RESUMO
A subset of Gram-negative bacterial pathogens uses a type III secretion system (T3SS) to open up a conduit into eukaryotic cells in order to inject effector proteins. These modulate pathways to enhance bacterial colonization. In this study, we screened established bioactive compounds for any that could repress T3SS expression in enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157. The ketolides telithromycin and, subsequently, solithromycin both demonstrated repressive effects on expression of the bacterial T3SS at sub-MICs, leading to significant reductions in bacterial binding and actin-rich pedestal formation on epithelial cells. Preincubation of epithelial cells with solithromycin resulted in significantly less attachment of E. coli O157. Moreover, bacteria expressing the T3SS were more susceptible to solithromycin, and there was significant preferential killing of E. coli O157 bacteria when they were added to epithelial cells that had been preexposed to the ketolide. This killing was dependent on expression of the T3SS. Taken together, this research indicates that the ketolide that has accumulated in epithelial cells may traffic back into the bacteria via the T3SS. Considering that neither ketolide induces the SOS response, nontoxic members of this class of antibiotics, such as solithromycin, should be considered for future testing and trials evaluating their use for treatment of EHEC infections. These antibiotics may also have broader significance for treating infections caused by other pathogenic bacteria, including intracellular bacteria, that express a T3SS.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Escherichia coli O157/efeitos dos fármacos , Cetolídeos/farmacologia , Macrolídeos/farmacologia , Bibliotecas de Moléculas Pequenas/farmacologia , Triazóis/farmacologia , Sistemas de Secreção Tipo III/antagonistas & inibidores , Animais , Antibacterianos/química , Aderência Bacteriana/efeitos dos fármacos , Células CACO-2 , Bovinos , Linhagem Celular , Descoberta de Drogas , Células Epiteliais/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Epiteliais/microbiologia , Escherichia coli O157/genética , Escherichia coli O157/metabolismo , Expressão Gênica , Ensaios de Triagem em Larga Escala , Humanos , Cetolídeos/química , Macrolídeos/química , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Mucosa Respiratória/efeitos dos fármacos , Mucosa Respiratória/microbiologia , Triazóis/química , Sistemas de Secreção Tipo III/genética , Sistemas de Secreção Tipo III/metabolismoRESUMO
The degradation kinetics of the antibiotic telithromycin using a stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method is demonstrated. The photodegradation is performed by UVC lamp-254 nm (15W), installed in a chamber internally coated with mirrors, where telithromycin solutions prepared from coated tablets are placed in quartz cells. To promote oxidation, the reaction between the telithromycin solution and 3% hydrogen peroxide solution is carried out. The kinetics parameters of order of reaction and the rate constants of the degradation are determined for both conditions. The degradation process of telithromycin can be described by first-order kinetics under both experimental conditions used in this study. The results reveal the photo and oxidation lability of the drug and confirm the reliability of HPLC method for telithromycin in the presence of its degradation products.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/química , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/métodos , Cetolídeos/química , CinéticaRESUMO
A liquid chromatographic (LC) method for the quantitative determination of telithromycin, the first member of the ketolides, which is a new class of macrolides, was developed. Analytical parameters were studied according to International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. An Ace RP-18 octadecyl silane column (250 mm x 4.6 mm, 5 microm) maintained at 50 degrees C was used as the stationary phase, and methanol and 0.067 M potassium monobasic phosphate buffer pH 4.0 (55:45, v/v) were used as the mobile phase with UV detection at 265 nm. In forced degradation studies, the effects of acid, base, oxidation, UV light and temperature were investigated showing no interference in the drug peak. The method was linear (r=0.9999) at concentration ranging from 10.0 to 40.0 microg/mL, precise (intra-day relative standard deviation [RSD] and inter-day RSD values<2.0%), accurate (mean recovery=100.76%), specific and robust. Detection and quantitation limits were 0.0027 and 0.0082 microg/mL, respectively. The results showed the proposed method is suitable for its intended use. The validated method may be used to quantify telithromycin tablets and to determine the stability of the drug. The method is able to separate telithromycin from its degradation products and tablet excipients for its sensitivity and reproducibility. These results are in accordance with a previous microbiological assay study, which used the same tested conditions showing that the methods can be interchangeable.