RESUMO
Challenging wild plant accessions with pathogens is an initial approach for finding resistance genes for breeding programs. Viruses can be transmitted artificially by mechanical or arthropod-borne inoculation, but these experimental assays do not always reproduce natural conditions in the field. In this study, 56 wild Capsicum spp. accessions from Ecuador that were under natural inoculum pressure for six months were screened for virus infections by RNA sequencing. These plants exhibited low virus diversity in comparison to a commercial pepper cultivar that was used as a susceptible host. Subjecting numerous plants to natural infection prior to artificial assays may indicate promising accessions to track within virus/vector resistance breeding programs.
Assuntos
Capsicum/virologia , Doenças das Plantas/virologia , Biodiversidade , Capsicum/classificação , Capsicum/genética , Resistência à Doença/genética , Equador , Melhoramento Vegetal , RNA Viral/genética , Vírus/classificação , Vírus/genética , Vírus/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
A method named imprint paper spray ionization mass spectrometry (imprint-PSI-MS) has been developed and employed for the determination of pungency of peppers. A pepper fruit was cut into a triangular shape, deposited onto a triangular paper, and compressed by a homemade press tool aiming to imprint and transfer the pepper constituents onto the paper surface. Subsequently, the triangular paper was submitted to conventional PSI-MS analysis. Twelve peppers were analyzed, ranging from highly pungent to lowly pungent taste. Pepper pungency values from the Scoville scale (in Scoville heat units, SHU) were compared with the ion intensities of the capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin compounds obtained from the imprint-PSI-MS analysis, and a correlation coefficient of 0.97 was achieved. In addition, the ion intensities of a sugar compound were monitored in all peppers, and the results were compared with the Scoville scale. Low sugar ion intensities were detected in pungent peppers, while high ion intensities were achieved in low-pungent peppers, suggesting that the pepper pungency may be determined by inversely relating pungency to sugar contents. This work demonstrates the utility of the imprint-PSI-MS method to perform rapid qualitative analyses of peppers and estimate the pungency by monitoring the pepper metabolites. Graphical abstract.
Assuntos
Capsicum/química , Espectrometria de Massas/métodos , Papel , Paladar , Capsaicina/análogos & derivados , Capsicum/classificação , Humanos , Especificidade da EspécieRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Plant genomes are rich in repetitive sequences, and transposable elements (TEs) are the most accumulated of them. This mobile fraction can be distinguished as Class I (retrotransposons) and Class II (transposons). Retrotransposons that are transposed using an intermediate RNA and that accumulate in a "copy-and-paste" manner were screened in three genomes of peppers (Solanaceae). The present study aimed to understand the genome relationships among Capsicum annuum, C. chinense, and C. baccatum, based on a comparative analysis of the function, diversity and chromosome distribution of TE lineages in the Capsicum karyotypes. Due to the great commercial importance of pepper in natura, as a spice or as an ornamental plant, these genomes have been widely sequenced, and all of the assemblies are available in the SolGenomics group. These sequences were used to compare all repetitive fractions from a cytogenomic point of view. RESULTS: The qualification and quantification of LTR-retrotransposons (LTR-RT) families were contrasted with molecular cytogenetic data, and the results showed a strong genome similarity between C. annuum and C. chinense as compared to C. baccatum. The Gypsy superfamily is more abundant than Copia, especially for Tekay/Del lineage members, including a high representation in C. annuum and C. chinense. On the other hand, C. baccatum accumulates more Athila/Tat sequences. The FISH results showed retrotransposons differentially scattered along chromosomes, except for CRM lineage sequences, which mainly have a proximal accumulation associated with heterochromatin bands. CONCLUSIONS: The results confirm a close genomic relationship between C. annuum and C. chinense in comparison to C. baccatum. Centromeric GC-rich bands may be associated with the accumulation regions of CRM elements, whereas terminal and subterminal AT- and GC-rich bands do not correspond to the accumulation of the retrotransposons in the three Capsicum species tested.
Assuntos
Capsicum/classificação , Capsicum/genética , Variação Genética , Genoma de Planta , Sequências Repetidas Terminais , Cromossomos de Plantas/genética , Genômica , Filogenia , Sequências Repetitivas de Ácido Nucleico , RetroelementosRESUMO
The genus Capsicum is cultivated in various parts of the world, with C. annuum showing high diversity and potential for ornamental purposes and genetic improvement. The aim of this work was to evaluate the combining ability and heterosis of seedling and plant traits in accessions of ornamental pepper and their hybrids. Seven accessions of C. annuum were handcrossed and twelve quantitative plant traits were evaluated. The data were subjected to analysis of variance, the Scott-Knott test and diallel analysis using Griffing's method I (fixed model). Heterosis and its components were also determined. Non-additive effects were found for seedling height, cotyledonous leaf length and width; stem diameter and chlorophyll b content. All other traits showed predominance of additive effects. Heterosis effects were found for some hybrids and UFPB134 x UFPB137, UFPB134 x UFPB390, UFPB134 x UFPB004 and UFPB099 x UFPB004 showed seedlings that are more vigorous.
Assuntos
Capsicum/anatomia & histologia , Variação Genética , Vigor Híbrido , Plântula/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Capsicum/classificação , Capsicum/genéticaRESUMO
Capsaicin is a substance produced by Capsicum peppers with extensive biological activity reported in the literature. Among these studies, it was suggested that the anti-tumor activity is related to modulation of the Transient Potential Receptor Vanilloid (TRPV) channels. Capsaicin is known to bind with very high affinity to TRPV1 (IC50 ≈ 7 nM), triggering the burning sensation followed by analgesia. However, recent studies have suggested that the pro-apoptotic effects of capsaicin are TRPV6-mediated. Herein we report the development of a novel inhibitor of the TRPV6 using two different strategies for compounds design. We generated a series of direct and chimeric capsaicinoids based on the literature compounds, capsaicin, and cis-22a. These analogs were probed against HEK-hTRPV6 and the hits were further optimized. Based on the previous SAR and chemical optimization, we found 56h, named MRC-130, a derivative that remarkably inhibited TRPV6 in the nanomolar range (IC50 = 83 ± 4 nM), possess high selectivity and stability in vitro, and lesser hERG inhibition compared to the reference compound, cis-22a. It is expected that these new molecules would contribute significantly to the study on the TRPV6 function and its role in tumor pathophysiology
Capsaicina é uma substância produzida por pimentas do gênero Capsicum com extensa atividade biológica relatada na literatura. Entre esses estudos, sugeriu-se que a atividade antitumoral esteja relacionada à modulação dos canais TRPV (do inglês, Transient Potential Receptor Vanilloid). Sabe-se que a capsaicina se liga com altíssima afinidade ao TRPV1 (IC50 ≈ 7 nM), desencadeando a sensação de queimação seguida de analgesia. No entanto, estudos recentes sugeriram que os efeitos pró-apoptóticos da capsaicina são mediados pelo TRPV6. Visando o exposto, este trabalho relata o desenvolvimento de um novo inibidor do TRPV6 usando duas estratégias diferentes para o planejamento dos compostos. Geramos séries de capsaicinoides diretos e quiméricos com base nos compostos da literatura, capsaicina e cis-22a. Esses análogos foram analisados contra HEK-hTRPV6 e os análogos mais promissores foram otimizados. Com base na REA e em otimizações químicas anteriores, encontramos 56h, chamado MRC-130, um derivado que inibiu notavelmente o TRPV6 na faixa nanomolar (IC50 = 83 ± 4 nM), possui alta seletividade e estabilidade in vitro e menor inibição de hERG em comparação com o composto de referência, cis-22a. Espera-se que essas novas moléculas contribuam significativamente para o estudo da função do TRPV6 e seu papel na fisiopatologia tumoral
Assuntos
Capsicum/classificação , Capsaicina/análogos & derivados , Canais de Cátion TRPV/antagonistas & inibidoresRESUMO
A broad range of Peruvian chili peppers are available but not properly characterized. To increase the insight into their flavor compounds, a head space GC-MS fingerprinting (volatiles) and an HPLC-based profiling approach (pungency) was implemented to characterize twenty landraces (Capsicum annuum, C. baccatum and C. chinense). The data obtained was analyzed with powerful chemometric approaches to identify unique flavor compounds for each of the species and for each of the landraces within a specific species. The pungency profile and volatiles such as esters, terpenes and norcarotenoids distinguish Cerezo triangular (4) (C. annuum). Mainly esters provoked the separation between Chico (42), Cacho de cabra rojo (323), Amarillo de Chachapoyas (318) (C. baccatum), Arnaucho (60) and Miscucho amarillo (69) (C. chinense). This study demonstrates the potential of the integrated fingerprinting, profiling and a chemometric approach to extensively understand the unique flavor compounds in Peruvian chili peppers.
Assuntos
Capsicum/química , Frutas/química , Odorantes/análise , Olfato , Paladar , Compostos Orgânicos Voláteis/análise , Capsicum/classificação , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Análise de Alimentos/métodos , Frutas/classificação , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Peru , Especificidade da EspécieRESUMO
As neoplasias malignas, doenças mundialmente conhecidas como câncer, possuem um dos tratamentos mais onerosos, tóxicos e de baixa seletividade na terapêutica atual. Adicionalmente, o contínuo crescimento da incidência da doença também representa em uma grande problemática. Os produtos de origem natural se apresentam como alternativas para o tratamento de diversas doenças, incluindo o câncer. A capsaicina, produto natural proveniente das pimentas do gênero Capsicum, apresenta propriedades antineoplásicas, portanto, pode ser utilizada como protótipo para obtenção de análogos. Quatro séries foram planejadas e sintetizadas, obtendo-se compostos ureídicos e tioureídicos. A estratégia sintética se baseou na reação da piperonilamina ou vanililamina com isocianatos ou isotiocianatos, ligados a substituintes aromáticos ou alquílicos. Vinte e sete análogos foram sintetizados com rendimentos variando entre 22 a 90 %. Todos os compostos apresentaram aspecto sólido variando a cor de branco a levemente amarelados. Para a caracterização das substâncias obtidas foram utilizados dados de RMN 1H e 13C, ponto de fusão e a determinação de pureza foi realizada mediante HPLC. Todos os compostos foram submetidos a ensaios de avaliação da atividade citotóxica por redução do MTT contra linhagens de células cancerígenas e células sadias. Os compostos RPF652, RPF 512 - 514) apresentaram atividade comparável ou superior ao protótipo com valores de IC50 na faixa de micromolar. Os resultados apontados pela modelagem molecular indicam que descritores eletrônicos como Ehomo e Elumo podem estar associados à atividade do composto, ClogP (3,92) pode favorecer melhor permeabilidade na membrana celular, e o maior número de sítios de acepção de ligação de hidrogênio podem corroborar com a citotoxidade em linhagem A2058. Particularmente, o análogo RPF652 apresentou atividade pronunciada com valores de IC50 de 55, 67, e 87 µM contra as células A2058, SK-MEL 25, e U87, respectivamente, o que representa atividade de superior à capsaicina. Como uma tendência o composto RPF652 causou parada no ciclo de linhagem B-RAF B16F10 não levando a célula à morte. Porém esta linhagem não apresenta mutação no códon V600E. Em contraponto, o análogo RPF652 apresentou maior potência contra linhagem V600EB-RAF A2058 mutada, indicando possível seletividade em linhagens que apresentam a mutação no códon V600E da proteína B-RAF. Ademais, novos esforços devem ser concentrados no análogo RPF652 para melhor elucidação mecanística de sua atividade
Malignant neoplasms have one of the most expensive, non-selective and toxic treatment of present times. This situation, combined with the rising incidence rate, represents a major problem for humanity. The use of natural products can be an alternative for treatment of several diseases, including cancer. Capsaicin is a natural product derived from Capsicum peppers, with reported anticancer activity and can be used as prototype for the design of new molecules with remarkable activity. Capsaicin analogues were designed and synthesized in four series of derivatives, replacing the prototype amide bond with urea and thiourea functions. The synthetic approach builds the urea/ thiourea scaffold using the reaction of piperonyl/ vanilyl amine with alkyl and aryl isocyanides/ isothiocyanides. Twenty-seven new compounds were obtained with yields from 22 to 90 %, and were fully characterized using 1H and 13C NMR, the purity was determined by melting point and HPLC. All of the obtained compounds were evaluated in MTT cytotoxic assays against different cancer cell-lines (B16F10, A2058, SK-MEL 25 and U-87), and compared with healthy human cells (T75). Additionally, the most active compound was submitted to a cell cycle arrest assay. The thiourea derivative RPF652 was the most active compound, and the urea derivatives RPF512, RPF513 and RPF514 showed good micromolar IC50 values. This results, when correlated with several in silico-calculated properties for the obtained molecules, suggests that ClogP, Ehomo, Elumo and the number of hydrogen-bond acception sites may be correlated to the anticancer activity reported. RPF652 especially, showed IC50 values with superior activity and better selectivity index when compared with capsaicin. The cell-cycle assay of RPF652 showed significant arrest in V600E-codon B-RAF non-mutated cell lines (B16F10) without killing it. V600E-codon B-RAF mutated cells A2058, were significantly more sensitive to the compound. These findings may suggest some insights about the mechanism of action and targets of this compounds
Assuntos
Ensaios de Seleção de Medicamentos Antitumorais , Capsaicina/análise , Antineoplásicos/classificação , Capsicum/classificação , Química Farmacêutica/instrumentação , Pimenta/efeitos adversos , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
Chili pepper (Capsicum annuum) is the most important and emblematic condiment in Mexican food. Serrano pepper is a variety of C. annuum that is traditionally cultivated in Mexico and commercialized in local markets. The aim of this study was to describe the 1H NMR metabolomic profiling of the aqueous phase of serrano peppers harvested from two distinct regions, in the states of Veracruz and Oaxaca, Mexico. According to the current results, aspartate citrate, lactate, leucine and sucrose were found at higher amount in the serrano peppers from Veracruz. On the other hand, acetate, formate, fumarate, malonate, phosphocholine, pyruvate and succinate showed the highest abundance in this product from Oaxaca. These are the main metabolites that distinguish one group from the other. The spectrometric method reported presently is characterized by great simplicity, robustness and reproducibility. Thus, this technique can be used for establishing reliable metabolomic fingerprints of serrano peppers grown under different environmental conditions.
Assuntos
Capsicum/metabolismo , Metaboloma , Metabolômica/métodos , Espectroscopia de Prótons por Ressonância Magnética , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Capsicum/classificação , Capsicum/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Meio Ambiente , MéxicoRESUMO
The genus Capsicum ranks as the second most exported vegetable in Brazil, which is also considered to be a center of diversity for this genus. The aim of this study was to rescue genetic variability in the genus Capsicum in the southwest region of Mato Grosso, and to characterize and estimate the genetic diversity of accessions based on morphoagronomic descriptors and inter-simple sequence repeat molecular markers. Data were obtained following the criteria of the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, renamed Bioversity International for Capsicum. Data were analyzed using different multivariate statistical techniques. An array of binary data was used to analyze molecular data, and the arithmetic complement of the Jaccard index was used to estimate the genetic dissimilarity among accessions. Six well-defined groups were formed based on the morphological characterization. The most divergent accessions were 142 and 126, with 125 and 126 being the most similar. The groups formed following agronomic characterization differed from those formed by morphological characterization, and there was a need to subdivide the groups for better distinction of accessions. Based on molecular analysis, accessions were divided into two groups, and there was also a need to subdivide the groups. Based on joint analysis (morphological + agronomic + molecular), six groups were formed with no duplicates. For all groups, the cophenetic correlation coefficient was higher than 0.8. These results provide useful information for the better management of the work collection. All correlations between the combined distance matrix were significant by the Mantel test.
Assuntos
Capsicum/genética , Filogenia , Polimorfismo Genético , Brasil , Capsicum/classificação , Produtos Agrícolas/genética , Repetições de MicrossatélitesRESUMO
We present here the physical mapping of the 5S rDNA locus in six wild and five cultivated taxa of Capsicum by means of a genus-specific FISH probe. In all taxa, a single 5S locus per haploid genome that persistently mapped onto the short arm of a unique metacentric chromosome pair at intercalar position, was found. 5S FISH signals of almost the same size and brightness intensity were observed in all the analyzed taxa. This is the first cytological characterization of the 5S in wild taxa of Capsicum by using a genus-derived probe, and the most exhaustive and comprehensive in the chili peppers up to now. The information provided here will aid the cytomolecular characterization of pepper germplasm to evaluate variability and can be instrumental to integrate physical, genetic and genomic maps already generated in the genus.