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Cannabis use has risen dangerously during pregnancy in the face of incipient therapeutic use and a growing perception of safety. The main psychoactive compound of the Cannabis sativa plant is the phytocannabinoid delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (A-9 THC), and its status as a teratogen is controversial. THC and its endogenous analogues, anandamide (AEA) and 2-AG, exert their actions through specific receptors (eCBr) that activate intracellular signaling pathways. CB1r and CB2r, also called classic cannabinoid receptors, together with their endogenous ligands and the enzymes that synthesize and degrade them, constitute the endocannabinoid system. This system is distributed ubiquitously in various central and peripheral tissues. Although the endocannabinoid system's most studied role is controlling the release of neurotransmitters in the central nervous system, the study of long-term exposure to cannabinoids on fetal development is not well known and is vital for understanding environmental or pathological embryo-fetal or postnatal conditions. Prenatal exposure to cannabinoids in animal models has induced changes in placental and embryo-fetal organs. Particularly, cannabinoids could influence both neural and nonneural tissues and induce embryo-fetal pathological conditions in critical processes such as neural respiratory control. This review aims at the acute and chronic effects of prenatal exposure to cannabinoids on placental function and the embryo-fetal neurodevelopment of the respiratory pattern. The information provided here will serve as a theoretical framework to critically evaluate the teratogen effects of the consumption of cannabis during pregnancy.

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PURPOSE: New psychoactive substances (NPS) are not controlled under the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs of 1961 or the 1971 Convention, but they may pose a public health threat. Knowledge of the main properties and toxicological effects of these substances is lacking. According to the current Drugs Law (Law n. 11.343/2006), the Brazilian Surveillance Agency issues directives for forbidden substances in Brazil, and structural classes of synthetic cannabinoids, cathinones, and phenylethylamines are considered illicit drugs. Considering that data on these controlled substances are scattered, the main objective of this work was to collect and organize data to generate relevant information on the toxicological properties of NPS. METHODS: We carried out a literature review collecting information on the acute, chronic, and post-mortem toxicity of these classes of NSP. We searched info in five scientific databases considering works from 2017 to 2021 and performed a statistical evaluation of the data. RESULTS: Results have shown a general lack of studies in this field given that many NPS have not had their toxicity evaluated. We observed a significant difference in the volume of data concerning acute and chronic/post-mortem toxicity. Moreover, studies on the adverse effects of polydrug use are scarce. CONCLUSIONS: More in-depth information about the main threats involving NPS use are needed.

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From an adult perspective, both marijuana and alcohol consumption are becoming natural. Among illegal substances, marijuana has disseminated all over the word and specially in Argentina. Thus, a scientifc approach towards this issue must be developed and we should spread what we know about toxicity and adverse effects, particularly among adolescents. The impact of this kind of toxic during the neurodevelopmental period, both in cognitive and impulse control areas, may involve negative consequences for users at a later age.

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Las altas pérdidas económicas y humanas que traen consigo los accidentes de tránsito, además de sus implicaciones sociales y políticas, hacen evidente la necesidad de una comprensión clara de todos los factores que modifican su incidencia y severidad, entre los cuales se enuncia el consumo de psicotrópicos como el cannabis. Tras dos décadas de reducciones sustanciales en la magnitud del problema de la ingesta de alcohol y accidentes de tránsito, el uso extendido de cannabis en todo el mundo es lo que la hace, después del alcohol, la sustancia psicotrópica más frecuentemente hallada en la sangre de los conductores implicados en este tipo de accidentes; la presencia de cannabis se asocia con el doble de riesgo de ser herido fatalmente en el tráfico. Contrario a la creencia general, la marihuana no debe ser considerada una droga benigna; su consumo se asocia con trastornos cardiovasculares, pulmonares, reproductivos, inmunológicos y sobretodo sobre el sistema locomotor y cognitivo; concentraciones de tetrahidrocannabinol en sangre de 2 a 5 ng/mL, se asocian con deterioro sustancial en las habilidades necesarias para operar un vehículo motorizado. Por esta razón, se requieren aún más investigaciones que establezcan nexos claros de causalidad, y que permitan generar a largo plazo políticas públicas de responsabilidad vial que divulguen las devastadoras repercusiones humanas, sociales y económicas que genera el hecho de consumir cannabis y operar un vehículo motorizado en la vía.

The high economic and human losses that bring traffic accidents, as well as their social and political implications, make evident the need of a clear understanding of all the factors that influence its incidence and severity, between which states the use of psychotropic drugs as cannabis. After two decades of substantial reductions in the magnitude of the problem of alcohol consumption and traffic accidents, the widespread use of cannabis in the world is what makes it, after alcohol, the psychoactive substance most commonly found in the blood of drivers involved in such accidents; the presence of cannabis is associated with twice the risk of being fatally injured in traffic. Contrary to popular belief, marijuana should not be considered a benign drug, its use is associated with cardiovascular, pulmonary, reproductive, immunological, and especially with locomotor and cognitive disorders; blood tetrahydrocannabinol concentrations of 2-5 ng/mL are associated with substantial deterioration in the skills needed to operate a motor vehicle. Therefore, further investigations are required to establish clear causal links, to favor the generation of long-term public policy of vial responsibility, to divulge the devastating human, social and economic impacts that are generated because of the act of consuming cannabis while operating a motor vehicle on the track.

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In addition to their classical known effects, such as analgesia, impairment of cognition and learning and appetite enhancement, cannabinoids have also been related to the regulation of cardiovascular responses and implicated in cardiovascular pathology. Elevated levels of endocannabinoids have been related to the extreme hypotension associated with various forms of shock as well as to the cardiovascular abnormalities that accompany cirrhosis. In contrast, cannabinoids have also been associated with beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system, such as a protective role in atherosclerosis progression and in cerebral and myocardial ischaemia. In addition, it has also been suggested that the pharmacological manipulation of the endocannabinoid system may offer a novel approach to antihypertensive therapy. During the last decades, the tremendous increase in the understanding of the molecular basis of cannabinoid activity has encouraged many pharmaceutical companies to develop more potent synthetic cannabinoid analogues and antagonists, leading to an explosion of basic research and clinical trials. Consequently. not only the synthetic THC dronabinol (Marinol) and the synthetic THC analogue nabilone (Cesamet) have been approved in the United States, but also the standardized cannabis extract (Sativex) in Canada. At least three strategies can be foreseen in the future clinical use of cannabinoid-based drugs: (a) the use of CB(1) receptor antagonists, such as the recently approved rimonabant (b) the use of CB(2)-selective agonists, and (c) the use of inhibitors of endocannabinoid degradation. In this context, the present review examines the effects of cannabinoids and of the pharmacological manipulation of the endocannabinoid system, in cardiovascular pathophysiology.

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O presente trabalho revisa o que atualmente é conhecido sobre o efeito dos canabinóides sobre o sistema nervoso de mamíferos...

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Rhesus monkeys exposed to marijuana smoke either 7 or 2 days/weeks (HI and LO groups, respectively), or ethanol-extracted marijuana smoke for 7 days/week (EM) or sham treatment (SH) for 1 year were sacrificed 7 months following the last exposure. Pulmonary levels of carcinogen-DNA adducts were determined. Although mean or median adduct levels were not statistically different, 15 of 22 adduct measures were highest in the EM group and lowest 12 of 22 times in the SH group. The levels of aromatic carcinogen-DNA adducts seem no higher in the lungs of animals exposed to marijuana smoke than in untreated animals. Ethanol-extracted marijuana may have effects greater than marijuana itself.

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A review has been made of Cannabis sativa L. (ganga) with special reference to the effect of the narcotic principle, tetrahydrocannabinol, on man and test animals. Attention is drawn to the antibacterial, analgesic, anticonvulsive and local anaesthetic effects of ganga extracts (AU)

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