RESUMO

Hospital wastewater is an important source of emerging contaminants. Recent studies emphasize the importance of assessing the effects of mixtures of contaminants rather than environmental risk of their individual components, as well as the determination of intrinsic toxicity of wastewater. Mixtures of pollutants has possible interactions that have notable environmental side effects. The aim of this study is an attempt to characterize biomarkers in Cyprinus carpio related to the exposure to a complex mixture of contaminants found in hospital wastewater. Results of a particular hospital effluent show the presence of traces of heavy metals, high chlorine concentration and emerging contaminants such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The LC50 was of 5.49 % at 96 h. The cytotoxic, genotoxic and apoptotic biomarkers increase when fishes were exposed to wastewater (1/10 CL50) from hospital wastewater. This study emphasizes the importance of identifying and quantifying the effects of contaminants as pharmaceuticals, disinfectants and surfactants in order to design and implement an ecotoxicological plan.

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RESUMO

Many toxic xenobiotics that enter the aquatic environment exert their effects through redox cycling. Oxidative stress, which incorporates both oxidative damage and antioxidant defenses, is a common effect induced in organisms exposed to xenobiotics in their environment. The results of the present study aimed to determine the oxidative stress induced in the common carp Cyprinus carpio by contaminants [metals and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)] present in Madín Reservoir. Five sampling stations (SSs), considered to have the most problems due to discharges, were selected. Carp were exposed to water from each SS for 96 h, and the following biomarkers were evaluated in gill, blood, and muscle: hydroperoxide content, lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyl content, and the activity of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase. Results show that contaminants (metals and NSAIDs) present in water from the different SSs induce oxidative stress. Thus, water in this reservoir is contaminated with xenobiotics that are hazardous to C. carpio, a species consumed by the local human population.

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RESUMO

Avaliou-se a resposta de juvenis de carpa capim (Ctenopharyngodon idella) à inclusão de proteína bruta (PB) em dietas práticas, em um experimento com 120 juvenis e 80 dias de duração. As dietas eram compostas por farinha de carne suína, farelo de soja, milho e farelo de trigo com 22, 30, 36 ou 44 por cento de PB. Dez juvenis (153,0±1,5g) por tanque (850L) foram alimentados duas vezes ao dia (3 por cento da biomassa). Foi observado efeito linear positivo da PB para peso final, ganho em peso, taxa de crescimento específico, rendimento de carcaça e filé, coeficiente de retenção proteica, taxa de eficiência proteica, deposição de gordura e proteína e hematócrito. O mesmo efeito também foi observado para triglicerídeos e colesterol total no sangue, indicando que a proteína da dieta foi utilizada como fonte energética. Conversão alimentar aparente e gordura no peixe inteiro apresentaram efeito quadrático, com pontos de máxima em 40,6 e 37,1 por cento de PB, respectivamente. Pode-se concluir que a porcentagem mínima de PB para a carpa capim na fase de recria foi de 44 por cento e que a variação da proteína da dieta promoveu alterações no metabolismo dos juvenis de carpa capim, refletidos nos parâmetros sanguíneos e de carcaça.(AU)

The response of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) juveniles to crude protein (CP) levels in practical diets was evaluated in an experiment with 120 juveniles and 80 days of feeding. The diets containing porcine meat meal, soybean meal, corn and wheat meal, with 22, 30, 36, or 44 percent CP. Ten juveniles (153.0±1.5 g) per tank (850L) were fed twice daily with pelleted feed (3 percent of biomass). Linear effect of CP on final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, carcass and fillet yield, coefficient of protein retention, protein efficiency rate, deposition of fat and protein, and hematocrit were observed. It was also observed effect on triglycerides and total cholesterol in blood, indicating that dietary protein was being used as energy source. Feed conversion ratio and fat content in whole fish showed quadratic effect, with maximum points at 40.6 and 37.1 percent CP, respectively. The best CP content for grass carp in growing phase was 44 percent, and the variation of protein content in diet changed the metabolism of grass carp juveniles, reflected in blood and carcass parameters.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Avaliou-se a resposta de juvenis de carpa capim (Ctenopharyngodon idella) à inclusão de proteína bruta (PB) em dietas práticas, em um experimento com 120 juvenis e 80 dias de duração. As dietas eram compostas por farinha de carne suína, farelo de soja, milho e farelo de trigo com 22, 30, 36 ou 44 por cento de PB. Dez juvenis (153,0±1,5g) por tanque (850L) foram alimentados duas vezes ao dia (3 por cento da biomassa). Foi observado efeito linear positivo da PB para peso final, ganho em peso, taxa de crescimento específico, rendimento de carcaça e filé, coeficiente de retenção proteica, taxa de eficiência proteica, deposição de gordura e proteína e hematócrito. O mesmo efeito também foi observado para triglicerídeos e colesterol total no sangue, indicando que a proteína da dieta foi utilizada como fonte energética. Conversão alimentar aparente e gordura no peixe inteiro apresentaram efeito quadrático, com pontos de máxima em 40,6 e 37,1 por cento de PB, respectivamente. Pode-se concluir que a porcentagem mínima de PB para a carpa capim na fase de recria foi de 44 por cento e que a variação da proteína da dieta promoveu alterações no metabolismo dos juvenis de carpa capim, refletidos nos parâmetros sanguíneos e de carcaça.

The response of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) juveniles to crude protein (CP) levels in practical diets was evaluated in an experiment with 120 juveniles and 80 days of feeding. The diets containing porcine meat meal, soybean meal, corn and wheat meal, with 22, 30, 36, or 44 percent CP. Ten juveniles (153.0±1.5 g) per tank (850L) were fed twice daily with pelleted feed (3 percent of biomass). Linear effect of CP on final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, carcass and fillet yield, coefficient of protein retention, protein efficiency rate, deposition of fat and protein, and hematocrit were observed. It was also observed effect on triglycerides and total cholesterol in blood, indicating that dietary protein was being used as energy source. Feed conversion ratio and fat content in whole fish showed quadratic effect, with maximum points at 40.6 and 37.1 percent CP, respectively. The best CP content for grass carp in growing phase was 44 percent, and the variation of protein content in diet changed the metabolism of grass carp juveniles, reflected in blood and carcass parameters.

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RESUMO

Effect of potassium permanganate, cobalt chloride and vitamin B complex on the haematological parameters of common carp Cyprinus carpio were markedly influenced by a treatment of 2.5 mg/l Cd in the laboratory for 96 hours. Hb% and ESR values were increased but the RBC and PCV values were reduced. Treatment of KMnO4 (1 mg/l) or CoCl2 (2 mg/l) induced a further reduction of RBC of the Cd treated fish. But parameters like PCV, MCV and MCH of Cd treated fish were not affected by the treatment of KMnO4 and CoCl2. Intramuscular injection of vitamin B complex did not produce any impact on ESR and MCV values of the Cd treated exposed fish but most of the other parameters of such fish were found comparable to control indicating that vitamin B complex could counteract Cd to reduce its ill effect.

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