RESUMO
Maize is the second largest agricultural crop in Brazil. It reaches high yields as supported by the intensive use of technologies, particularly mineral fertilization, which is normally costly. To lower production costs and improve crop productivity on small farms, the present study tested the efficiency of poultry litter biochar as a source of nutrients in the initial growth of BRS 2022 maize by the 'diagnosis by subtraction' method. The study was carried out in a greenhouse, using a completely randomized experimental design with a factorial arrangement (7×3). The following treatments were tested: complete nutrient solution (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cl, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn); complete nutrient solutions with omission of only nitrogen (-N), phosphorus (-P), potassium (-K), calcium (-Ca), and magnesium (-Mg); and complete absence of nutrients and three increasing rates of biochar (0, 5, and 10 t ha-1). Absence of nutrients with biochar rates significantly influenced the growth and dry biomass production variables of the maize plants. Except for stem diameter and the ratio between shoot and root dry biomass, all variables were influenced by the interaction between nutrients and biochar rates. Nutrient omission limited maize growth; however, the application of biochar reduced these limitations and significantly improved all analyzed variables. In the treatments without fertilizer, maize growth was very low, with generalized symptoms of deficiency that would decrease with the application of biochar. Even in the treatment with complete fertilization, which showed some slight visual symptoms, these decreased with the application of biochar.(AU)
A cultura do milho é a segunda maior produção agrícola do Brasil. Alcança altos rendimentos, apoiada no uso intensivo de tecnologias, em particular, a adubação mineral, normalmente onerosa. Na visão de baixar custos de produção e melhorar a produtividade da cultura na pequena propriedade rural, neste trabalho foi testado pelo método diagnose por subtração a eficiência do biocarvão da cama de frango como fonte de nutrientes ao crescimento inicial do milho BRS 2022. O estudo foi realizado em casa de vegetação, utilizando delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial (7x3), com os seguintes tratamentos: solução nutritiva completa (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cl, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn); soluções nutricionais completas com a omissão de apenas nitrogênio (-N), fósforo (-P), potássio (-K), cálcio (-Ca) e magnésio (-Mg); com ausência completa de nutrientes e três doses crescentes de biochar (0, 5 e 10 t ha-1). As variáveis de crescimento e produção de biomassa seca de plantas de milho foram significativamente influenciadas pela ausência de nutrientes e pelo efeito das doses de biocarvão. Com exceção do diâmetro do caule e da relação entre a parte aérea e a biomassa da raiz seca as interações também foram significativamente afetadas pelos tratamentos. A omissão de nutrientes limitou o crescimento do milho, no entanto, a aplicação do biocarvão diminuiu essas limitações e melhorou significativamente todas as variáveis analisadas. Nos tratamentos sem adubação, o crescimento do milho foi muito baixo, com sintomas generalizados de deficiência que diminuiriam com a aplicação do biocarvão. Até mesmo o tratamento com adubação completa que apresentou alguns leves sintomas visuais, houve redução a aplicação do biocarvão.(AU)
Assuntos
24444 , Carvão Vegetal/efeitos adversos , Zea mays/fisiologiaRESUMO
In vitrooxidationisaproblem forsome herbaceous and woody species and can causedarkening of tissues and consequently death of explantsand plants Therefore, this study aimed to assess the effect of activated charcoal on in vitro yamcultivation, aiming at reducing or eliminating explant oxidation and optimizing the growth of the genotypes Dioscorea alata var.purpurea(Roxb.) A. Pouchet and Dioscorea rotundataPoir. Nodal segments of approximately 1 cm, extracted from plants previously grown in vitro, were introduced into test tubes containing 10 mL of 2GGC culture medium, plus 30 g L-1sucrose, solidified with 2.2 g L-1Phytagel®and pH adjusted to 5.8 before autoclaving, containing activated charcoal doses of 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 g L-1. Plants were maintained for 90 days in a growth room, with temperature of 27 ± 1ºC, photon flux density of 30 µmol m-2s-1and photoperiod of 16 hours, after which their development variables were evaluated. Activated charcoal, at the concentration of 4 g L-1considerably promoted the best development of plants, and the species D. alatavar.purpureashowed higher means for all variables studied.(AU)
Assuntos
Carvão Vegetal/efeitos adversos , Dioscorea/química , Oxidação , Técnicas In VitroRESUMO
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are chemical compounds comprised of carbon and hydrogen molecules in a cyclic arrangement. PAHs are associated with risks to human health, especially carcinogenesis. One form of exposure to these compounds is through ingestion of contaminated food, which can occur during preparation and processing involving high temperatures (e.g., grilling, smoking, toasting, roasting, and frying) as well as through PAHs present in the soil, air, and water (i.e., environmental pollution). Differently from changes caused by microbiological characteristics and lipid oxidation, consumers cannot sensorially perceive PAH contamination in food products, thereby hindering their ability to reject these foods. Herein, the occurrence and biological effects of PAHs were comprehensively explored, as well as analytical methods to monitor their levels, legislations, and strategies to reduce their generation in food products. This review updates the current knowledge and addresses recent regulation changes concerning the widespread PAHs contamination in several types of food, often surpassing the concentration limits deemed acceptable by current legislations. Therefore, effective measures involving different food processing strategies are needed to prevent and reduce PAHs contamination, thereby decreasing human exposure and detrimental health effects. Furthermore, gaps in literature have been addressed to provide a basis for future studies.
Assuntos
Carcinogênese/efeitos dos fármacos , Poluição Ambiental/efeitos adversos , Alimentos/efeitos adversos , Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticos/efeitos adversos , Benzopirenos/efeitos adversos , Carcinogênese/genética , Carvão Vegetal/efeitos adversos , Culinária , Adutos de DNA/efeitos adversos , Análise de Alimentos , Manipulação de Alimentos , HumanosAssuntos
Poluentes Ocupacionais do Ar/efeitos adversos , Carvão Vegetal/efeitos adversos , Pulmão/fisiologia , Doenças Profissionais/etiologia , Exposição Ocupacional/efeitos adversos , Doenças Respiratórias/etiologia , Adulto , Idoso , Brasil/epidemiologia , Estudos de Coortes , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Doenças Profissionais/diagnóstico , Doenças Profissionais/epidemiologia , Doenças Respiratórias/diagnóstico , Doenças Respiratórias/epidemiologiaAssuntos
Humanos , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Doenças Respiratórias/etiologia , Carvão Vegetal/efeitos adversos , Exposição Ocupacional/efeitos adversos , Poluentes Ocupacionais do Ar/efeitos adversos , Pulmão/fisiologia , Doenças Profissionais/etiologia , Doenças Respiratórias/diagnóstico , Doenças Respiratórias/epidemiologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Estudos de Coortes , Doenças Profissionais/diagnóstico , Doenças Profissionais/epidemiologiaAssuntos
Carvão Vegetal/efeitos adversos , Intubação Gastrointestinal/efeitos adversos , Pneumotórax/etiologia , Antidepressivos de Segunda Geração/administração & dosagem , Feminino , Humanos , Instilação de Medicamentos , Paroxetina/administração & dosagem , Derrame Pleural/etiologia , Tentativa de Suicídio , Adulto JovemAssuntos
Feminino , Humanos , Adulto Jovem , Carvão Vegetal/efeitos adversos , Intubação Gastrointestinal/efeitos adversos , Pneumotórax/etiologia , Antidepressivos de Segunda Geração/administração & dosagem , Instilação de Medicamentos , Paroxetina/administração & dosagem , Derrame Pleural/etiologia , Tentativa de SuicídioRESUMO
En esta investigación se pretende estimular el desarrollo de protocormos de Masdevallia coccinea y Maxillaria nutans bajo condiciones in vitro utilizando diferentes concentraciones de ácido indol acético y carbón activado. El protocolo obtenido es una alternativa de la conservación de orquídeas que se encuentran en vías de extinción, y además permite contribuir con el mejoramiento medioambiental. En la evaluación del desarrollo vegetativo bajo condiciones in vitro de los protocormos de Masdevallia coccinea y Maxillaria nutans, orquídeas en vías de extinción, se obtuvo que solamente Maxillaria nutans alcanzará su desarrollo exitoso mediante el cultivo in vitro en el medio Murashige y Skoog (1962), donde se evaluó el efecto de la interacción entre el carbón activado (0,0; 0,5, 1,0 % (p/v)) y el ácido indol acético (0,0; 0,5; 1,0 mg/L-1). El medio de cultivo empleado fue enriquecido con sacarosa al 3% y el Myo inositol al 0,1 g/L-1. Los protocormos de Masdevallia coccinea evidenciaron que se encontraban inmaduros, situación por la cual no lograron su desarrollarlo vegetativo en el experimento planteado, en atención a que se encontraban en el periodo de latencia. Por esta razón, es de gran importancia tener en cuenta que las cápsulas de las orquídeas deben estar bien maduras, a fin de garantizar que los protocormos que se forman in vitro sean maduros y completen con facilidad su morfofisiológía. Mientras que los protocormos de Maxillaria nutans dieron un mayor rendimiento en su desarrollo vegetativo. En esta investigación se determinó que el efecto de la interacción de 0,5% de carbón activado con 0,5 mg/L-1 de AIA es positivo sobre la tasa de crecimiento para el desarrollo de los protocormos de Maxillaria nutans bajo condiciones in vitro.
The evaluation of protocorms growth of Masdevallia coccinea and Maxillaria nutans under in vitro conditions, endangered orchids, it got only Maxillaria nutans reached its successful development by culture in vitro in Murashige and Skoog (1962), which evaluated the effect of the interaction between the activated carbon (0.0, 0.5, 1,0% (w / v)) and indole acetic acid (0.0, 0.5, 1.0 mg.L-1). The culture medium used was enriched with 3% sucrose and 0.1 g/L-1 Myo inositol. Protocorms of Masdevallia coccinea, showed that they were immature, state why they did not achieve their vegetative development in the experiment raised, considering that they were in the latency period. It is therefore very important to note that the capsules of the orchid should be ripe, to ensure that protocorms formed in vitro are mature and they respond with ease morphphysiology development. While protocorms of Maxillaria nutans, gave a higher yield in its vegetative development. This research found that the interaction effect of 0.5% activated carbon with 0.5 mg/L-1 of IAA is positive on the growth rate for the development of Maxillaria nutans protocorms under in vitro conditions. The protocol obtained in this investigation is an alternative of conservation of orchids that are endangered and can contribute to further environmental improvement.
Assuntos
Carvão Vegetal/administração & dosagem , Carvão Vegetal/análise , Carvão Vegetal/efeitos adversos , Carvão Vegetal/farmacocinética , Carvão Vegetal/farmacologia , Carvão Vegetal/química , Carvão Vegetal/síntese química , Carvão VegetalRESUMO
The authors investigated the effect of charcoal smoke exposure on risks of acute upper and lower respiratory infection (AURI and ALRI) among children under age 18 months in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic (1991-1992). Children living in households using charcoal for cooking (exposed, n = 201) were age-matched to children living in households using propane gas (nonexposed, n = 214) and were followed for 1 year or until 2 years of age. Fuel use and new episodes of AURI and ALRI were ascertained biweekly through interviews and medical examinations. Household indoor-air concentration of respirable particulate matter (RPM) was measured in a sample of follow-up visits. Incidences of AURI and ALRI were 4.4 and 1.4 episodes/child-year, respectively. After adjustment for other risk factors, exposed children had no significant increase in risk of AURI but were 1.56 times (95% confidence interval: 1.23, 1.97) more likely to develop ALRI. RPM concentrations were higher in charcoal-using households (27.9 microg/m(3) vs. 17.6 microg/m(3)), and ALRI risk increased with RPM exposure (10-microg/m(3) increment: odds ratio = 1.17, 95% confidence interval: 1.02, 1.34). Exposure to charcoal smoke increases the risk of ALRI in young children, an effect that is probably mediated by RPM. Reducing charcoal smoke exposure may lower the burden of ALRI among children in this population.
Assuntos
Poluição do Ar em Ambientes Fechados/efeitos adversos , Carvão Vegetal/efeitos adversos , Infecções Respiratórias/epidemiologia , Infecções Respiratórias/etiologia , Fumaça/efeitos adversos , Poluição do Ar em Ambientes Fechados/análise , Pré-Escolar , Culinária , República Dominicana/epidemiologia , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Monitoramento Epidemiológico , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Entrevistas como Assunto , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Material Particulado/efeitos adversos , Material Particulado/análise , Propano/efeitos adversos , Propano/análise , Fatores de Risco , Fumaça/análiseRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Data on prevalence of lung diseases due to inhalation of carbonaceous materials other than mineral coal is very limited. METHODS: We present three cases of wood charcoal pneumoconiosis, two due to activated carbon, and one from wood charcoal artisan handling. To our knowledge, no clinical cases of wood charcoal pneumoconiosis, from artisan handling has been published so far. CLINICAL CASES: The three cases had their X rays classified by two B-readers as p/q round opacities with profusion ranging from 2/2 to 3/3. HRCT of two of them showed a diffuse centrilobular ground glass nodular pattern with subpleural small areas of consolidations. Transbronchial biopsies showed deposition of black pigment in the bronchiolar interstice similar to the histological appearance of simple coal workers pneumoconiosis, with no signs of fibrosis. Spirometry showed no abnormalities in the three cases. CONCLUSIONS: The authors point out to a probably underestimated respiratory occupational risk related to wood charcoal manipulation, which must be addressed mostly in developing countries, where deficient workplace conditions can lead to exposure above limit levels.