, with pollination events spanning more than 1,800 m. Pollen was carried twice as far within shade coffee habitat as in nearby forest, and trees growing within shade coffee farms received pollen from a far greater number of sires than trees within remnant forest. The study shows that shade coffee habitats support specialized native pollinators that enhance the fecundity and genetic diversity of remnant native trees.
Assuntos
Abelhas/fisiologia , Café/fisiologia , Melastomataceae/fisiologia , Pólen , Animais , Comportamento Animal , Variação Genética , Melastomataceae/genética , MéxicoRESUMO
Limitations to photosynthesis were explored in leaves from four canopy positions of field-grown, unshaded coffee (Coffea arabica L.), a tropical tree species classified as shade-obligatory. Overall, compared to shade (lower) leaves, sun (upper) leaves had higher net carbon assimilation rate (A) (4.5 against 2.0 micromol m(-2)s(-1) at most) associated with higher electron transport rate (due to a greater irradiance availability) but unrelated to stomatal and mesophyll conductances, which were similar regardless of leaf position. Neither physiological variable directly involved with photosynthetic carbon gain nor those involved with light capture were able to adjust themselves to match the capacity of the photosynthetic machinery to the light supply. We concluded that: (i) there was no major difference in photosynthetic capacity between sun and shade leaves; (ii) the intrinsic low A in coffee was greatly associated with remarkable low diffusive limitations rather than with biochemical or photochemical constraints; and (iii) morphological (e.g., variations in specific leaf area and leaf inclination) or anatomical plasticity should be of greater acclimative value than physiological plasticity as a mean of coffee leaves to respond to changing irradiance.
Assuntos
Café/fisiologia , Fotossíntese , Folhas de Planta/fisiologiaRESUMO
Although sometimes difficult to measure at large scales, spatial pattern is important in natural biological spaces as a determinant of key ecological properties such as species diversity, stability, resiliency and others. Here we demonstrate, at a large spatial scale, that a common species of tropical arboreal ant forms clusters of nests through a combination of local satellite colony formation and density-dependent control by natural enemies, mainly a parasitic fly. Cluster sizes fall off as a power law consistent with a so-called robust critical state. This endogenous cluster formation at a critical state is a unique example of an insect population forming a non-random pattern at a large spatial scale. Furthermore, because the species is a keystone of a larger network that contributes to the ecosystem function of pest control, this is an example of how spatial dynamics at a large scale can affect ecosystem service at a local level.