RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) is the most prevalent neoplasia in children and teenagers in Mexico. Although epidemiological data supports that children's residence close to emissions from vehicular traffic or industrial processes increases the risk of ALL; and the IARC states that benzene, PAHs, and PM 2.5 are well-known environmental carcinogens, there is a gap in linking these carcinogenic hazards with the sources and their distribution from scenario perspective. AIM: To identify ALL clusters in the population under 19 years of age and characterize the environment at the neighborhood level by integrating information on sources of carcinogenic exposure using spatial analysis techniques in the Metropolitan Area of San Luis Potosi, Mexico. METHODS: Using the Kernel Density test, we designed an ecological study to identify ALL clusters from incident cases in the population under 19 years of age. A multicriteria analysis was conducted to characterize the risk at the community level from carcinogenic sources. A hierarchical cluster analysis was performed to characterize risk at the individual level based on carcinogenic source count within 1 km for each ALL case. RESULTS: Eight clusters of carcinogenic sources were located within the five identified ALL clusters. The multicriteria analysis showed high-risk areas (by density of carcinogenic source) within ALL clusters. CONCLUSIONS: This study has a limited source and amount of available data on ALL cases, so selection bias is present as well as the inability to rule out residual confounding factors, since covariates were not included. However, in this study, children living in environments with high vehicular density, gas stations, brick kilns, incinerators, commercial establishments burning biomass, or near industrial zones may be at higher risk for ALL.
Assuntos
Carcinógenos Ambientais , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células Precursoras , México/epidemiologia , Humanos , Criança , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células Precursoras/epidemiologia , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células Precursoras/induzido quimicamente , Pré-Escolar , Adolescente , Lactente , Carcinógenos Ambientais/toxicidade , Feminino , Masculino , Análise por Conglomerados , Exposição Ambiental/efeitos adversos , Recém-Nascido , Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticos/toxicidade , Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticos/análise , Características de ResidênciaRESUMO
The impact of Cr(VI) in sunflower roots has been studied, focusing on the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Plants were grown hydroponically in the presence of 0, 1.0, 5.0 and 25â¯mgCr L-1. Methanolic root extracts were analyzed by capillary liquid chromatography coupled through negative electrospray ionization to a quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry (capHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS). Using partial least squares algorithm, eighteen features strongly affected by Cr(VI) were detected and annotated as linoleic acid (LA), alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and sixteen oxidation products containing hydroperoxy-, epoxy-, keto-, epoxyketo- or hydroxy-functionalities, all of them classified as oxylipins. Inspection of the MS/MS spectra acquired for features eluting at different retention times but assigned as a sole compound, confirmed isomers formation: three hydroperoxy-octadecadienoic acids (HpODE), two oxo-octadecadienoic acids (OxoODE) and four epoxyketo-octadecenoic acids (EKODE). Around 70% of metabolites in sunflower LA metabolic pathway were affected by Cr(VI) stress and additionally, four EKODE isomers not included in this pathway were found in the exposed roots. Among ALA-derived oxylipins, 13-epi-12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA) is of relevance, because of its participation in the activation of secondary metabolism. The abundances of all oxylipins were directly dependent on the Cr(VI) concentration in medium; furthermore, autooxidation of LA to HpODE isomers was observed after incubation with Cr(VI). These results point to the direct involvement of Cr(VI) in non-enzymatic oxidation of fatty acids; since oxylipins are signaling molecules important in plant defensive response, their synthesis under Cr(VI) exposure sustains the ability of sunflower to grow in Cr(VI)-contaminated environments.
Assuntos
Carcinógenos Ambientais/farmacologia , Cromo/farmacologia , Ácidos Graxos Insaturados/metabolismo , Helianthus/metabolismo , Metabolômica , Raízes de Plantas/metabolismo , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem/métodos , Helianthus/efeitos dos fármacos , Helianthus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Oxirredução , Raízes de Plantas/efeitos dos fármacos , Raízes de Plantas/crescimento & desenvolvimentoRESUMO
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are food-processing contaminants considered to be carcinogenic and genotoxic. Due to its drying process stage, teas may be contaminated with PAHs. The aim of the study was to validate an analytical method involving QuEChERS and HPLC-FLD for the determination of PAH4 in teas and evaluate the contamination levels in 10 different types of teas from Brazil. Recoveries varied from 54% to 99% and relative standard deviations from 1% to 21%. Limits of detection and quantification were from 0.03 to 0.3 µg/kg and 0.1 to 0.5 µg/kg, respectively. Mate tea presented the highest PAH levels, with PAH4 varying from 194 to 1795 µg/kg; followed by black (1.8-186 µg/kg), white (24-119 µg/kg), and green teas (3.1-92 µg/kg). Teas with lowest PAH4 were strawberry, lemongrass, peppermint, and boldo. Only trace levels of PAHs were detected in tea infusions, so apparently it would not affect PAH intake by Brazilian population.
Assuntos
Carcinógenos Ambientais/análise , Contaminação de Alimentos , Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticos/análise , Chá/química , Chás de Ervas/análise , Métodos Analíticos de Preparação de Amostras , Benzo(a)Antracenos/análise , Benzo(a)Antracenos/isolamento & purificação , Benzo(a)pireno/análise , Benzo(a)pireno/isolamento & purificação , Brasil , Carcinógenos Ambientais/isolamento & purificação , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Crisenos/análise , Crisenos/isolamento & purificação , Fluorenos/análise , Fluorenos/isolamento & purificação , Manipulação de Alimentos , Inspeção de Alimentos/métodos , Ilex paraguariensis/química , Limite de Detecção , Oxirredução , Folhas de Planta/química , Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticos/isolamento & purificação , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Espectrometria de Fluorescência , Chá/economia , Chás de Ervas/economiaRESUMO
Several possible mechanisms have been examined to gain an understanding on the carcinogenic properties of lead, which include among others, mitogenesis, alteration of gene expression, oxidative damage, and inhibition of DNA repair. The aim of the present study was to explore if low concentrations of lead, relevant for human exposure, interfere with Ape1 function, a base excision repair enzyme, and its role in cell transformation in Balb/c-3T3. Lead acetate 5 and 30 µM induced APE1 mRNA and upregulation of protein expression. This increase in mRNA expression is consistent throughout the chronic exposure. Additionally, we also found an impaired function of Ape1 through molecular beacon-based assay. To evaluate the impact of lead on foci formation, a Balb/c-3T3 two-step transformation model was used. Balb/c-3T3 cells were pretreated 1 week with low concentrations of lead before induction of transformation with n-methyl-n-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) (0.5 µg/mL) and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) (0.1 µg/mL) (a classical two-step protocol). Morphological cell transformation increased in response to lead pretreatment that was paralleled with an increase in Ape1 mRNA and protein overexpression and an impairment of Ape1 activity and correlating with foci number. In addition, we found that lead pretreatment and MNNG (transformation initiator) increased DNA damage, determined by comet assay. Our data suggest that low lead concentrations (5, 30 µM) could play a facilitating role in cellular transformation, probably through the impaired function of housekeeping genes such as Ape1, leading to DNA damage accumulation and chromosomal instability, one of the most important hallmarks of cancer induced by chronic exposures.
Assuntos
Carcinógenos Ambientais/toxicidade , Transformação Celular Neoplásica/efeitos dos fármacos , Dano ao DNA , DNA Liase (Sítios Apurínicos ou Apirimidínicos)/biossíntese , Chumbo/toxicidade , Modelos Biológicos , Animais , Células 3T3 BALB , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Ensaio Cometa , Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Metilnitronitrosoguanidina/farmacologia , Camundongos , Acetato de Tetradecanoilforbol/farmacologiaRESUMO
Environmental mixed pollution by both organic and inorganic compounds are detected worldwide. Phytoremediation techniques have been proposed as ecofriendly methods for cleaning up polluted sites. Several studies have demonstrated enhanced dissipation of contaminants at the root-soil interface through an increase in microbial activity caused by the release of plant root exudates (REs). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness for Cr(VI) and lindane removal by Streptomyces M7 cultured in a co-contaminated system in presence of maize REs. Our results showed when REs were added to the contaminated minimal medium (MM) as the only carbon source, microbial removal of Cr(VI) and lindane increased significantly in comparison to contaminant removal obtained in MM with glucose 1 g L-1 . The maximum removal of 91% of lindane and 49.5% of Cr(VI) were obtained in the co-contaminated system. Moreover, Streptomyces M7 showed plant growth promoting traits which could improve plant performance in contaminated soils. The results presented in this study provide evidence that maize REs improved growth of Streptomyces M7 when REs were used as a carbon source in comparison to glucose. Consequently, lindane and Cr(VI) removal was considerably enhanced making evident the phytoremediation potential of the actinobacteria-plant partnership.
Assuntos
Carcinógenos Ambientais/metabolismo , Cromo/metabolismo , Hexaclorocicloexano/metabolismo , Inseticidas/metabolismo , Exsudatos de Plantas/metabolismo , Streptomyces/metabolismo , Zea mays/metabolismo , Carbono/metabolismo , Meios de Cultura/química , Exsudatos de Plantas/isolamento & purificação , Raízes de Plantas/metabolismo , Streptomyces/crescimento & desenvolvimentoRESUMO
Abstract We aimed to verify the changes in the microbial community during bioremediation of gasoline-contaminated soil. Microbial inoculants were produced from successive additions of gasoline to municipal solid waste compost (MSWC) previously fertilized with nitrogen-phosphorous. To obtain Inoculant A, fertilized MSWC was amended with gasoline every 3 days during 18 days. Inoculant B received the same application, but at every 6 days. Inoculant C included MSWC fertilized with N–P, but no gasoline. The inoculants were applied to gasoline-contaminated soil at 10, 30, or 50 g/kg. Mineralization of gasoline hydrocarbons in soil was evaluated by respirometric analysis. The viability of the inoculants was evaluated after 103 days of storage under refrigeration or room temperature. The relative proportions of microbial groups in the inoculants and soil were evaluated by FAME. The dose of 50 g/kg of inoculants A and B led to the largest CO2 emission from soil. CO2 emissions in treatments with inoculant C were inversely proportional to the dose of inoculant. Heterotrophic bacterial counts were greater in soil treated with inoculants A and B. The application of inoculants decreased the proportion of actinobacteria and increased of Gram-negative bacteria. Decline in the density of heterotrophic bacteria in inoculants occurred after storage. This reduction was bigger in inoculants stored at room temperature. The application of stored inoculants in gasoline-contaminated soil resulted in a CO2 emission twice bigger than that observed in uninoculated soil. We concluded that MSWC is an effective material for the production of microbial inoculants for the bioremediation of gasoline-contaminated soil.
Assuntos
Microbiologia do Solo , Poluentes do Solo/metabolismo , Gasolina , Carcinógenos Ambientais/metabolismo , Biota/efeitos dos fármacos , Biodegradação Ambiental , Dióxido de Carbono/análise , Carga Bacteriana , Hidrocarbonetos/análiseRESUMO
Los contaminantes del aire han sido y siguen siendo, los principales factores que contribuyen a las enfermedades crónicas como el asma y enfermedades cardiovasculares. La contaminación del aire por material particulado (PM) es un problema mundial y en los últimos años, el PM se ha convertido en un tema importante de investigación ya que tiene un impacto negativo significativo en la salud humana; el PM es generado por las actividades industriales y tubos de escape de vehículos de motor. Sin embargo, diversos componentes nocivos del PM, como los hidrocarburos aromáticos policiclicos (HAP) en general, son sospechosos de ser carcinogénicos. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo identificar los HAP presentes en el PM2.5 del aire de Cúcuta, extraídos por primera vez, mediante el sistema diclorometano-etanol-tolueno e investigar la importancia del fraccionamiento de la materia organica del PM2.5 para detectar los HAP presentes en las fracciones del PM2.5. La identificación de los HAP considerados como contaminantes prioritarios y reconocidos por su afectación a la salud de la población se realizó, mediante cromatografía de gases con detector FID. Los efectos genotoxicos de la materia orgánica del PM2.5 extraída con una mezcla de DCM-etanol-tolueno fueron evaluados mediante el ensayo Cometa.
Air pollutants have been and still are the main factors that contribute to chronic diseases such as asthma and cardiovascular disease. Air pollution by particulate matter (PM) is a global problem and in recent years, the PM has become an important research topic since it has a significant negative impact on human health; the PM is generated by industrial activities and exhaust pipes of motor vehicles. However, various harmful components of PM such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in general, are suspected of being carcinogenic. This work aims to identify the PAHs present in the PM 2.5 air Cúcuta, first extracted by the dichloromethane-ethanol-toluene system and investigate the importance of organic matter fractionation of PM 2.5 to detect PAHs present in the fractions of PM 2.5. The identification of PAHs considered as priority pollutants and recognized for their effects on health of the population was performed by gas chromatography with FID detector. The genotoxic effects of PM2.5 organic matter, extracted with a mixture of DCM-ethanol-toluene, was evaluated by the Comet assay.
Assuntos
Humanos , Carcinógenos Ambientais , Genotoxicidade , Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticos/toxicidade , Fracionamento Químico/métodos , Colômbia , Ensaio Cometa/métodos , Poluição AmbientalRESUMO
We investigated the carcinogenic and mutagenic respiratory health risks related to the exposure to atmospheric PAHs in an urban area. Our study focused in the association of these pollutants and their possible effect in human health, principally respiratory and circulatory diseases. Also, we determined a relationship between the inhalation risk of PAHs and meteorological conditions. We validated the hypothesis that in winter PAHs with high molecular weight associated to submicron particles (PM1) may increase exposure risk, especially for respiratory diseases, bronchitis and pneumonia diseases. Moreover, in our study we verified the relationship between diseases and several carcinogenic PAHs (Ind, BbkF, DahA, BaP, and BghiP). These individual PAHs contributed the most to the potential risk of exposure for inhalation of PM1.0. Even at lower ambient concentrations of BaP and DahA in comparison with individual concentrations of other PAHs associated to PM1.0. Mainly, research suggests to include carcinogenic and mutagenic PAHs in future studies of environmental health risk due to their capacity to associate to PM10. Such carcinogenic and mutagenic PAHs are likely to provide the majority of the human exposure, since they originate from dense traffic urban areas were humans congregate.
Assuntos
Poluentes Atmosféricos/efeitos adversos , Carcinógenos Ambientais/efeitos adversos , Exposição Ambiental/efeitos adversos , Mutagênicos/efeitos adversos , Material Particulado/química , Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticos/efeitos adversos , Doenças Respiratórias/induzido quimicamente , Saúde da População Urbana/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto , Distribuição por Idade , Idoso , Poluentes Atmosféricos/análise , Brasil , Carcinógenos Ambientais/análise , Doenças Cardiovasculares/induzido quimicamente , Doenças Cardiovasculares/epidemiologia , Criança , Cidades , Saúde Ambiental , Monitoramento Ambiental , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Hospitalização/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Mutagênicos/análise , Tamanho da Partícula , Material Particulado/efeitos adversos , Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticos/análise , Doenças Respiratórias/epidemiologia , Medição de Risco , Estações do AnoRESUMO
Bertholletia excelsa is the tree that produces Brazil nuts which have vast economic importance in the Amazon region and as an export commodity. The aim of this study was to assess the presence of Aspergillus section Nigri in Brazil nut samples at different stages of its production chain and to verify the toxigenic potential for fumonisin B2 (FB2) production of these isolates along with the presence of this mycotoxin in Brazil nut samples. The fungal infection ranged from 0 to 80% at the different stages of the harvest and processing chain and the water activity of the nuts from 0.273 to 0.994. A total of 1052 A. section Nigri strains were isolated from Brazil nuts and 200 strains were tested for their ability to produce FB2: 41 strains (20.5%) were FB2 producers with concentrations ranging from 0.09 to 37.25 mg/kg; 2 strains (1%) showed traces of FB2, less than the detection limit (0.08 mg/kg); and 157 (78.5%) were not FB2 producers. Although several samples showed high contamination by A. section Nigri, no sample was contaminated by FB2.
Assuntos
Aspergillus/isolamento & purificação , Bertholletia/química , Bertholletia/microbiologia , Carcinógenos Ambientais/análise , Fumonisinas/análise , Aspergillus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Aspergillus/metabolismoRESUMO
We aimed to verify the changes in the microbial community during bioremediation of gasoline-contaminated soil. Microbial inoculants were produced from successive additions of gasoline to municipal solid waste compost (MSWC) previously fertilized with nitrogen-phosphorous. To obtain Inoculant A, fertilized MSWC was amended with gasoline every 3 days during 18 days. Inoculant B received the same application, but at every 6 days. Inoculant C included MSWC fertilized with N-P, but no gasoline. The inoculants were applied to gasoline-contaminated soil at 10, 30, or 50g/kg. Mineralization of gasoline hydrocarbons in soil was evaluated by respirometric analysis. The viability of the inoculants was evaluated after 103 days of storage under refrigeration or room temperature. The relative proportions of microbial groups in the inoculants and soil were evaluated by FAME. The dose of 50g/kg of inoculants A and B led to the largest CO2 emission from soil. CO2 emissions in treatments with inoculant C were inversely proportional to the dose of inoculant. Heterotrophic bacterial counts were greater in soil treated with inoculants A and B. The application of inoculants decreased the proportion of actinobacteria and increased of Gram-negative bacteria. Decline in the density of heterotrophic bacteria in inoculants occurred after storage. This reduction was bigger in inoculants stored at room temperature. The application of stored inoculants in gasoline-contaminated soil resulted in a CO2 emission twice bigger than that observed in uninoculated soil. We concluded that MSWC is an effective material for the production of microbial inoculants for the bioremediation of gasoline-contaminated soil.