Assuntos
Ciências do Comportamento, Atenção à Saúde, Infecções por HIV, Pandemias, Humanos, Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/epidemiologia, Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/prevenção & controle, Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/terapia, Ciências do Comportamento/organização & administração, Ciências do Comportamento/tendências, Atenção à Saúde/métodos, Atenção à Saúde/organização & administração, Atenção à Saúde/tendências, Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia, Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle, Infecções por HIV/terapia, Pandemias/prevenção & controle, Pandemias/estatística & dados numéricosAssuntos
Medicina do Comportamento/organização & administração, Pesquisa Comportamental, Ciências do Comportamento/organização & administração, Comportamento Cooperativo, Sociedades Médicas/organização & administração, Sociedades Científicas/organização & administração, Feminino, Humanos, Masculino, Publicação de Acesso AbertoRESUMO
Despite significant progress in research on the treatment and prevention of psychological, behavioral, and health problems, the translation of this knowledge into population-wide benefit remains limited. This paper reviews the state of America's children and families, highlighting the influence of stressful contextual and social conditions on child and family well-being and the concentration of disadvantage in numerous neighborhoods and communities throughout the nation. It then briefly reviews the progress that has been made in pinpointing policies that can reduce stressful contextual conditions such as poverty, discrimination, and the marketing of unhealthful foods and substances. It also describes numerous family and school interventions that have proven benefit in preventing psychological and behavioral problems as diverse as tobacco, alcohol, and other drug use; depression; antisocial behavior; academic failure; obesity prevention; and early childbearing. We argue that progress in translating existing knowledge into widespread benefit will require a nationwide effort to intervene comprehensively in neighborhoods and communities of concentrated disadvantage. We present a strategic plan for how such an effort could be organized. The first step in this organizing would be the creation of a broad and diverse coalition of organizations concerned with advancing public health and well-being. Such a coalition could increase public support both for the policies needed to focus on these disadvantaged areas and the research needed to incrementally improve our ability to help these areas.
Assuntos
Experiências Adversas da Infância, Ciências do Comportamento/organização & administração, Sintomas Comportamentais/prevenção & controle, Dieta Saudável, Família, Pobreza, Saúde Pública, Discriminação Social, Populações Vulneráveis, Criança, Humanos, Estados UnidosRESUMO
Human flourishing has recently emerged as a construct of interest in clinical and population-health studies. Its origins as a focus of research are rooted in philosophical writing dating to Aristotle's concept of eudaimonia, in the work of contemporary psychologists, and in studies by epidemiologists, physicians, and social and behavioral scientists who have investigated religious influences on physical and mental health since the 1980s. Inasmuch as human flourishing has been characterized as multidimensional or multifaceted, with hypothetically broad antecedents and significant outcomes, it may be an especially valuable construct for researchers. For one, it would seem to tap something deeper and more meaningful than the superficial single-item measures that often characterize such studies. This article surveys the rich history of the concept of human flourishing in its multiple meanings and contexts across disciplines, proposes a conceptual model for assessing the construct, and lays out an agenda for clinical and population-health research.
Assuntos
Saúde Mental, Saúde da População, Projetos de Pesquisa/normas, Ciências do Comportamento/organização & administração, Humanos, Filosofia Médica, Determinantes Sociais da Saúde, Sociologia Médica/organização & administraçãoRESUMO
Policy on officer-involved shootings is critically reviewed and errors in applying scientific knowledge identified. Identifying and evaluating the most relevant science to a field-based problem is challenging. Law enforcement administrators with a clear understanding of valid science and application are in a better position to utilize scientific knowledge for the benefit of their organizations and officers. A recommended framework is proposed for considering the validity of science and its application. Valid science emerges via hypothesis testing, replication, extension and marked by peer review, known error rates, and general acceptance in its field of origin. Valid application of behavioral science requires an understanding of the methodology employed, measures used, and participants recruited to determine whether the science is ready for application. Fostering a science-practitioner partnership and an organizational culture that embraces quality, empirically based policy, and practices improves science-to-practice translation.
Assuntos
Ciências do Comportamento/organização & administração, Polícia, Ciências Forenses, Humanos, Política Organizacional, Reprodutibilidade dos Testes, PesquisaRESUMO
The present study aims at overviewing the different stages of the education of medical psychology in Hungary. In the perspective of the achievements of cognitive and affective neuroscience as well as developmental psychology, we intend to define the roots of doctor-patient relationship, certain determining factors of diagnosis forming and therapy efficiency as well as the essential components of empathy. We attest to the fact that the current psychosomatic medicine with its evidence-based achievements is a valid component and constitutive pillar of everyday medical care. The integrated university level instruction of medical psychology and behavioral sciences aims at consolidating this perspective. We also emphasize that the ill body hinders adequate psychological functioning and mental disorders provide risk factors concerning somatic illnesses. Through spreading health psychology perspective, we support the concept that in everyday medical care, health protection and the development of health conscious behavior relies on responsible, informed and committed decision-making patients as well as on similarly educated extended medical care teams. Orv Hetil. 2018; 159(36): 1455-1464.
Assuntos
Transtornos Mentais/terapia, Assistência Centrada no Paciente/organização & administração, Psicologia Médica/organização & administração, Ciências do Comportamento/organização & administração, Humanos, Hungria, Relações Médico-PacienteRESUMO
Current systems used to determine whether prevention programs are "evidence-based" rely on the logic of deductive reasoning. This reliance has fostered implementation of strategies with explicitly stated evaluation criteria used to gauge program validity and suitability for dissemination. Frequently, investigators resort to the randomized controlled trial (RCT) combined with null hypothesis significance testing (NHST) as a means to rule out competing hypotheses and determine whether an intervention works. The RCT design has achieved success across numerous disciplines but is not without limitations. We outline several issues that question allegiance to the RCT, NHST, and the hypothetico-deductive method of scientific inquiry. We also discuss three challenges to the status of program evaluation including reproducibility, generalizability, and credibility of findings. As an alternative, we posit that extending current program evaluation criteria with principles drawn from an abductive theory of method (ATOM) can strengthen our ability to address these challenges and advance studies of drug prevention. Abductive reasoning involves working from observed phenomena to the generation of alternative explanations for the phenomena and comparing the alternatives to select the best possible explanation. We conclude that an ATOM can help increase the influence and impact of evidence-based prevention for population benefit.
Assuntos
Ciências do Comportamento/organização & administração, Prática Clínica Baseada em Evidências/organização & administração, Projetos de Pesquisa, Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/prevenção & controle, Humanos, Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto, Reprodutibilidade dos TestesRESUMO
There have been calls for some time for a new approach to public health in the United Kingdom and beyond. This is consequent on the recognition and acceptance that health problems often have a complex and multi-faceted aetiology. At the same time, policies which utilise insights from research in behavioural economics and psychology ('behavioural science') have gained prominence on the political agenda. The relationship between the social determinants of health (SDoH) and behavioural science in health policy has not hitherto been explored. Given the on-going presence of strategies based on findings from behavioural science in policy-making on the political agenda, an examination of this is warranted. This paper begins by looking at the place of the SDoH within public health, before outlining, in brief, the recent drive towards utilising behavioural science to formulate law and public policy. We then examine the relationship between this and the SDoH. We argue that behavioural public health policy is, to a certain extent, blind to the social and other determinants of health. In section three, we examine ways in which such policies may perpetuate and/or exacerbate health inequities and social injustices. We argue that problems in this respect may be compounded by assumptions and practices which are built into some behavioural science methodologies. We also argue that incremental individual gains may not be enough. As such, population-level measures are sometimes necessary. In section four we defend this contention, arguing that an equitable and justifiable public health requires such measures.
Assuntos
Ciências do Comportamento/organização & administração, Política de Saúde/tendências, Disparidades nos Níveis de Saúde, Determinantes Sociais da Saúde/ética, Ciências do Comportamento/ética, Meio Ambiente, Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde, Política de Saúde/legislação & jurisprudência, Humanos, Formulação de Políticas, Política Pública, Justiça Social/ética, Fatores Socioeconômicos, Reino UnidoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: In an effort to standardize behavioral measures and their data representation, the present study develops a methodology for incorporating measures found in the National Cancer Institute's (NCI) grid-enabled measures (GEM) portal, a repository for behavioral and social measures, into the cancer data standards registry and repository (caDSR). METHODS: The methodology consists of four parts for curating GEM measures into the caDSR: (1) develop unified modeling language (UML) models for behavioral measures; (2) create common data elements (CDE) for UML components; (3) bind CDE with concepts from the NCI thesaurus; and (4) register CDE in the caDSR. RESULTS: UML models have been developed for four GEM measures, which have been registered in the caDSR as CDE. New behavioral concepts related to these measures have been created and incorporated into the NCI thesaurus. Best practices for representing measures using UML models have been utilized in the practice (eg, caDSR). One dataset based on a GEM-curated measure is available for use by other systems and users connected to the grid. CONCLUSIONS: Behavioral and population science data can be standardized by using and extending current standards. A new branch of CDE for behavioral science was developed for the caDSR. It expands the caDSR domain coverage beyond the clinical and biological areas. In addition, missing terms and concepts specific to the behavioral measures addressed in this paper were added to the NCI thesaurus. A methodology was developed and refined for curation of behavioral and population science data.
Assuntos
Ciências do Comportamento/organização & administração, Pesquisa Biomédica/organização & administração, Bases de Dados Factuais/normas, Disseminação de Informação/métodos, Sistema de Registros, Segurança Computacional, Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde, Humanos, Armazenamento e Recuperação da Informação, Internet, Informática Médica, National Cancer Institute (U.S.), Estados UnidosRESUMO
Verbal behavior, as in the use of terms, is an important part of scientific activity in general and behavior analysis in particular. Many glossaries and dictionaries of behavior analysis have been published in English, but few in any other language. Here we review the area of behavior analytic terminology, its translations, and development in languages other than English. As an example, we use our own mother tongue, Finnish, which provides a suitable example of the process of translation and development of behavior analytic terminology, because it differs from Indo-European languages and entails specific advantages and challenges in the translation process. We have published three editions of a general dictionary of behavior analysis including 801 terms relevant to the experimental analysis of behavior and applied behavior analysis and one edition of a dictionary of applied and clinical behavior analysis containing 280 terms. Because this work has been important to us, we hope this review will encourage similar work by behavior analysts in other countries whose native language is not English. Behavior analysis as an advanced science deserves widespread international dissemination and proper translations are essential to that goal.
Assuntos
Ciências do Comportamento, Terminologia como Assunto, Tradução, Animais, Ciências do Comportamento/organização & administração, Ciências do Comportamento/normas, Dicionários como Assunto, Meio Ambiente, Humanos, Psicologia Experimental/organização & administração, Psicologia Experimental/normas, VocabulárioRESUMO
The National Research Council is Canada's principal research and development agency. Its 20 institutes are structured to address interdisciplinary problems for industrial sectors, and to provide the necessary scientific infrastructure, such as the national science library. Behavioural scientists are active in five institutes: Biological Sciences, Biodiagnostics, Aerospace, Information Technology, and Construction. Research topics include basic cellular neuroscience, brain function, human factors in the cockpit, human-computer interaction, emergency evacuation, and indoor environment effects on occupants. Working in collaboration with NRC colleagues and with researchers from universities and industry, NRC behavioural scientists develop knowledge, designs, and applications that put technology to work for people, designed with people in mind.
Assuntos
Pesquisa Comportamental/organização & administração, Ciências do Comportamento, Laboratórios/organização & administração, Trabalho, Ciências do Comportamento/organização & administração, Ciências do Comportamento/estatística & dados numéricos, Ciências do Comportamento/tendências, Canadá, Comportamento Cooperativo, Apoio à Pesquisa como AssuntoRESUMO
Social-ecological (SE) models are becoming more widely used in health behavior research. Applying SE models to the design of interventions is challenging because models must be tailor-made for each behavior and population, other theories need to be integrated into multi-level frameworks, and empirical research to guide model development is limited. The purpose of the present paper is to describe a SE framework that guided the intervention and measurement plans for a specific study. The trial of activity for adolescent girls (TAAG) is a multi-center study of interventions to reduce the decline of physical activity in adolescent girls. The TAAG framework incorporates operant learning theory, social cognitive theory, organizational change theory and the diffusion of innovation model in a multi-level model. The explicit and practical model developed for TAAG has already benefited the study and may have elements that can generalize to other health promotion studies.
Assuntos
Serviços de Saúde Comunitária/organização & administração, Educação em Saúde/organização & administração, Atividade Motora, Instituições Acadêmicas/organização & administração, Meio Social, Adolescente, Ciências do Comportamento/organização & administração, Difusão de Inovações, Feminino, Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde, Humanos, Relações Interinstitucionais, Estudos Multicêntricos como Assunto, Inovação OrganizacionalRESUMO
The unique nature of the HIV/AIDS epidemic and the needs of people living with HIV disease have required the expertise of clinicians and biomedical, clinical, behavioral, and social scientists. The successes achieved in the past 25 years are the collective product of committed individuals from within all these disciplines. This is particularly true in HIV care and therapeutics and, specifically, in medication adherence, where biologic, clinical, behavioral, and social issues converge and each has been critically important in achieving the stunning therapeutic benefit for individuals and populations with HIV disease. There has been growing acceptance and success of interdisciplinary collaboration to address HIV medication adherence in the past 2 decades. Nevertheless, there remain real and perceived impediments obstructing collaboration among biomedical, behavioral, and social scientists and important differences between all these research domains and clinical practice. Differences in training and expertise, perceived mission, orientation, culture, and personal and professional skills can thwart meaningful collaboration or be used synergistically to move understanding and improvement of HIV medication adherence forward. This article explores these relations and differences from the perspective of an HIV clinician and clinical researcher with a background in biology and an inclination toward behavioral and social science and suggests some approaches for their resolution.
Assuntos
Fármacos Anti-HIV/administração & dosagem, Fármacos Anti-HIV/uso terapêutico, Ciências do Comportamento/organização & administração, Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico, Cooperação do Paciente/psicologia, Padrões de Prática Médica, Pesquisa/organização & administração, Esquema de Medicação, HumanosRESUMO
This article explores Herbert Simon's attempts to build Carnegie Tech's Graduate School of Industrial Administration into a center for interdisciplinary social research. It shows that despite the pressures toward disciplinary specialization created by the rapid growth of the postwar social sciences, there were strong countercurrents supporting interdisciplinary work. Support for interdisciplinary work came from a network of powerful new patrons that were interested in transforming social science into behavioral science and that supported mathematical, behavioral-functional analysis whatever the topic of study. These patrons deliberately defined their goals in terms of solving problems, not building disciplines, and the networks of advisory committees they created enabled certain entrepreneurial researchers, such as Simon, to exert influence across a range of fields and institutions.
Assuntos
Educação de Pós-Graduação/organização & administração, Indústrias/educação, Indústrias/organização & administração, Comunicação Interdisciplinar, Ciências Sociais/história, Ciências do Comportamento/educação, Ciências do Comportamento/história, Ciências do Comportamento/organização & administração, Fundações/história, Fundações/organização & administração, História do Século XX, Humanos, Matemática/história, Prêmio Nobel, Resolução de Problemas, Ciências Sociais/educação, Ciências Sociais/organização & administração, Estados UnidosRESUMO
In the 1950s, young faculty in Psychology and Physiology/Biology at the newly established Florida State University recognized common interests in the study of sensory systems. They spontaneously formed one of this country's earliest interdisciplinary research cohorts in the emerging field of "psychobiology". In the 1960s, this group established a formal graduate program in Psychobiology, acquired resources for building a new laboratory and for supporting pre- and post-doctoral students, and began the expansion of faculty and research focuses that continues to this day. In 1991, FSU's Psychobiology Program was re-branded as a Program in Neuroscience that awards a doctoral degree. It now encompasses faculty and students from four academic departments in the Colleges of Arts and Sciences, Human Sciences, and Medicine. This paper traces some main developments in our 50-year history of these research and training efforts.
Assuntos
Ciências do Comportamento/organização & administração, Neurociências/história, Neurociências/organização & administração, Ciências do Comportamento/história, Biologia/história, Biologia/organização & administração, Florida, História do Século XX, História do Século XXI, Humanos, Psicologia/história, Psicologia/organização & administração, Universidades/históriaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: In problem-based learning curricula, cases are usually clustered into identified themes or organ systems. While this method of aggregating cases presents clear advantages in terms of resource alignment and student focus, an alternative "hidden cluster" approach provides rich opportunities for content integration. METHOD: The author describes such a model, with report on the extent of integration of behavioral science content across all cases. RESULTS: First-, second- and third-year students were shown to have no significant difference in the percentage of behavioral science learning issues they generated. CONCLUSION: Due to the growing need to integrate behavioral science concepts into all areas of medical education, a better understanding of programs' successes in this area seems warranted.
Assuntos
Ciências do Comportamento/organização & administração, Currículo, Educação/organização & administração, Psiquiatria/educação, Ensino/métodos, Educação de Graduação em Medicina, Humanos, Resolução de Problemas, Ensino/normas, Estados UnidosRESUMO
Recent policy initiatives threaten to reduce the rehabilitative mission of the juvenile court or eliminate the court entirely. This article lays out a framework for an empirical assessment of these developments. It first evaluates the available and potential empirical support for three hypotheses about juveniles that might justify maintaining a separate, rehabilitation-oriented juvenile justice system: the hypotheses that, compared to adults, juveniles are more treatable, less culpable, and less deterrable. On the assumption that the continued existence of a rehabilitation-oriented juvenile court can be justified, it then provides suggestions as to how existing intervention strategies for juveniles could benefit from research attention to several substantive and methodological issues. These include refining outcome criteria and sampling strategies, matching offender and program characteristics, reexamining intervention efficacy, and focusing on decision makers and resource allocations.
