RESUMO
OBJECTIVES: The objective of the study was to evaluate whether a twice-daily instillation of 0.45% preservative-free ketorolac tromethamine (FKT) or 0.4% benzalkonium chloride-preserved ketorolac tromethamine (BACKT), every 12 h for 30 days may affect tear film parameters and the meibography in healthy dogs. Additionally, we assessed whether the same treatments irritated the ocular surface, affected goblet cell density (GCD), and the levels of oxidative stress biomarkers (OSB) in the conjunctiva of the same dogs. PROCEDURES: Experimental and masked comparison study. In 11 healthy dogs baseline values of the lipid layer thickness, tear meniscus height, non-invasive tear breakup time (NI-TFBT), and the meibomian gland (MG) loss were assessed by OSAvet®. For each dog, one eye received 40 µL of BACKT, while the other received 40 µL FKT, every 12 h for 30 consecutive days. Tear parameters and meibography were repeated 15, 30, and 60 days post-treatments. Conjunctival hyperemia and blepharospasm were monitored at the same time points. At baseline and Day 30, a conjunctival biopsy was collected for GCD and OSB determination. RESULTS: Conjunctival hyperemia and blepharospasm were not observed. At Day 15, the MG loss increased only in FKT-treated eyes (p < .001). On Day 30, both treatment groups showed increased MG loss, shortened NI-TFBT, and reduced GCD and catalase (p < .05). At Day 30, BACKT-treated eyes showed lower levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) (p = .006) and higher levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) (p = .02). Differences between treatments were not observed for any parameter at any time point (p > .05). 60 days after treatment, OSAvet® parameters tended to return to values assessed at baseline; however, significant differences remained for MG loss (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Twice-daily instillation of KT, containing or not BAC, for 30 consecutive days shortened NI-TFBT, decreased GCD, and increased the MG loss in healthy dogs. KT should be used with caution when prescribed for long periods, particularly in patients with tear film abnormalities. However, future controlled studies using KT, BAC, and other topical NSAIDs are indicated to further support this finding.
Assuntos
Túnica Conjuntiva , Células Caliciformes , Cetorolaco de Trometamina , Estresse Oxidativo , Lágrimas , Animais , Cães , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Caliciformes/efeitos dos fármacos , Lágrimas/efeitos dos fármacos , Túnica Conjuntiva/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Masculino , Cetorolaco de Trometamina/administração & dosagem , Cetorolaco de Trometamina/farmacologia , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/administração & dosagem , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/farmacologia , Glândulas Tarsais/efeitos dos fármacos , Glândulas Tarsais/metabolismo , Soluções OftálmicasRESUMO
PURPOSES: To assess the effects of 0.5% ketorolac tromethamine without preservatives on the expression of iNOS and MMP-9 in alkali burn ulcers. METHODS: Twelve eyes of 120-day-old male rabbits were treated (TG) every 6 h with 0.5% ketorolac tromethamine and 12 other eyes were treated with saline solution (CG), immediately after the occurrence of ulcers by 1 M sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Re-epithelialization was monitored using fluorescein every 6 h. After 24 h, six corneas (n=6) of each group were collected (M1). The others (n=6) were collected after reepithelialization (M2). At both moments, the inflammatory infiltrate and the conditions of the newly formed epithelium were histologically analyzed. iNOS and MMP-9 were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Mean epithelialization time in TG was 55 ± 0.84 h. In CG, it was 44 ± 1.06 h (p=0.001). At M1, corneas of TG had lower inflammatory exudation compared with (p <0.001). At M2, TG revealed discrete inflammatory exudation (p>0.05) and lower numbers of epithelial layers compared with CG. The mean iNOS in stromal cells did not differ in TG over both moments compared with CG (p>0.05) At M2, the central corneal region expressed more iNOS in both groups compared with the peripheral region. No significant differences were observed in iNOS scores of epithelial immunostaining between the groups and across M1 and M2 (p=0.69). Epithelial immunostaining scores for MMP-9 did not differ in TG compared with CG (p=0.69). The average immunostaining score of MMP-9 in stromal cells showed no differences between groups or moments. There was no correlation between immunostaining of iNOS and MMP-9 or between the amount of inflammatory cells and immunostaining of iNOS. CONCLUSIONS: Use of 0.5% keratolac tromethamine reduced inflammation and delayed reepithelialization in a cornea alkali burn model without impacting the expression of iNOS or MMP-9.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/uso terapêutico , Úlcera da Córnea/tratamento farmacológico , Cetorolaco de Trometamina/uso terapêutico , Metaloproteinase 9 da Matriz/efeitos dos fármacos , Óxido Nítrico Sintase Tipo II/efeitos dos fármacos , Soluções Oftálmicas/uso terapêutico , Reepitelização/efeitos dos fármacos , Álcalis , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/farmacologia , Queimaduras Químicas/tratamento farmacológico , Córnea/efeitos dos fármacos , Córnea/patologia , Úlcera da Córnea/induzido quimicamente , Úlcera da Córnea/patologia , Queimaduras Oculares/induzido quimicamente , Queimaduras Oculares/tratamento farmacológico , Imuno-Histoquímica , Cetorolaco de Trometamina/farmacologia , Masculino , Soluções Oftálmicas/farmacologia , Coelhos , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Fatores de Tempo , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of a single dose of intravitreous injection of ketorolac tromethamine (500 µg/0.1 ml) in patients with diabetic macular edema refractory to retinal photocoagulation. METHODS: Prospective study. Twenty patients with bilateral diabetic macular edema and ETDRS best-corrected visual acuity between 20/50 and 20/200 were selected. Patients who had other ocular diseases or previous eye surgery were excluded. Preservative-free ketorolac tromethamine was injected intravitreally (500 µg in 0.1 ml) in 20 eyes; fellow eyes served as controls. Ophthalmic examinations included ETDRS best-corrected visual acuity, measurement of intraocular pressure and optical coherence tomography. The examinations were performed preoperatively, 1 week and 1 month postoperatively. RESULTS: A statistically significant increase in visual acuity over time in the treated eye compared with the fellow eye was noted (p=0.039). There were no statistically significant differences in the assessment of intraocular pressure (p=0.99), foveal thickness (p=0.86) and macular volume (p=0.23) during the period. CONCLUSION: Patients with diabetic macular edema refractory to photocoagulation showed improvement in visual acuity over a one month period with a statistically significant difference when compared with the control eye. There were no statistically significant differences in intraocular pressure, foveolar thickness and macular volume between the treated and control eyes.
Assuntos
Retinopatia Diabética/tratamento farmacológico , Cetorolaco de Trometamina/farmacologia , Edema Macular/tratamento farmacológico , Análise de Variância , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Complicações do Diabetes , Humanos , Injeções Intravítreas , Fotocoagulação , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de Tempo , Tomografia de Coerência Óptica , Resultado do Tratamento , Acuidade VisualRESUMO
OBJETIVO: Avaliar o efeito em curto prazo da injeção intravítrea de cetorolaco de trometamina (500 µg/0,1ml) em pacientes com edema macular diabético refratário à fotocoagulação retiniana. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo. Foram selecionados 20 pacientes com edema macular diabético refratário à fotocoagulação retiniana em ambos os olhos e apresentando acuidade visual (ETDRS) entre 20/50 e 20/200. Foi injetado em um olho de cada paciente, pela via intravítrea, 500 µg em 0,1 ml de cetorolaco de trometamina, sem conservante. O olho contralateral serviu de controle. Exames oftalmológicos, que incluíram a acuidade visual (ETDRS) com melhor correção, a aferição da pressão intraocular e a tomografia de coerência óptica, foram realizados em 3 etapas: antes da aplicação, após uma semana e, posteriormente após um mês do tratamento. RESULTADOS: Houve diferença estatisticamente significativa na acuidade visual (ETDRS) ao longo do tempo, havendo uma melhora na visão do olho tratado (p=0,039) quando comparado com o olho contralateral. Não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas na avaliação da pressão intraocular (p=0,99), espessura foveal (p=0,86) e volume macular total (p=0,23) no decorrer do período. CONCLUSÃO: Pacientes com edema macular diabético refratário à fotocoagulação apresentaram melhora da acuidade visual ao longo de um mês com diferença estatisticamente significativa quando comparados com o olho controle. Não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas na pressão intraocular, espessura foveolar e volume macular total entre os olhos tratados e os olhos controle.
PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of a single dose of intravitreous injection of ketorolac tromethamine (500 µg/0.1 ml) in patients with diabetic macular edema refractory to retinal photocoagulation. METHODS: Prospective study. Twenty patients with bilateral diabetic macular edema and ETDRS best-corrected visual acuity between 20/50 and 20/200 were selected. Patients who had other ocular diseases or previous eye surgery were excluded. Preservative-free ketorolac tromethamine was injected intravitreally (500 µg in 0.1 ml) in 20 eyes; fellow eyes served as controls. Ophthalmic examinations included ETDRS best-corrected visual acuity, measurement of intraocular pressure and optical coherence tomography. The examinations were performed preoperatively, 1 week and 1 month postoperatively. RESULTS: A statistically significant increase in visual acuity over time in the treated eye compared with the fellow eye was noted (p=0.039). There were no statistically significant differences in the assessment of intraocular pressure (p=0.99), foveal thickness (p=0.86) and macular volume (p=0.23) during the period. CONCLUSION: Patients with diabetic macular edema refractory to photocoagulation showed improvement in visual acuity over a one month period with a statistically significant difference when compared with the control eye. There were no statistically significant differences in intraocular pressure, foveolar thickness and macular volume between the treated and control eyes.