RESUMO
The aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies and factors associated with infection in goats, and to isolate protozoan strains in tissue samples from seropositive goats that were destined for human consumption in the state of Paraíba, northeastern Brazil. Serum samples from 229 slaughtered goats were tested using the indirect fluorescence antibody test (IFAT), with a cutoff point of 1:64. Epidemiological questionnaires were applied to the producers, to acquire information about the sanitary management used in their herds. Tissue samples from the animals were collected during slaughter, in order to perform bioassays in mice. The seroprevalence found was 21.39% (49/229), with antibody titers ranging from 1:64 to 1:32,768. The municipalities of origin, Patos (OR: 3.047; CI: 1.384-6.706) and Sousa (OR: 3.355; CI: 1.536-7.327), were considered to be factors associated with infection by T. gondii. Thirty-eight bioassays were performed in mice, using tissues from seropositive goats, with an isolation rate of 50% (19/38). There was no correlation between isolation rate and antibody titers. Only one mouse died, at 30 days post-infection, which demonstrated that the strains isolated had low virulence towards mice. It was concluded that there is high seroprevalence in goats in northeastern Brazil, as well as a high percentage of viable tissue cysts in slaughtered animals destined for human consumption. These results demonstrate that there is an imminent one health problem relating to toxoplasmosis, especially in the most populous municipalities in the study (Patos and Sousa), which were identified as factors associated with T. gondii infection in goats.
Assuntos
Doenças das Cabras/epidemiologia , Toxoplasma/isolamento & purificação , Toxoplasmose Animal/epidemiologia , Animais , Brasil/epidemiologia , Parasitologia de Alimentos , Doenças das Cabras/parasitologia , Cabras , Prevalência , Carne Vermelha/parasitologia , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Toxoplasmose Animal/parasitologiaRESUMO
Our goal was to define a breeding objective for Brangus beef cattle in Brazil. Bioeconomic models were produced and used to estimate economic values (EVs). The scenarios simulated were typical full-cycle beef production systems that are used in tropical and subtropical regions. The breeding objective contained pregnancy rate (PR), warm carcass weight (WCW), mature cow weight (MCW), number of nematode eggs per gram of faeces (EPG) and tick count (TICK). Two models were used in series to estimate the EV. A deterministic model was used to simulate effects of PR, WCW and MCW on profitability with a constant parasite load. Subsequently, stochastic models were used to estimate economic values for TICK and EPG as consequences of their environmental effects on weight gains, mortality and health costs. The EV of PR, WCW, MCW, EPG and TICK, was US$1.59, US$2.11, -US$0.24, -US$5.35 and -US$20.88, respectively. Results indicate positive emphasis should be placed on PR (12.49%) and WCW (65.07%) with negative emphasis on MCW (13.92%), EPG (2.77%) and TICK (5.75%). In comparison with the indexes usually used, these results suggest a reformulation in the selection indexes of the beef production system in tropical and subtropical regions in order to obtain greater profitability.
Assuntos
Cruzamento , Bovinos/fisiologia , Animais , Peso Corporal , Brasil , Cruzamento/economia , Bovinos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Bovinos/parasitologia , Custos e Análise de Custo , Feminino , Masculino , Modelos Econômicos , Carga Parasitária , Gravidez , Taxa de Gravidez , Carne Vermelha/economia , Carne Vermelha/parasitologia , Seleção GenéticaRESUMO
Toxoplasmosis, caused by the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii, is an important disease with worldwide distribution. Infection can occur from ingesting raw or undercooked infected meat, and among food animal species, pork is known to be one of the main sources of meat-borne infection. Here, we present results of the first systematic review and meta-analysis on the global T. gondii seroprevalence in pigs. PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and EMBASE databases were comprehensively searched for relevant studies published between January 1, 1990 and October 25, 2018. We used a random effects model to calculate pooled seroprevalence estimates with 95% confidence intervals (CI) and analyzed data from five continents. We also conducted subgroup and meta-regression analyses to evaluate the effects of geographical and climate variables on pooled seroprevalence rates. Among 1542 publications identified, 148 studies containing 150 datasets were included in the meta-analysis, and comprised 148,092 pigs from 47 countries. The pooled global T. gondii seroprevalence in pigs was estimated to be 19% (95%CI, 17-22%; 23,696/148,092), with the lowest seroprevalence in Europe (13%; 10-15%) and highest seroprevalence in Africa (25%; 17-34%) and North America (25%; 19-33%). The seropositivity rates in Asia and South America regions were (21%, 16-26%) and (23%; 17-30%), respectively. A significantly higher T. gondii seroprevalence was associated with higher mean annual temperature and lower geographical latitude. The presence of cats on farms was identified as a potential risk factor for T. gondii seropositivity (OR, 1.41; 95%CI, 1.00-2.02). Our findings highlight the importance of pigs as a possible source of human T. gondii infections.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Antiprotozoários/sangue , Carne Vermelha/parasitologia , Doenças dos Suínos/epidemiologia , Toxoplasma/imunologia , Toxoplasmose Animal/epidemiologia , Toxoplasmose/epidemiologia , África/epidemiologia , Animais , Ásia/epidemiologia , Europa (Continente)/epidemiologia , Saúde Global , Humanos , América do Norte/epidemiologia , Fatores de Risco , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , América do Sul/epidemiologia , Suínos , Doenças dos Suínos/parasitologia , Temperatura , Toxoplasmose/parasitologia , Toxoplasmose Animal/parasitologia , ZoonosesRESUMO
The present study aimed to isolate and genotype strains of T. gondii from pigs slaughtered for human consumption in South Brazil. Blood and tissues (heart, diaphragm, liver, tongue, and masseter) from 400 animals were collected at two slaughterhouses. Sera were obtained, and antibodies against T. gondii were detected by both indirect fluorescence antibody test (IFAT) and modified agglutination test (MAT). The tissues of animals that tested positive in MAT, IFAT, or both (cut-off ≥ 64) were bioassayed. Twenty-six (6.5%) of the 400 animals were positive by serology. A total of 18 (69.2%) out of those 26 were positive in the mouse bioassay. The isolates were characterized by using 10 PCR-RFLP genetic markers. Fourteen isolates were fully genotyped, and four isolates were genotyped using nine of the 10 markers. All isolates belonged to ToxoDB PCR-RFLP genotype #206. The present study reports on genotype #206 in pigs for the first time, and it confirms the atypical nature of the Brazilian T. gondii isolates. Additionally, even with low levels of antibodies detected in pig herds, pork presents a T. gondii infection risk for humans.
Assuntos
Doenças Transmitidas por Alimentos/parasitologia , Doenças dos Suínos/parasitologia , Toxoplasma/genética , Toxoplasma/isolamento & purificação , Toxoplasmose Animal/parasitologia , Matadouros , Testes de Aglutinação/veterinária , Animais , Anticorpos Antiprotozoários/sangue , Bioensaio , Brasil , Técnica Indireta de Fluorescência para Anticorpo , Marcadores Genéticos , Variação Genética , Genótipo , Coração/parasitologia , Humanos , Fígado/parasitologia , Camundongos , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/veterinária , Polimorfismo de Fragmento de Restrição , Carne Vermelha/parasitologia , Suínos , Toxoplasmose Animal/sangueRESUMO
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of treatment with different anthelmintic compounds on the productivity of naturally infected calves and the economic viability of these treatments within extensive breeding systems employing different nutritional strategies after weaning. For this purpose, 4 farms with 42-60 calves naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes were selected. The calves were distributed into 6 groups (7-10 animals each) per farm and treated with ivermectin 1%, ivermectin 3.15%, eprinomectin 5%, levamisole 7.5%, albendazole 15%, and control group (no treatment). These animals were evaluated over an experimental period of 150 days. Levamisole 7.5% presented the best capacity for the reduction of eggs per gram (EPG) of feces in all herds evaluated, followed by albendazole 15% and eprinomectin 5%. Parasite resistance to multiple drugs was found in all herds, especially those of Cooperia, Haemonchus, Oesophagostomum, and Trichostrongylus. For farm 1, differences in weight gain and EPG reduction percentages led to a difference of US$285.06 between the levamisole and ivermectin 3.15% groups. Similar findings were noted for the levamisole and ivermectin 1% groups of farm 3, with a difference of US$399.37 because of the final weight gain in these groups. For farms 2 and 4, the ivermectin 3.15% and control groups, respectively, were the most profitable; these unexpected results were possibly influenced by variables not measured during the experimental period. This study suggested that anthelmintic treatments should always precede an efficacy test, once they are demonstrated to be most profitable under adequate breeding conditions, to ensure adequate control of gastrointestinal nematode infection.
Assuntos
Anti-Helmínticos/uso terapêutico , Doenças dos Bovinos/tratamento farmacológico , Haemonchus/efeitos dos fármacos , Infecções por Nematoides/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Nematoides/veterinária , Oesophagostomum/efeitos dos fármacos , Carne Vermelha/parasitologia , Trichostrongylus/efeitos dos fármacos , Albendazol/uso terapêutico , Animais , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/parasitologia , Fezes/parasitologia , Hemoncose/tratamento farmacológico , Hemoncose/veterinária , Ivermectina/análogos & derivados , Ivermectina/uso terapêutico , Levamisol/uso terapêutico , Esofagostomíase/tratamento farmacológico , Esofagostomíase/veterinária , Contagem de Ovos de Parasitas/veterinária , Tricostrongilose/tratamento farmacológico , Tricostrongilose/veterinária , DesmameRESUMO
Members of the genus Sarcocystis (Apicomplexa: Sarcocystidae) are intracellular protozoan parasites that infect a wide range of domestic and wild animals, resulting in economic losses in production animals worldwide. Sarcocystis spp. have indirect life-cycles where canids and felids serve as main definitive hosts while a range of domestic and wild animals serve as intermediate hosts, including South American camelids (SACs) such as alpacas, llamas and guanacos. These animals primarily occur in South American countries on Andean, elevated plains but in recent years, alpacas and llamas have become emerging animal industries in other parts of the world such as Australia, Europe and the USA due to their high-quality fiber, meat and hides. For instance, alpaca meat is becoming popular in many parts of the world due to its lower cholesterol content than other red meat, thereby it has the potential of a valuable product for both local and international markets. However, SAC meat can be degraded and/or even condemned due to the presence of macroscopic sarcocysts in skeletal muscles, leading to significant economic losses to farmers. The infection is generally asymptomatic, though highly pathogenic or even fatal Sarcocystis infections have also been reported in alpacas and llamas. Despite the economic importance of sarcocystosis in SACs, little is known about the life-cycle of parasites involved, disease transmission, epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, control and public health significance. This review article provides an in-depth analysis of the existing knowledge on the taxonomy, epidemiology, clinicopathology and diagnosis of Sarcocystis in SACs, highlights knowledge gaps and proposes future areas of research that could contribute to our better understanding of sarcocystosis in these animals.
Assuntos
Camelidae/parasitologia , Sarcocistose/veterinária , Animais , Animais Domésticos/parasitologia , Animais Selvagens/parasitologia , Austrália/epidemiologia , Camelídeos Americanos/parasitologia , Europa (Continente)/epidemiologia , Carne Vermelha/parasitologia , Sarcocystis/classificação , Sarcocystis/isolamento & purificação , Sarcocystis/patogenicidade , Sarcocistose/diagnóstico , Sarcocistose/epidemiologia , Sarcocistose/parasitologia , América do Sul , Estados Unidos/epidemiologiaRESUMO
The relevance of consuming raw or undercooked beef in the transmission of toxoplasmosis is unclear due to the high resistance of cattle to infection. However, this possibility needs to be considered in endemic areas, such as the Amazon, where the consumption of beef is frequent. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of anti-Toxoplasma gondii IgG antibodies in beef cattle slaughtered in the metropolitan region of Belem, Pará state, Brazil. Blood samples were collected from 500 animals of both genders in a licensed slaughterhouse in Belém. Anti-T. gondii IgG antibodies were detected by an indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) with a cut-off titer of 1:64. Anti-T. gondii antibodies were found in 203 animals (40.6%), with a titer of 64 in 112 animals (55.2%), 128 in 68 animals (33.5%), 256 in 15 animals (7.4%), 512 in 5 animals (2.5%), and 1,024 in 3 animals (1.4%). No significant difference was observed between males and females (p > 0.05). The high frequency of anti-T. gondii antibodies observed in beef cattle slaughtered in Belém indicates that the meat of these animals may be an important source of infection for humans and carnivorous domestic animals when inadequately cooked beef is consumed.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Antiprotozoários/análise , Carne Vermelha/parasitologia , Toxoplasmose Animal/imunologia , Matadouros , Animais , Brasil , Bovinos , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Toxoplasmose Animal/transmissãoRESUMO
Abstract The relevance of consuming raw or undercooked beef in the transmission of toxoplasmosis is unclear due to the high resistance of cattle to infection. However, this possibility needs to be considered in endemic areas, such as the Amazon, where the consumption of beef is frequent. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of anti-Toxoplasma gondii IgG antibodies in beef cattle slaughtered in the metropolitan region of Belem, Pará state, Brazil. Blood samples were collected from 500 animals of both genders in a licensed slaughterhouse in Belém. Anti-T. gondii IgG antibodies were detected by an indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) with a cut-off titer of 1:64. Anti-T. gondii antibodies were found in 203 animals (40.6%), with a titer of 64 in 112 animals (55.2%), 128 in 68 animals (33.5%), 256 in 15 animals (7.4%), 512 in 5 animals (2.5%), and 1,024 in 3 animals (1.4%). No significant difference was observed between males and females (p > 0.05). The high frequency of anti-T. gondii antibodies observed in beef cattle slaughtered in Belém indicates that the meat of these animals may be an important source of infection for humans and carnivorous domestic animals when inadequately cooked beef is consumed.
Resumo A importância do consumo de carne bovina crua ou mal passada na transmissão da toxoplasmose ainda é pouco definida, devido à alta resistência desses animais à infecção. Contudo, em áreas endêmicas, como da Amazônia, onde o consumo de carne bovina é frequente, essa possibilidade precisa ser considerada. O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar a frequência de anticorpos IgG anti-T. gondii em bovinos de corte abatidos na região metropolitana de Belém, Estado do Pará. Foram coletadas amostras de sangue de 500 animais, de ambos os sexos, em um abatedouro oficial do município de Belém. A detecção de anticorpos IgG anti-T. gondii foi realizada pela reação de imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI), com ponto de corte de 1:64. Anticorpos anti-T. gondii foram encontrados em 203 animais (40,6%), com títulos de 64 em 112 animais (55,2%); 128 em 68 (33,5%); 256 em 15 (7,4%); 512 em 05 (2,5%); e 1.024 em 03 (1.4%). Não foi observada diferença estatisticamente significativa entre machos e fêmeas (p > 0,05). A alta frequência de anticorpos anti-T. gondii, observada nos bovinos de corte abatidos em Belém, indica que a carne desses animais pode ser importante fonte de infecção para humanos e animais domésticos carnívoros, caso venha a ser consumida de forma inadequada.
Assuntos
Humanos , Animais , Masculino , Feminino , Bovinos , Anticorpos Antiprotozoários/análise , Toxoplasmose Animal/imunologia , Carne Vermelha/parasitologia , Brasil , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Toxoplasmose Animal/transmissão , MatadourosRESUMO
The relevance of consuming raw or undercooked beef in the transmission of toxoplasmosis is unclear due to the high resistance of cattle to infection. However, this possibility needs to be considered in endemic areas, such as the Amazon, where the consumption of beef is frequent. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of anti-Toxoplasma gondii IgG antibodies in beef cattle slaughtered in the metropolitan region of Belem, Pará state, Brazil. Blood samples were collected from 500 animals of both genders in a licensed slaughterhouse in Belém. Anti-T. gondii IgG antibodies were detected by an indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) with a cut-off titer of 1:64. Anti-T. gondii antibodies were found in 203 animals (40.6%), with a titer of 64 in 112 animals (55.2%), 128 in 68 animals (33.5%), 256 in 15 animals (7.4%), 512 in 5 animals (2.5%), and 1,024 in 3 animals (1.4%). No significant difference was observed between males and females (p > 0.05). The high frequency of anti-T. gondii antibodies observed in beef cattle slaughtered in Belém indicates that the meat of these animals may be an important source of infection for humans and carnivorous domestic animals when inadequately cooked beef is consumed.(AU)
A importância do consumo de carne bovina crua ou mal passada na transmissão da toxoplasmose ainda é pouco definida, devido à alta resistência desses animais à infecção. Contudo, em áreas endêmicas, como da Amazônia, onde o consumo de carne bovina é frequente, essa possibilidade precisa ser considerada. O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar a frequência de anticorpos IgG anti-T. gondii em bovinos de corte abatidos na região metropolitana de Belém, Estado do Pará. Foram coletadas amostras de sangue de 500 animais, de ambos os sexos, em um abatedouro oficial do município de Belém. A detecção de anticorpos IgG anti-T. gondii foi realizada pela reação de imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI), com ponto de corte de 1:64. Anticorpos anti-T. gondii foram encontrados em 203 animais (40,6%), com títulos de 64 em 112 animais (55,2%); 128 em 68 (33,5%); 256 em 15 (7,4%); 512 em 05 (2,5%); e 1.024 em 03 (1.4%). Não foi observada diferença estatisticamente significativa entre machos e fêmeas (p > 0,05). A alta frequência de anticorpos anti-T. gondii, observada nos bovinos de corte abatidos em Belém, indica que a carne desses animais pode ser importante fonte de infecção para humanos e animais domésticos carnívoros, caso venha a ser consumida de forma inadequada.(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Animais , Bovinos , Toxoplasmose/imunologia , Toxoplasmose/transmissão , Doenças dos Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia , Carne Vermelha/parasitologia , Sorologia , MatadourosRESUMO
A recent article in this journal documents enhanced sensory qualities of pork cooked to low temperatures. The aim of this letter is to point out that the incidence of Trichinella spiralis in many countries and the more widespread incidence of Toxoplasma gondii present a concern for the adoption of low temperature cooking of pork unless extended cooking times are used.