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Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is characterized by systolic dysfunction and is usually idiopathic. A rare cause of reversible DCM is hypocalcemia. Calcium plays a key role in myocardial contraction. Hypocalcemia can lead to a decrease in contraction, left ventricular systolic dysfunction, and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (EF). Hypocalcemia-related reversible DCM reports are rare. Herein, we present two cases with heart failure caused by hypocalcemia developed due to hypoparathyroidism. The first case presented with severe heart failure and an extremely low serum calcium level (4.4 mg/dL) due to idiopathic hypoparathyroidism. The second case, which was also admitted with heart failure due to hypocalcemia, had iatrogenic hypoparathyroidism due to a subtotal thyroidectomy. In both cases, patients had reduced left ventricular systolic functions (EF was 33% and 42%, respectively). After calcium replacement and heart failure treatment, calcium levels were normalized. A significant and rapid improvement in heart failure was achieved in both cases (EF 60% and 50%, respectively). Serum calcium levels should always be measured in patients with heart failure, and the etiology of hypocalcemia should be sought. In addition to the standard pharmacotherapy of heart failure with reduced EF, calcium supplementation is essential for treating these patients.

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INTRODUCTION: Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the most common form of muscular dystrophy in children, affecting approximately one in 3,500-5,000 liveborn boys. The main signs and symptoms include gait disturbances beginning in early childhood, with later onset of respiratory and cardiac function disorders, both directly affecting the prognosis. AREAS COVERED: The recent improvement of mechanical ventilation increased the mean DMD survival age; however, there has been little progress in the treatment and prevention of cardiac complications, which currently predominantly impact survival. Cardiological evaluation with imaging methods, such as echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging, can improve the understanding and detect changes in cardiac function early. EXPERT OPINION: Close monitoring by the cardiologists and early treatment, with adequate heart disease stratification, may be the key to prolong the lives of these patients until more promising therapies are available and can predict DMD prognosis and progression more accurately. The objective of this brief review is to update the cardiologists by highlighting the most relevant aspects of treatment and follow-up, in a practical and concise way.

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Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) has been in the literature and news because of the recent opinion-based journal articles and public releases by regulatory agencies. DCM is commonly associated with a genetic predisposition in certain dog breeds and can also occur secondary to other diseases and nutritional deficiencies. Recent communications in veterinary journals have discussed a potential relationship between grain-free and/or novel protein diets to DCM, citing a subjective increase in DCM in dog breeds that are not known to have a genetic predisposition for the disease. This literature review describes clinical presentations of DCM, common sequelae, treatment and preventative measures, histopathologic features, and a discussion of the varied etiological origins of the disease. In addition, current literature limitations are addressed, in order to ascertain multiple variables leading to the development of DCM. Future studies are needed to evaluate one variable at a time and to minimize confounding variables and speculation. Furthermore, to prevent sampling bias with the current FDA reports, the veterinary community should be asked to provide information for all cases of DCM in dogs. This should include cases during the same time period, regardless of the practitioner's proposed etiology, due to no definitive association between diets with specific characteristics, such as, but not limited to, grain-free diets and those containing legumes, novel protein diets, and those produced by small manufacturers to DCM in dogs. In summary, in order to determine if certain ingredients, categories of diets, or manufacturing processes are related to an increased risk of DCM, further studies investigating these variables are necessary.

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A taquicardia por reentrada ramo a ramo, apesar de ter sido descrita há cerca de 30 anos, é entidade por vezes desconhecida de muitos cardiologistas e, por vezes, não identificada por eletrofisiologistas. Provavelmente subdiagnosticada, em especial nos portadores de cardiomiopatia dilatada, essa entidade acomete pacientes com lesão do sistema elétrico infra-hissiano. O reconhecimento dessa arritmia é importante para poder oferecer tratamento curativo, diminuir a necessidade de antiarrítmicos e minimizar terapias apropriadas após um implante de cardiodesfibrilador implantável

Although the bundle-branch reentrant tachycardia was described about 30 years ago, it is unknown to many cardiologists, and at times it is not identified by electrophysiologists. Probably underdiagnosed, especially in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy, this entity affects patients with lesion of the infra-His system. Identifying this arrhythmia is important to enable curative treatment, decrease the need for antiarrhythmics and minimize appropriate therapies after the implant of an implantable cardiac defibrillator

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Fundamento: A insuficiência cardíaca é principal manifestação da cardiomiopatia dilatada na infância, e a avaliação sistematizada dos sinais e sintomas permite acompanhar o resultado do tratamento. Objetivo: Avaliar o uso de três escalas de classificação funcional da insuficiência cardíaca na evolução de crianças e adolescentes com cardiomiopatia dilatada. Métodos: Estudo longitudinal e observacional incluindo pacientes de zero a 18 anos com cardiomiopatia dilatada e insuficiência cardíaca inicial grave. Todos foram acompanhados por meio das escalas New York Heart Association (NYHA), The New York University Pediatric Heart Failure Index (The NYU PHFI) e Ross versão 2012. As análises estatísticas foram feitas com uso do Statistical Package for Social Science , versão 14.0, com teste de Mann-Whitney, teste qui quadrado ou de Fisher, aplicação da Curva Característica de Operação, teste de Wilcoxon e coeficiente de Kappa, para comparação das escalas, e curva Kaplan-Meier, para avaliação da sobrevida. O nível de significância adotado foi de 5%. Resultados: Foram incluídos 57 pacientes, com idade de 1 a 200 meses (média de 48,7 ± 55,9) e seguimento de 6 a 209 meses (média de 63,6 ± 48,4). Houve substancial concordância das escalas Ross 2012 e The NYU PHFI com a NYHA (Kappa = 0,71 e 0,82, respectivamente). A análise pareada pelo teste de Wilcoxon, comparando as escalas antes e após o tratamento, foi significativa (p < 0,0001). A sobrevida maior foi encontrada nos pacientes com classes I/II pela NYHA ou pontuação menor que 11 pontos nas outras. Conclusão: O uso das escalas de avaliação funcional da insuficiência cardíaca se mostrou útil no seguimento e na avaliação da resposta terapêutica. Pacientes que permaneceram em classes funcionais III ou IV de NYHA, ou com pontuação igual ou maior que 11 na Ross 2012 ou na The NYU PHFI tiveram pior prognóstico

DOI: 10.5935/2359-4802.20170085 12 International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences. 2018;31(1)12-21 ARTIGO ORIGINAL Correspondência: Fátima Derlene da Rocha Araújo Rua Indiana, 789, Ap 301. CEP: 30460350, Jardim América, Belo Horizonte, MG ­ Brasil. E-mail: fatima.derlene@hotmail.com, cleverpsi@hotmail.com Prognóstico da Cardiomiopatia Dilatada com Insuficiência Cardíaca Grave de Acordo com Escalas de Classificação Funcional na Infância Prognosis of Dilated Cardiomyopathy with Severe Heart Failure according to Functional Classification Scales in Childhood Fátima Derlene da Rocha Araújo, Rose Mary Ferreira Lisboa da Silva, Henrique de Assis Fonseca Tonelli, Adriana Furletti M Guimarães, Sandra Regina Tolentino Castilho, Zilda Maria Alves Meira Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG ­ Brasil Artigo recebido em 14/02/2017; revisado em 17/04/2017; aceito em 05/06/2017 Resumo Fundamento: A insuficiência cardíaca é principal manifestação da cardiomiopatia dilatada na infância, e a avaliação sistematizada dos sinais e sintomas permite acompanhar o resultado do tratamento. Objetivo: Avaliar o uso de três escalas de classificação funcional da insuficiência cardíaca na evolução de crianças e adolescentes com cardiomiopatia dilatada. Métodos: Estudo longitudinal e observacional incluindo pacientes de zero a 18 anos com cardiomiopatia dilatada e insuficiência cardíaca inicial grave. Todos foram acompanhados por meio das escalas New York Heart Association (NYHA), The New York University Pediatric Heart Failure Index (The NYU PHFI) e Ross versão 2012. As análises estatísticas foram feitas com uso do Statistical Package for Social Science , versão 14.0, com teste de Mann-Whitney, teste qui quadrado ou de Fisher, aplicação da Curva Característica de Operação, teste de Wilcoxon e coeficiente de Kappa, para comparação das escalas, e curva Kaplan-Meier, para avaliação da sobrevida. O nível de significância adotado foi de 5%. Resultados: Foram incluídos 57 pacientes, com idade de 1 a 200 meses (média de 48,7 ± 55,9) e seguimento de 6 a 209 meses (média de 63,6 ± 48,4). Houve substancial concordância das escalas Ross 2012 e The NYU PHFI com a NYHA (Kappa = 0,71 e 0,82, respectivamente). A análise pareada pelo teste de Wilcoxon, comparando as escalas antes e após o tratamento, foi significativa (p < 0,0001). A sobrevida maior foi encontrada nos pacientes com classes I/II pela NYHA ou pontuação menor que 11 pontos nas outras. Conclusão: O uso das escalas de avaliação funcional da insuficiência cardíaca se mostrou útil no seguimento e na avaliação da resposta terapêutica. Pacientes que permaneceram em classes funcionais III ou IV de NYHA, ou com pontuação igual ou maior que 11 na Ross 2012 ou na The NYU PHFI tiveram pior prognóstico. (Int J Cardiovasc Sci. 2018;31(1)12-21) Palavras-chave: Cardiomiopatia Dilatada, Prognóstico, Insuficiência Cardíaca, Escalas, Criança, Adolescentes. Abstract Background: Heart failure is the main manifestation of dilated cardiomyopathy in childhood, and the systematic evaluation of signs and symptoms allows monitoring the treatment outcome. Objective: To evaluate the use of three functional classification scales of heart failure in children and adolescents with dilated cardiomyopathy. Methods: Longitudinal and observational study including patients from zero to 18 years with dilated cardiomyopathy and severe initial heart failure. All of them were followed up using the New York Heart Association (NYHA), The New York University Pediatric Heart Failure Index (The NYU PHFI) and Ross version 2012 scales. Statistical analyzes were done using Statistical Package for Social Science, version 14.0, with Mann-Whitney test, Chi-Square test or Fisher's test, application of the Operating Characteristic Curve, Wilcoxon test and Kappa coefficient for comparison of scales and Kaplan-Meier curve for survival evaluation. The level of significance adopted was 5%. Results: A total of 57 patients, aged from 1 to 200 months (mean of 48.7 ± 55.9) and follow-up of 6 to 209 months (mean of 63.6 ± 48.4) were included. There was substantial agreement between the Ross 2012 scales, The NYU PHFI and NYHA (Kappa = 0.71 and 0.82, respectively). Paired analysis by the Wilcoxon test, comparing the scales before and after treatment, was significant (p < 0.0001). The greatest survival was found in patients with class I/II by NYHA or scores lower than 11 points in the others. Conclusion: The use of functional assessment scales of heart failure proved to be useful in the follow-up and evaluation of the therapeutic response and there was no difference between them. Patients who remained in functional classification III or IV NYHA or scores ≥ 11 in Ross 2012 or The NYU PHFI had worse prognosis

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