RESUMO
ABSTRACT: Cannabidiol and other cannabinoids are being used more frequently for sports medicine-related conditions. This review will help sports medicine clinicians answer questions that their athletes and active patients have about the potential effectiveness of cannabinoids on common sports medicine conditions. In the article, the authors compare cannabidiol and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol effects, noting the difference on the endocannabinoid and nonendocannabinoid receptors. The theoretical benefits of these two compounds and the current legality in the United States surrounding cannabidiol and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol use also are addressed.
Assuntos
Canabidiol/uso terapêutico , Canabinoides/uso terapêutico , Medicina Esportiva , Desempenho Atlético , Concussão Encefálica/tratamento farmacológico , Canabidiol/efeitos adversos , Canabidiol/metabolismo , Canabinoides/efeitos adversos , Canabinoides/metabolismo , Cannabis/química , Cannabis/classificação , Dor Crônica/tratamento farmacológico , Dronabinol/metabolismo , Dronabinol/uso terapêutico , Endocanabinoides/metabolismo , Endocanabinoides/farmacologia , Humanos , Maconha Medicinal , Osteoartrite/tratamento farmacológico , Receptor 5-HT1A de Serotonina/metabolismo , Receptores de Canabinoides/metabolismo , Canais de Cátion TRPV/metabolismo , Estados UnidosRESUMO
Cannabis sativa (marijuana and hemp) is one of the most controversial crops worldwide. In the USA, the state-specific legalization of marijuana and recently legalized hemp pose a problem for law enforcement. This study seeks to utilize chloroplast hSTRs, INDEL, and SNPs markers to develop genotyping methods to aid in the differentiation of legal hemp from illicit marijuana and also for tracking the flow of trafficked marijuana. Three polymorphic regions: trnK-matK-trnK, ycf3, and accD-psal, of the C. sativa chloroplast genome were evaluated in order to distinguish crop type and biogeographic origin. A total of nine polymorphic sites were genotyped from five distinct populations (hemp from the USA and Canada, marijuana from Chile and USA-Mexico, and medical marijuana from Chile) with a custom fragment and SNaPshotTM assay. The study also combined genotype results from the same sample set using 21 additional polymorphic markers from previous studies. The effectiveness of these multi-locus assays to distinguish sample groups was assessed using haplotype analysis, phylogenetic analysis, pairwise comparisons, and principal component analysis. Results indicated a clear separation of Canadian hemp using only the nine polymorphic sites developed in this study. The additional 21 markers were able to separate US hemp from both marijuana groups to a significant level (p < 0.05) when assessing average Fixation Indices (FST). This study demonstrated the applicability of these organelle markers for the determination of crop type and biogeographic origin of C. sativa. However, a more extensive database is needed to evaluate the true discriminatory power of these markers.
Assuntos
Cannabis/classificação , Cannabis/genética , Código de Barras de DNA Taxonômico/métodos , DNA de Cloroplastos/genética , Genoma de Cloroplastos , Técnicas de Genotipagem , Haplótipos , Canadá , Chile , Marcadores Genéticos , Genótipo , Mutação INDEL , México , Repetições de Microssatélites , Filogenia , Filogeografia , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Análise de Componente Principal , Estados UnidosRESUMO
Cannabis sativa can be classified as either hemp (a legal crop containing less than 0.3% delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, THC) or marijuana (an illegal drug containing more than 0.3% THC). Despite its legalization in 33 states for medicinal or recreational use, marijuana remains the most commonly used illicit drug in the USA, and it is heavily trafficked into and within the country. Discriminating between marijuana and hemp is critical to the legal process. Genetic analysis provides a means of analyzing samples unsuitable for chemical analysis, and in addition to discriminating between crop types, DNA may be able to determine the biogeographical origin of samples. In addition, the sharing of rare haplotypes between different seizures may be useful for linking cases and providing investigative leads to law enforcement. This study evaluates the potential of two highly polymorphic regions of the chloroplast genome of C. sativa, rps16 and clpP, to be used for determination of crop type and biogeographical origin. Custom fragment analysis and SNaPshot™ assays were developed to genotype nine polymorphic loci in hemp samples from the USA and Canada, marijuana samples from USA-Mexico and Chile, and medical marijuana samples from Chile. Haplotype analysis revealed eight haplotypes. Only Canadian hemp could be completely differentiated from the other sample groups by haplotype. Phylogenetic analysis and principal component analysis suggested a closer relationship among USA-Mexico marijuana, Chilean marijuana and medical marijuana, and USA hemp. Genotyping additional polymorphisms in future studies is expected to reveal further differences between these sample groups.
Assuntos
Cannabis/classificação , Cannabis/genética , Cloroplastos/genética , Produtos Agrícolas , Código de Barras de DNA Taxonômico/métodos , Genética Forense/métodos , Canadá , Cannabis/química , Chile , DNA de Plantas , Loci Gênicos , Genoma de Planta/genética , Genótipo , Haplótipos , México , FilogeniaRESUMO
Esta revisión analiza la situación actual de la utilización del como herramienta terapéutica dentro del ámbito de la salud en Argentina, haciendo referencia a los distintos actores involucrados y dilemas futuros que pueden presentarse. Paracomprender en su totalidad el marco social, cultural e histórico, se desarrollan distintos aspectos, como la descripción química y biológica del , evolución del consumo a través de la historia, las repercusiones del consumo y las distintas aplicaciones que tiene en el campo de la medicina. También se describen las diferentes realidades que hay en el mundo, así como las legislaciones de otros países y la comparación de estas con la que tenemos en nuestro país. Finalmente se mencionan los desafíos pendientes y sus posibles abordajes.(AU)
This review analyzes the current situation of the use of cannabis as a therapeutic tool in the field of health in Argentina,referring to the different actors involved and future dilemmas that may arise. To fully understand the social, cultural andhistorical framework, different aspects can be defined, such as the chemical and biological description of cannabis, theevolution of consumption throughout history, the repercussions of recreational consumption and the different applicationsthat it has on the medical field. It also describes the different realities that exist in the world, as well as the laws of othercountries and the comparison of these with the one we have in our country. Finally, the pending challenges and theirpossible approaches, are mentioned.(AU)