RESUMO
Resumen Durante el severo reinado de Luis Felipe de Orleáns (1830-1848) existió un breve intervalo de paz en Francia, permitiendo el desarrollo de las ciencias médicas, entre ellas la pediatría. El Dr. Vanier, viendo que los estudiantes de medicina tenían difícil acceso a los hospitales de niños, quiso ayudarles creando para ellos una revista con temas y casos pediátricos, entre éstos comunicaciones sobre el muguet, la candidiasis oral de los recién nacidos y también de lactantes mayores, por parte del célebre Trousseau, de Valleix y de los investigadores Gruby y Berg, quienes llegarían a descubrir que no se debía a la lactancia ni a las nodrizas, sino a un "parásito vegetal", un hongo similar a los champiñones.
Abstract Under the severe rule of Louis Philippe of Orleans (1830-1848) a brief interval of peace in France was favorable for the development of some medical arts, like pediatrics. The Dr. Vanier, considering how difficult was for the students the access to a children's hospital, wanted to help their learning with a journal with clinical cases and conferences on children pathology, including several papers on muguet (the oral infection by Candida albicans in newborns), written by the famous Trousseau and the clinical investigators Valleix, Gruby and Berg, who became to the description of the etiological agent as "a vegetal parasite, a fungus similar to the mush-rooms".
Assuntos
Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Criança , História do Século XIX , Candidíase/história , Candida albicans , FrançaRESUMO
The crescent number of cases of candidiasis and the increase in the number of infections developed by non-albicans species and by multi-resistant strains has taken the attention of the scientific community, which has been searching for new therapeutic alternatives. Among the alternatives found the use of nanosystems for delivery of drugs already commercialized and new biomolecules have grown, in order to increase stability, solubility, optimize efficiency and reduce adverse effects. In view of the growing number of studies involving technological alternatives for the treatment of candidiasis, the present review came with the intention of gathering studies from the last two decades that used nanotechnology for the treatment of candidiasis, as well as analysing them critically and pointing out the future perspectives for their application with this purpose. Different studies were considered for the development of this review, addressing nanosystems such as metallic nanoparticles, mesoporous silica nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, nanoemulsion, microemulsion, solid lipid nanoparticle, nanostructured lipid carrier, lipidic nanocapsules and liquid crystals; and different clinical presentations of candidiasis. As a general overview, nanotechnology has proven to be an important ally for the treatment against the diversity of candidiasis found in the clinic, whether in increasing the effectiveness of commercialized drugs and reducing their adverse effects, as well as allowing exploring more effectively properties therapeutics of new biomolecules.
Assuntos
Antifúngicos/uso terapêutico , Candidíase/tratamento farmacológico , Nanopartículas/uso terapêutico , Animais , Antifúngicos/química , Antifúngicos/história , Candidíase/história , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Humanos , Nanopartículas/química , Nanopartículas/história , Nanotecnologia/históriaRESUMO
Candida auris is an emerging multidrug-resistant fungus that causes hospital-associated outbreaks of invasive infections with high death rates. During 2015-2016, health authorities in Colombia detected an outbreak of C. auris. We conducted an investigation to characterize the epidemiology, transmission mechanisms, and reservoirs of this organism. We investigated 4 hospitals with confirmed cases of C. auris candidemia in 3 cities in Colombia. We abstracted medical records and collected swabs from contemporaneously hospitalized patients to assess for skin colonization. We identified 40 cases; median patient age was 23 years (IQR 4 months-56 years). Twelve (30%) patients were <1 year of age, and 24 (60%) were male. The 30-day mortality was 43%. Cases clustered in time and location; axilla and groin were the most commonly colonized sites. Temporal and spatial clustering of cases and skin colonization suggest person-to-person transmission of C. auris. These cases highlight the importance of adherence to infection control recommendations.
Assuntos
Candida , Candidíase/epidemiologia , Candidíase/microbiologia , Doenças Transmissíveis Emergentes/epidemiologia , Doenças Transmissíveis Emergentes/microbiologia , Infecção Hospitalar , Surtos de Doenças , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Antifúngicos/uso terapêutico , Candida/efeitos dos fármacos , Candidemia/epidemiologia , Candidemia/microbiologia , Candidíase/tratamento farmacológico , Candidíase/história , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Doenças Transmissíveis Emergentes/história , Farmacorresistência Fúngica , Feminino , História do Século XXI , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Mortalidade , Avaliação de Resultados da Assistência ao Paciente , Vigilância em Saúde Pública , Estações do Ano , Adulto JovemRESUMO
From the begin of clinical microbiology in the second half of the nineteenth century, the fungi were neglected as contaminants without relevance for health, belonging the major advances of their study to the fields of milk derivatives and beer industries. However, the seek for the etiological agent of thrush, a very common oral pathology affecting the newborn, put the yeasts on the table near 1840 with three capital papers - Berg, Gruby and Bennett - speaking about spores from vegetable as parasites of animal and human beings. The door was open, and very soon, in 1853, came the decisive description by Robin of the Oidium albicans as the causative agent of this painful disease. Seventy years after, in 1923, Christine Marie Berkhout, rejecting this name, defined the genus as Candida, leaving the specie with the iterative Latin name of Candida albicans, that means "White-white". Or, perhaps, with a fine sense of humor, she has made an oxymoron, because "candida" means a brilliant white and "albicans" a matt one, both opposite adjectives. Or, may be, Christine is still saying us: "White…but not so white".