RESUMO
Nocardia are ubiquitous, saprophytic and opportunistic bacteria. They cause a set of pyogenic clinical infections in animals and humans, particularly immunocompromised patients, mostly affecting the skin and respiratory tract, with refractoriness to conventional therapy. The most descriptions of nocardial infections in companion animals involve case reports, and there are scarce case series studies focused on canine and feline nocardiosis in which diagnosis has been based on molecular techniques. We investigated epidemiological aspects, clinical findings, in vitro susceptibility profile, and molecular identification of Nocardia using PCR-based method targeted 16S rRNA gene in twelve dogs and two cats. Among dogs were observed cutaneous lesions (8/12 = 67%), pneumonia (3/12 = 25%), and encephalitis (2/12 = 17%), whereas cats developed cutaneous lesions and osteomyelitis. Nocardia and canine morbillivirus coinfection was described in six dogs (6/12 = 50%). A high mortality rate (6/8 = 75%) was seen among dogs. Three dogs (3/4 = 75%) and one cat (1/2 = 50%) with systemic signs (pneumonia, encephalitis, osteomyelitis), and 83% (5/6) of dogs with a history of concomitant morbillivirus infection died. N. nova (5/12 = 42%), N. cyriacigeorgica (3/12 = 25%), N. farcinica (2/12 = 17%), N. veterana (1/12 = 8%), and N. asteroides (1/12 = 8%) species were identified in dogs, whereas N. africana and N. veterana in cats. Among the isolates from dogs, cefuroxime (12/12 = 100%), amikacin (10/12 = 83%), gentamycin (10/12 = 83%), and imipenem (10/12 = 83%) were the most effective antimicrobials, whereas cefuroxime, cephalexin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, imipenem, and gentamycin were efficient against isolates from cats. Multidrug resistance was observed in 36% (5/14) of isolates. We describe a variety of Nocardia species infecting dogs and cats, multidrug-resistant ones, and a high mortality rate, highlighting a poor prognosis of nocardiosis in companion animals, particularly among animals systemically compromised or coinfected by canine morbillivirus. Our study contributes to species identification, in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility profile, clinical-epidemiological aspects, and outcome of natural Nocardia-acquired infections in dogs and cats.
Assuntos
Anti-Infecciosos , Doenças do Gato , Doenças do Cão , Nocardiose , Nocardia , Osteomielite , Gatos , Animais , Cães , Humanos , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Doenças do Gato/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças do Gato/microbiologia , Cefuroxima/farmacologia , Cefuroxima/uso terapêutico , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Doenças do Cão/microbiologia , Nocardiose/tratamento farmacológico , Nocardiose/veterinária , Nocardiose/microbiologia , Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Osteomielite/tratamento farmacológico , Imipenem/farmacologia , Imipenem/uso terapêutico , Gentamicinas/farmacologia , Testes de Sensibilidade MicrobianaRESUMO
ABSTRACT PURPOSE: We examined the effect of intracameral administration of cefuroxime on oxidative stress and endothelial apoptosis in rat corneal tissue. METHODS: In total, 30 rats were divided into 3 groups of 10 rats each (intracameral administration of cefuroxime 0.1 mg/0.01 mL (cefuroxime group); intracameral administration of balanced salt solution 0.01 mL (control group); or absence of intracameral injection (sham group). Corneal endothelial apoptosis was assessed by immunohistochemical analysis using caspase-3 and caspase-8. Total oxidant status, total antioxidant status, oxidative stress index, and paraoxonase and arylesterase levels were examined in corneal endothelial tissue and serum. RESULTS: Paraoxonase levels in the serum were significantly different between the sham and cefuroxime groups (p=0.027). A significant difference was also observed in total oxidant status levels between the cefuroxime and balanced salt solution groups (p=0.023). In addition, there were significant differences in total antioxidant status levels in corneal tissue between the cefuroxime and sham groups (p<0.001) and between the cefuroxime and balanced salt solution groups (p<0.001). Furthermore, significant differences were also observed in oxidative stress index levels between the cefuroxime and balanced salt solution groups (p=0.001) and between the cefuroxime and sham groups (p=0.026). According to the immunohistochemical staining results, a significant association with caspase-3 activity existed between the cefuroxime and balanced salt solution groups (p=0.007), while no significant difference was found with caspase-8 activity (p=0.541). Caspase-3 activity exhibited a significant relationship between the sham and balanced salt solution groups (p=0.018), but no relationship was found with caspase-8 activity (p=0.623). CONCLUSION: Immunohistochemical examination revealed that intracameral cefuroxime increased apoptosis when compared to the sham and balanced salt solution groups. Moreover, intracameral cefuroxime increased oxidative stress in the cornea and simultaneously induced apoptosis.
RESUMO OBJETIVO: Examinamos o efeito da administração intracameral da cefuroxima sobre o estresse oxidativo e a apoptose endotelial no tecido corneano de ratos. MÉTODOS: No total, 30 ratos foram divididos em 3 grupos de 10 ratos cada (administração intracameral de cefuroxima 0,1 mg/0,01 mL (grupo cefuroxima), administração intracameral de solução salina balanceada 0,01 mL (grupo controle) ou ausência de injeção intracameral (grupo sham)). A apoptose endotelial da córnea foi avaliada por análise imuno-histoquimica usando caspase-3 e -8. O status oxidante total, o status antioxidante total, o índice de estresse oxidativo e os níveis de a paraoxonase e arilesterase foram investigados no tecido endotelial da córnea e no soro. RESULTADOS: Os níveis de paraoxonase no soro foram significativamente diferentes entre os grupos sham e cefuroxima (p=0,027). Foi também observada uma diferença significativa nos níveis de estado oxidante total entre os grupos cefuroxima e solução salina balanceada (p=0,023). Além disso, houve diferenças significativas nos níveis de status antioxidante total no tecido da córnea entre os grupos cefuroxima e sham (p<0,001) e entre os grupos cefuroxima e solução salina balanceada (p<0,001). Diferenças significativas também foram observadas nos níveis do índice de estresse oxidativo entre os grupos cefuroxima e solução salina balanceada (p=0,001) e entre os grupos cefuroxima e sham (p=0,026). De acordo com os resultados de coloração imuno-histoquimica, houve associação significativa com a atividade da caspase-3 entre os grupos cefuroxima e solução salina balanceada (p=0,007), enquanto não houve diferença significativa com a atividade da caspase-8 (p=0,541). A atividade da caspase-3 exibiu uma relação significativa entre os grupos sham e solução salina balanceada (p=0,018), mas nenhuma relação foi encontrada com a atividade da caspase-8 (p=0,623). CONCLUSÃO: O exame imuno-histoquímico revelou que a cefuroxima intracameral aumentou a apoptose quando comparada com os grupos sham e solução salina balanceada. Além disso, a cefuroxima intracameral aumentou o estresse oxidativo na córnea e induziu simultaneamente a apoptose.
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Cefuroxima/farmacologia , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Córnea/efeitos dos fármacos , Córnea/metabolismo , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Endotélio Corneano/efeitos dos fármacos , Endotélio Corneano/metabolismo , Endotélio Corneano/patologia , Imuno-Histoquímica , Hidrolases de Éster Carboxílico/análise , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Oxidantes/sangue , Ratos Wistar , Córnea/patologia , Arildialquilfosfatase/análise , Caspase 3/análise , Caspase 8/análise , Injeções IntraocularesRESUMO
PURPOSE: We examined the effect of intracameral administration of cefuroxime on oxidative stress and endothelial apoptosis in rat corneal tissue. METHODS: In total, 30 rats were divided into 3 groups of 10 rats each (intracameral administration of cefuroxime 0.1 mg/0.01 mL (cefuroxime group); intracameral administration of balanced salt solution 0.01 mL (control group); or absence of intracameral injection (sham group). Corneal endothelial apoptosis was assessed by immunohistochemical analysis using caspase-3 and caspase-8. Total oxidant status, total antioxidant status, oxidative stress index, and paraoxonase and arylesterase levels were examined in corneal endothelial tissue and serum. RESULTS: Paraoxonase levels in the serum were significantly different between the sham and cefuroxime groups (p=0.027). A significant difference was also observed in total oxidant status levels between the cefuroxime and balanced salt solution groups (p=0.023). In addition, there were significant differences in total antioxidant status levels in corneal tissue between the cefuroxime and sham groups (p<0.001) and between the cefuroxime and balanced salt solution groups (p<0.001). Furthermore, significant differences were also observed in oxidative stress index levels between the cefuroxime and balanced salt solution groups (p=0.001) and between the cefuroxime and sham groups (p=0.026). According to the immunohistochemical staining results, a significant association with caspase-3 activity existed between the cefuroxime and balanced salt solution groups (p=0.007), while no significant difference was found with caspase-8 activity (p=0.541). Caspase-3 activity exhibited a significant relationship between the sham and balanced salt solution groups (p=0.018), but no relationship was found with caspase-8 activity (p=0.623). CONCLUSION: Immunohistochemical examination revealed that intracameral cefuroxime increased apoptosis when compared to the sham and balanced salt solution groups. Moreover, intracameral cefuroxime increased oxidative stress in the cornea and simultaneously induced apoptosis.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Cefuroxima/farmacologia , Córnea/efeitos dos fármacos , Córnea/metabolismo , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Arildialquilfosfatase/análise , Hidrolases de Éster Carboxílico/análise , Caspase 3/análise , Caspase 8/análise , Córnea/patologia , Endotélio Corneano/efeitos dos fármacos , Endotélio Corneano/metabolismo , Endotélio Corneano/patologia , Imuno-Histoquímica , Injeções Intraoculares , Masculino , Oxidantes/sangue , Ratos Wistar , Reprodutibilidade dos TestesRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To assess in mothers giving birth by cesarean delivery if prophylactic antibiotics administered either before skin incision or immediately after cutting the umbilical cord influences gut microbiota colonization and antibiotic susceptibility of the gut bacteria in the newborn. STUDY DESIGN: Forty-two pregnant women scheduled for elective cesarean delivery were recruited at Odense University Hospital, Denmark, and randomly assigned to receive cefuroxime either before skin incision or immediately after the umbilical cord was cut. Fecal samples were collected from all infants at age 10 days and 9 months. Composition of the gut microbiota was determined by 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplicon high-throughput sequencing. Gram-positive cocci and Enterobacteriaceae were isolated and identified before antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed by disk diffusion. RESULTS: No clear difference in the composition of the gut microbiota was observed between infants whose mothers received cefuroxime before or after cesarean delivery at neither time point, though surprisingly at 9 months of age, but not at 10 days of age, the number of observed species was higher in infants where mothers received cefuroxime after cord clamping. No differences in antimicrobial susceptibility of Enterobacteriaceae, Enterococcus spp, and Staphylococcus spp were seen at 10 days. CONCLUSIONS: Timing of cefuroxime administration to mothers undergoing cesarean delivery does not have a major effect on the gut microbiota and bacterial antibiotic resistance traits in infants. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT02072798.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antibioticoprofilaxia , Cefuroxima/farmacologia , Cesárea , Fezes/microbiologia , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Bactérias/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , GravidezRESUMO
Using 98 clinical methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus isolates of known beta-lactamase (Bla) type, we found a pronounced inoculum effect for cephalexin (mostly Bla type A and C strains), a mild inoculum effect for cephalothin (especially types B and C), and no inoculum effects for ceftriaxone and cefuroxime. Ceftobiprole showed the lowest MICs at a high inoculum but with a slight increase for Bla-positive versus Bla-negative strains. Since a potential therapeutic effect associated with a cephalosporin inoculum effect has been described, further studies are warranted.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Cefalosporinas/farmacologia , Infecções Estafilocócicas/tratamento farmacológico , Staphylococcus aureus/efeitos dos fármacos , Staphylococcus aureus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Ceftriaxona/farmacologia , Cefuroxima/farmacologia , Cefalexina/farmacologia , Cefalotina/farmacologia , Humanos , Meticilina , Testes de Sensibilidade MicrobianaRESUMO
La infección es la complicación más temida de las cirugías, si bien éstas pueden presentarse en sitios alejados al operado, como el caso de las neumonías, lo más frecuente es que se relacione con la zona intervenida y en particular con la herida operatoria. Se prefiere hablar de Infección del Sitio Operatorio (ISO) en forma técnica para referirnos a esta afección. Se define como ISO: Infecciones que ocurren dentro de los 30 días después de la cirugía si no hay un implante o dentro de un año si hay un implante in situ. Además la infección parece, clínicamente, estar relacionada con la cirugía.
Assuntos
Humanos , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Cefuroxima/farmacologia , Ciprofloxacina/uso terapêutico , Doenças Urológicas/terapia , Infecções Urinárias/prevenção & controle , Antibioticoprofilaxia , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/prevenção & controleRESUMO
Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of strains of Escherichia coli isolated between 1994 and 1998 were studied. Of the 1,283 strains examined, 75% were recovered from urine, 8.7% from wounds, 3.2% from blood, 2.6% from pus, and 10.5% from other sources. Isolates from inpatients and outpatients accounted for 46.1% and 53.9%, respectively. Gentamicin and nalidixic acid showed the greatest efficacy against isolates from both inpatients and outpatients, revealing a >90% sensitivity. Drugs with the lowest efficacies were ampicillin and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, which showed a >45% resistance. Tetracycline showed a significant decline in resistance from 1994 to 1998 among strains from both inpatients and outpatients (P < 0.001). This decline may be related to a policy of restrictive antibiotic reporting by the Microbiology Laboratory and seminars for general practitioners, subsequent to an island-wide survey an antibiotic resistance. A similar pattern of declining resistance was also observed for cefuroxime. E. coli sensitivity to co-trimoxazole was relatively stable during the study period. Although the overall prevalence of resistance among E. coli strains is relatively low, on-going surveillance of bacterial resistance must continue. The microbial antibiogram can provide general practitioners and clinicians with data essential for optimum empiric choices. Further, the introduction of a policy of restrictive reporting may act "synergistically" with the education of doctors on resistance patterns, to effect island-wide reduction of antimicrobial resistance.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Infecções por Escherichia coli/microbiologia , Escherichia coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Combinação Amoxicilina e Clavulanato de Potássio/farmacologia , Ampicilina/farmacologia , Cefuroxima/farmacologia , Cefalosporinas/farmacologia , Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos , Infecções por Escherichia coli/tratamento farmacológico , Gentamicinas/farmacologia , Hospitais Privados , Humanos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Ácido Nalidíxico/farmacologia , Penicilinas/farmacologia , Tetraciclina/farmacologia , Trinidad e TobagoRESUMO
Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of strains of Escherichia coli isolated between 1994 and 1998 were studied. Of the 1,283 strains examined, 75% were recovered from urine, 8.7% from wounds, 3.2% from blood, 2.6% from pus, and 10.5% from other sources. Isolates from inpatients and outpatients accounted for 46.1% and 53.9%, respectively. Gentamicin and nalidixic acid showed the greatest efficacy against isolates from both inpatients and outpatients, revealing a >90% sensitivity. Drugs with the lowest efficacies were ampicillin and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, which showed a >45% resistance. Tetracycline showed a significant decline in resistance from 1994 to 1998 among strains from both inpatients and outpatients (P < 0.001). This decline may be related to a policy of restrictive antibiotic reporting by the Microbiology Laboratory and seminars for general practitioners, subsequent to an island-wide survey an antibiotic resistance. A similar pattern of declining resistance was also observed for cefuroxime. E. coli sensitivity to co-trimoxazole was relatively stable during the study period. Although the overall prevalence of resistance among E. coli strains is relatively low, on-going surveillance of bacterial resistance must continue. The microbial antibiogram can provide general practitioners and clinicians with data essential for optimum empiric choices. Further, the introduction of a policy of restrictive reporting may act "synergistically" with the education of doctors on resistance patterns, to effect island-wide reduction of antimicrobial resistance.
Assuntos
Humanos , Estudo Comparativo , Combinação Amoxicilina e Clavulanato de Potássio/farmacologia , Ampicilina/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Escherichia coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Infecções por Escherichia coli/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Escherichia coli/microbiologia , Cefuroxima/farmacologia , Cefalosporinas/farmacologia , Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos , Gentamicinas/farmacologia , Hospitais Privados , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Ácido Nalidíxico/farmacologia , Penicilinas/farmacologia , Tetraciclina/farmacologia , Trinidad e TobagoRESUMO
Background: Second generation cephalosporins (CFPs) are more active in the treatment of acute pyelonephritis during pregnancy but their cost is considerably higher than their predecessors. Cefuroxime, a second generation CFP with oral and parenteral presentations, might offer significant advantages and become a first choice antimicrobial in this setting. Aim: To compare the efficacy, safety and cost of cefuroxime and cephradine in the treatment of acute pyelonephritis in pregnancy. Patients and methods: Hospitalized women with 12 to 34 weeks of pregnancy, with clinical and bacteriological diagnosis of acute pyelonephritis, were randomly assigned to receive cefuroxime (Curocef (r), GlaxoWellcome) 750 mg t.i.d, i.v or cephradine 1 g q.i.d., i.v. If the isolated organism was resistant to the assigned drug the patient was excluded. Once patients were afebrile, they were switched to an oral form of the same antimicrobial. They were discharged according to the clinical status and treated for a total of 14 days. Laboratory tests, including urine culture were requested during controls and at the end of follow-up at 28 days. Results: One hundred and one patients were randomized: 49 to receive cephradine and 52 to receive cefuroxime. Patients in the cefuroxime group had fewer febrile days (mean 1.7 vs 2.2, p<0.05), faster clinical recovery (mean 2.7 vs 3.1 days, p<0.05), a higher rate of bacteriological cure at 28 days (78.8 percent and 59.2 percent, p<0.05) and lower rate of failure (21.2 percent vs 40.8 percent p<0.05). The rate of resistance of isolated uropathogens was l4 percent to cephradine and 1 percent to cefuroxime. Conclusions: Cefuroxime can be considered as a first choice option in the treatment of acute pyelonephritis during pregnancy due to its tolerance, microbiological activity and efficacy
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Adulto , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/etiologia , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/tratamento farmacológico , Pielonefrite/tratamento farmacológico , Cefuroxima/farmacologia , Cefradina/farmacologia , Paridade , Pielonefrite/economia , Pielonefrite/etiologia , Urina/microbiologia , Estudos Prospectivos , Resultado do Tratamento , Escherichia coli/isolamento & purificação , Escherichia coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Escherichia coli/patogenicidade , Custos de Cuidados de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Tempo de Internação/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
The performance of agar diffusion tests using disks of cefuroxine (30 micrograms) for predicting ceftriaxone susceptibility in 33 isolates of "Streptococcus pneumoniae"was studied. All 7 resistant isolates to ceftriaxone (MIC>= 1.0 microgram/ml) exhibited zones of inhibition < 28 mm. The procedure can be easily adapted to clinical laboratories.