RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Prolonged diarrhoea is common amongst returning travellers and is often caused by intestinal protozoa. However, the epidemiology of travel-associated illness caused by protozoal pathogens is not well described. METHODS: We analysed records of returning international travellers with illness caused by Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp., Cyclospora cayetanensis or Cystoisospora belli, reported to the GeoSentinel Network during January 2007-December 2019. We excluded records of travellers migrating, with an unascertainable exposure country, or from GeoSentinel sites that were not located in high-income countries. RESULTS: There were 2517 cases, 82.3% giardiasis (n = 2072), 11.4% cryptosporidiosis (n = 287), 6.0% cyclosporiasis (n = 150) and 0.3% cystoisosporiasis (n = 8). Overall, most travellers were tourists (64.4%) on long trips (median durations: 18-30 days). Cryptosporidiosis more frequently affected people < 18 years (13.9%) and cyclosporiasis affected people ≥ 40 years (59.4%). Giardiasis was most frequently acquired in South Central Asia (45.8%) and sub-Saharan Africa (22.6%), cryptosporidiosis in sub-Saharan Africa (24.7%) and South-Central Asia (19.5%), cyclosporiasis in South East Asia (31.3%) and Central America (27.3%), and cystoisosporiasis in sub-Saharan Africa (62.5%). Cyclosporiasis cases were reported from countries of uncertain endemicity (e.g. Cambodia) or in countries with no previous evidence of this parasite (e.g. French Guiana). The time from symptom onset to presentation at a GeoSentinel site was the longest amongst travellers with giardiasis (median: 30 days). Over 14% of travellers with cryptosporidiosis were hospitalized. CONCLUSIONS: This analysis provides new insights into the epidemiology and clinical significance of four intestinal protozoa that can cause morbidity in international travellers. These data might help optimize pretravel advice and post-travel management of patients with travel-associated prolonged gastrointestinal illnesses. This analysis reinforces the importance of international travel-related surveillance to identify sentinel cases and areas where protozoal infections might be undetected or underreported.
Assuntos
Criptosporidiose , Ciclosporíase , Giardíase , Viagem , Humanos , Adulto , Masculino , Feminino , Criptosporidiose/epidemiologia , Criptosporidiose/diagnóstico , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adolescente , Viagem/estatística & dados numéricos , Giardíase/epidemiologia , Giardíase/diagnóstico , Ciclosporíase/epidemiologia , Ciclosporíase/diagnóstico , Adulto Jovem , Cryptosporidium/isolamento & purificação , Diarreia/epidemiologia , Diarreia/parasitologia , Cyclospora/isolamento & purificação , Criança , Idoso , Pré-Escolar , Giardia lamblia/isolamento & purificação , Vigilância de Evento SentinelaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Transmission dynamics of Cyclospora cayetanensis in endemic areas and the factors associated with soil contamination remain unclear. The effects of environmental factors on Cyclospora have been insufficiently studied, particularly in South America, thus a Venezuelan community was studied to profile risk factors for infection. METHODS: A cross-sectional stool survey of 732 individuals was conducted. For Cyclospora screening, an acid-fast-stained smear of formalin-ethyl acetate concentrate and ultraviolet (UV) epifluorescence examination of a wet mount were used. Water (n=14), soil (n=50) and produce (n=77) samples were collected, processed and examined by UV epifluorescence. Data were analysed using multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: Cyclospora infections were identified in 73 (9.9%) subjects. Variables associated with the infection were age ≤10 y (odds ratio [OR] 14), hut living (OR 5), well water use (OR 18.5), drinking untreated water (OR 7.6), toilet absence (OR 8), having contact with faeces-contaminated soil (OR 4) and poultry exposure (OR 3). Infections (63%) were clustered in 25 huts. Oocysts were identified in 28.6%, 18% and 3.9% of the water, soil and produce samples, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: There was an explicit association of Cyclospora infection with extreme poverty and soil transmission reflecting the household socio-economic correlate of cyclosporiasis in this community.
Assuntos
Cyclospora , Ciclosporíase , Humanos , Ciclosporíase/epidemiologia , Ciclosporíase/diagnóstico , Solo , Estudos Transversais , Pobreza , ÁguaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Cyclosporiasis has a marked seasonality. Few community-based studies have addressed this issue and there are no reports from Venezuela. A study was conducted to determine the seasonal variation of infection in a community from Falcon State, Venezuela. METHODS: A sample of 732 individuals was collected for 1 y. Stools were examined with modified Ziehl-Neelsen carbolfuchsin staining of ethyl acetate-formalin concentrates and ultraviolet epiflorescence of wet mounts. RESULTS: Cyclospora prevalence was 9.9% (73/732) with monthly variation from 0% to 35.3%. A trend of increased infections coinciding with the rainy time was observed (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Cyclosporiasis is common in this area with high endemicity during the rainy periods.
Assuntos
Cyclospora , Ciclosporíase , Ciclosporíase/epidemiologia , Diarreia/epidemiologia , Fezes , Humanos , Estações do Ano , Venezuela/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Abstract | Introduction: Intestinal apicomplexa protozoa are a recognized cause of gastroenteritis. They are endemic in Honduras and their epidemiology varies in different population groups. Objective: To identify risk factors for cyclosporiasis, cryptosporidiosis, and cystoisosporiasis. Materials and methods: We conducted a case-control study in a hospital-based population. We performed the diagnosis using the modifed Ziehl-Neelsen staining technique and collected the information from laboratory records and clinical charts. Results: Cyclosporiasis was associated with diarrhea (OR=2.28; 95%CI: 1.10-4.89), weight loss (OR=12.7; 95%CI: 2.49-122.00), watery stools (OR=2.42; 95%CI: 1.26-4.65), and infection with another protozoan (OR=3.13; 95%CI: 1.66-5.95). Cryptosporidiosis was associated with HIV infection (OR=15.43; 95%CI: 3.34-71.22), diarrhea (OR=3.52; 95%CI: 1.40-9.40), lymphopenia (OR=6.16; 95%CI: 1.99-18.98), and green color stools (OR=3.00; 95%CI: 1.23-7.30). Cystoisosporiasis was associated with HIV infection (OR=11.20; 95%CI: 3.53-35.44), diarrhea (OR=7.30; 95%CI: 1.89-28.52), leukopenia (OR=4.28; 95%CI: 1.33-13.75), green color stools (OR=11.59; 95%CI: 1.16-558.60), and Charcot-Leyden crystals (OR=11.59; 95%CI: 1.16-558.60). Conclusions: In this hospital-based population from Honduras, HIV infection was a risk factor for cryptosporidiosis and cystoisosporiasis, but not for cyclosporiasis.
Resumen | Introducción. Los protozoos Apicomplexa intestinales son causa reconocida de gastroenteritis. Estas parasitosis son endémicas en Honduras y su epidemiologia varia según los grupos poblacionales. Objetivo. Identifcar los factores de riesgo para ciclosporiasis, criptosporidiosis y cistoisosporiasis. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio de casos y controles en población hospitalaria. El diagnóstico se hizo utilizando la coloración modifcada de Ziehl-Neelsen. La información se obtuvo del registro de laboratorio y las historias clínicas. Resultados. La ciclosporiasis se asoció con diarrea (OR=2,28; IC95% 1,10-4.89), pérdida de peso (OR=12,7; IC95% 2,49-122), heces líquidas (OR=2,42; IC95% 1,26-4,65), infección con otros protozoos (OR=3,13; IC95% 1,66-5,95). La criptosporidiosis se asoció con el HIV (OR=15,43; IC95% 3,34-71,22), la diarrea (OR=3,52; IC95% 1,40-9,40), la linfopenia (OR=6,16; IC 95% 1,99-18,98), las heces de color verde (OR=3,00; IC95% 1,23-7,30). La cistoisosporiasis se asoció con el HIV (OR=11,20; IC95% 3,53-35,44), la diarrea (OR=7,30; IC95% 1,89-28,52), la leucopenia (OR=4,28; IC95% 1,33-13,75), las heces de color verde (OR=11,59; IC95% 1,16- 558,60), y los cristales de Charcot-Leyden (OR=11,59; IC95% 1,16-558,60). Conclusiones. En este estudio de base hospitalaria en Honduras, el HIV fue un factor de riesgo para la criptosporidiosis y la cistoisosporiasis, pero no así para la ciclosporiasis.
Assuntos
Honduras , Enteropatias Parasitárias , Doenças Parasitárias , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Infecções por HIV , Criptosporidiose , CiclosporíaseRESUMO
This study shows a clinical case report of a kidney transplant patient who traveled from Mexico to The Netherlands and ate green vegetables in an international food restaurant. After 5 days, he started having diarrhea, nausea, colic, and a physical feeling of malaise. The patient only received symptomatic treatment after showing the characteristic symptoms of traveler's diarrhea. When he returned to Mexico, the clinical picture worsened, and he was hospitalized. Clinical analyses indicated dehydration and acute kidney injury stage II. Coproparasitoscopic study showed the presence of Cyclospora cayetanensis. Parenteral solutions, gastric mucosal protector, ciprofloxacin, and a soft diet were administrated as treatment. The patient was discharged 72 h later with an improvement of the kidney function.
Assuntos
Injúria Renal Aguda/diagnóstico , Cyclospora/isolamento & purificação , Ciclosporíase/complicações , Diarreia/complicações , Transplante de Rim , Injúria Renal Aguda/parasitologia , Adulto , Viagem Aérea , Ciclosporíase/parasitologia , Ciclosporíase/fisiopatologia , Diarreia/parasitologia , Diarreia/fisiopatologia , Humanos , Masculino , México , Países Baixos , TurismoRESUMO
In Cuba, there are few studies on cyclosporiasis. Here, we report results from 1247 stool samples from symptomatic patients that were examined by microscopy methods and positive cases confirmed by nested PCR targeting the 18S rRNA gene, followed by sequencing. Seven positive samples, all diagnosed during May-June, were confirmed by the molecular method, indicating an occurrence in this patient cohort of 0.56%.
Assuntos
Cyclospora/isolamento & purificação , Ciclosporíase/diagnóstico , Adulto , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Cuba/epidemiologia , Cyclospora/classificação , Cyclospora/citologia , Cyclospora/genética , Ciclosporíase/epidemiologia , Ciclosporíase/parasitologia , DNA de Protozoário/genética , Fezes/parasitologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Microscopia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Filogenia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Prevalência , RNA Ribossômico 18S/genética , Estações do Ano , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Objetivos: Determinar la prevalencia y los factores asociados a coccidiosis y amibiasis intestinal en niños de edad escolar del distrito de Chongoyape, Chiclayo, Perú. Material y métodos: Estudio transversal de tipo relacional entre noviembre del 2014 y enero del 2015 en 133 escolares. Para recolectar la información sociodemográfica y de saneamiento se usó un cuestionario estructurado. La detección de los parásitos se realizó en muestras seriadas de heces. Para los coccidios intestinales se realizó examen microscópico directo (EMD), técnica ácido resistente modificada (TARM) y ELISA coproantígenos para Cryptosporidium spp., mientras que para la amibiasis se usó EMD y ELISA coproantígenos para Entamoeba hystolitica. Resultados: El 6,8% (9/133) de la muestra presentó coccidiosis intestinal, 3,8% (5/133) con Cryptosporidium spp., y 3,0% (4/133) con Cyclospora cayetanensis. No se detectó Cystoisospora belli. El 4,5% (6/133) de la muestra presentó E. histolytica. El factor asociado en ambas parasitosis fue el consumo de agua insalubre (p=0,001 y p=0,026 respectivamente), mientras que el contacto con animales se asoció a la coccidiosis intestinal (p=0,013). Conclusiones: La coccidiosis y la amibiasis intestinal son frecuentes en niños de la población estudiada, evidenciando su importancia como problema de salud pública y la necesidad de un diagnóstico específico y rutinario en las instituciones de salud de la región. (AU)
Objectives: To determine the prevalence of and risk factors for intestinal coccidiosis and amebiasis in school-age children in the district of Chongoyape, Chiclayo, Peru. Methods: Cross-sectional study carried-out between November 2014 and January 2015 among 133 school-aged children. A structures questionnaire collected socio-demographic and sanitation information. Serial stool samples were required, which were processed under direct microscopy, modified acid-fast staining and ELISA to detect antigens of Cryptosporidium spp, while direct microscopy and ELISA were used to detect Entamoeba hystolitica. Results: 6.8% (9/133) of the samples were positive for coccidian parasites, 3.8% (5/133) were positive for Cryptosporidium and 3% (4/133) for Cyclospora cayetanensis, no Cystoisospora belli was identified. E. hystolitica was found in 4.5% (6/133) samples. Drinking non-potable water was a risk factor for getting both infections, while animal contact was associated with getting a coccidian parasite (p=0.013). Conclusions: Both coccidian and intestinal amebas are frequent protozoan infections in this population. These parasites are public health problem that require routine and specific diagnostic methods in the region. (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Coccidiose , Criptosporidiose , Ciclosporíase , Disenteria Amebiana , Entamebíase , Estudos Transversais , Estudos Observacionais como AssuntoRESUMO
Cyclospora cayetanensis is an emerging pathogen that is endemic in developing countries and responsible for many large foodborne cyclosporiasis outbreaks in North America since 1990s. Because of the lack of typing targets, the genetic diversity and population genetics of C. cayetanensis have not been investigated. In this study, we undertook a population genetic analysis of multilocus sequence typing data we recently collected from 64 C. cayetanensis specimens. Despite the extensive genetic heterogeneity in the overall C. cayetanensis population, there were significant intra- and inter-genic linkage disequilibria (LD). A disappearance of LD was observed when only multilocus genotypes were included in the population genetic analysis, indicative of an epidemic nature of C. cayetanensis. Geographical segregation-associated sub-structuring was observed between specimens from China and those from Peru and the United States. The two subpopulations had reduced LD, indicating the likely occurrence of genetic exchange among isolates in endemic areas. Further analyses of specimens from other geographical regions are necessary to fully understand the population genetics of C. cayetanensis.