RESUMO
Microbial adaptations to extreme environments can lead to biotechnological applications. This study aimed to evaluate the resistance of Antarctic Cladosporium to adverse conditions (temperature, salinity, UV radiation, and nutrients) and refine their taxonomy. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis using ITS-act markers resulted in a more accurate taxonomic identification, revealing the presence of five different species, belonging to the complexes C. cladosporioides and C. sphaerospermum. The growth at different temperatures indicates that the soil isolates LAMAI 564 and 1800 (phylogenetically closely related) and LAMAI 2541 are psychrophilic, while the other isolates are psychrotolerant. The fungi isolated from the saline samples LAMAI 595, 616, and 1369 showed better growth results at higher salinity (15%). The fungi most resistant to UV radiation were isolated from terrestrial and marine samples (LAMAI 595, 616, 1800, and 564). LAMAI 595 and 616 (phylogenetically closely related and isolated from the same kind of sample) showed the capacity of nutritional versatility, growing well in both rich and poor-nutrient media. The fungus LAMAI 595 was the most promising for biotechnological application, exceeding the other isolates in the harsh conditions studied. The resistance of the Antarctic Cladosporium to adverse conditions opens new perspectives in the field of applied microbiology of extremophiles.
Assuntos
Cladosporium , Filogenia , Cladosporium/isolamento & purificação , Cladosporium/classificação , Regiões Antárticas , Salinidade , Raios Ultravioleta , Microbiologia do Solo , TemperaturaRESUMO
This report presents the pathologic findings associated with disseminated infection due to Cladosporium halotolerans in a dog that was simultaneously infected with canine adenovirus-1 (CAdV-1) and canine parvovirus-2 (CPV-2). A 12-year-old, mixed breed dog, with a clinical history of neurological manifestations was submitted for routine autopsy due to poor prognosis. The principal pathologic findings were mycotic necrotizing nephritis, hepatitis, and splenitis with embolic dissemination to the brain resulting in mycotic necrotizing meningoencephalitis, ventriculitis, choroid plexitis, and obstructive hydrocephalus associated with intralesional and intravascular septate pigmented fungi. PCR and sequencing of the ITS region of fungi revealed that the intralesional fungal organisms had 82% nucleotide identity with members of the Cladosporium sphaerospermum complex of organisms. However, a PCR assay and sequencing of the beta tubulin gene confirmed that the organism identified in this dog had 100% nucleotide sequence identity with C. halotolerans. Using immunohistochemistry, intralesional antigens of CAdV-1 were identified within the epithelial cells of the liver and lungs; there was positive immunolabeling for CPV-2 antigens in degenerated cardiomyocytes. These findings confirmed the active participation of C. halotolerans in the development of disseminated cladosporiosis in this dog and represent a rare occurrence of concomitant infection with CAdV-1 and CPV-2.
Assuntos
Infecções por Adenoviridae/veterinária , Adenovirus Caninos/isolamento & purificação , Cladosporium/isolamento & purificação , Doenças do Cão/microbiologia , Doenças do Cão/virologia , Micoses/veterinária , Infecções por Parvoviridae/veterinária , Parvovirus Canino/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Adenoviridae/virologia , Adenovirus Caninos/classificação , Adenovirus Caninos/genética , Animais , Cladosporium/classificação , Cladosporium/genética , Coinfecção/microbiologia , Coinfecção/veterinária , Coinfecção/virologia , Cães , Melaninas/metabolismo , Micoses/microbiologia , Infecções por Parvoviridae/virologia , Parvovirus Canino/classificação , Parvovirus Canino/genéticaRESUMO
The relationship of attine ants with their mutualistic fungus and other microorganisms has been studied during the last two centuries. However, previous studies about the diversity of fungi in the ants' microenvironment are based mostly on culture-dependent approaches, lacking a broad characterization of the fungal ant-associated community. Here, we analysed the fungal diversity found on the integument of Atta capiguara and Atta laevigata alate ants using 454 pyrosequencing. We obtained 35,453 ITS reads grouped into 99 molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs). Data analysis revealed that A. capiguara drones had the highest diversity of MOTUs. Besides the occurrence of several uncultured fungi, the mycobiota analysis revealed that the most abundant taxa were the Cladosporium-complex, Cryptococcus laurentii and Epicoccum sp. Taxa in the genus Cladosporium were predominant in all samples, comprising 67.9 % of all reads. The remarkable presence of the genus Cladosporium on the integument of leaf-cutting ants alates from distinct ant species suggests that this fungus is favored in this microenvironment.
Assuntos
Formigas/microbiologia , Cladosporium/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Biodiversidade , Brasil , Cladosporium/classificação , Cladosporium/genética , DNA Fúngico/genética , DNA Espaçador Ribossômico/genética , Tegumento Comum/microbiologia , Micobioma , Prevalência , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Pele/microbiologia , SimbioseRESUMO
This study assessed the diversity of cultivable rock-associated fungi from Atacama Desert. A total of 81 fungal isolates obtained were identified as 29 Ascomycota taxa by sequencing different regions of DNA. Cladosporium halotolerans, Penicillium chrysogenum and Penicillium cf. citrinum were the most frequent species, which occur at least in four different altitudes. The diversity and similarity indices ranged in the fungal communities across the latitudinal gradient. The Fisher-α index displayed the higher values for the fungal communities obtained from the siltstone and fine matrix of pyroclastic rocks with finer grain size, which are more degraded. A total of 23 fungal extracts displayed activity against the different targets screened. The extract of P. chrysogenum afforded the compounds α-linolenic acid and ergosterol endoperoxide, which were active against Cryptococcus neoformans and methicillin-resistance Staphylococcus aureus respectively. Our study represents the first report of a new habitat of fungi associated with rocks of the Atacama Desert and indicated the presence of interesting fungal community, including species related with saprobes, parasite/pathogen and mycotoxigenic taxa. The geological characteristics of the rocks, associated with the presence of rich resident/resilient fungal communities suggests that the rocks may provide a favourable microenvironment fungal colonization, survival and dispersal in extreme conditions.
Assuntos
Ascomicetos/metabolismo , Cladosporium/metabolismo , Cryptococcus neoformans/efeitos dos fármacos , Sedimentos Geológicos/microbiologia , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/efeitos dos fármacos , Penicillium/metabolismo , Ascomicetos/classificação , Ascomicetos/genética , Ascomicetos/isolamento & purificação , Chile , Cladosporium/classificação , Cladosporium/genética , Cladosporium/isolamento & purificação , Clima Desértico , Ecologia , Ecossistema , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Penicillium/classificação , Penicillium/genética , Penicillium/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
Cladosporium cladosporioides is a dematiaceous fungus with coloured mycelia and conidia due to the presence of dark pigments. The purpose of this study was to characterize the dark pigments synthetized by Cladosporium sp. LPSC no. 1088 and also to identify the putative polyketide synthase (pks) gene that might be involved in the pigment biosynthesis. Morphological as well as molecular features like the ITS sequence confirmed that LPSC 1088 is Cladosporium cladosporioides. UV-visible, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) spectroscopy analysis as well as melanin inhibitors suggest that the main dark pigment of the isolate was 1,8 dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN)-melanin-type compound. Two commercial fungicides, Difenoconazole and Chlorothalonil, inhibited fungal growth as well as increased pigmentation of the colonies suggesting that melanin might protect the fungus against chemical stress. The pigment is most probably synthetized by means of a pentaketide pathway since the sequence of a 651 bp fragment, coding for a putative polyketide synthase, is highly homologous to pks sequences from other fungi.
Assuntos
Cladosporium/enzimologia , Proteínas Fúngicas/metabolismo , Melaninas/biossíntese , Policetídeo Sintases/metabolismo , Cladosporium/classificação , Cladosporium/genética , Cladosporium/isolamento & purificação , Espectroscopia de Ressonância de Spin Eletrônica , Proteínas Fúngicas/genética , Solanum lycopersicum/microbiologia , Melaninas/química , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Naftóis/química , Filogenia , Policetídeo Sintases/genéticaRESUMO
In the present study, it was sought to compare yeast microbiota of wild and captive Macrobrachium amazonicum and evaluate the antifungal susceptibility and production of virulence factors by the recovered isolates of Candida spp. Additionally, cultivation water was monitored for the presence of fungi. Overall, 26 yeast isolates belonging to three genera and seven species were obtained, out of which 24 were Candida spp., with Candida famata as the most prevalent species for both wild and captive prawns. From cultivation water, 28 isolates of filamentous fungi were obtained, with Penicillium spp., Cladosporium spp. and Aspergillus spp. as the most frequent genera. Eight out of 24 Candida spp. isolates were resistant to azole derivatives, out of which four were recovered from wild-harvested prawns. As for production of virulence factors, three (12.5%) and eight (33.3%) isolates presented phospholipase and protease activity, respectively. This is the first comparative study between wild and captive prawns and the first report on yeast microbiota of M. amazonicum. The most relevant finding was the high percentage of resistant Candida spp., including from wild individuals, which suggests the occurrence of an environmental imbalance in the area where these prawns were captured.
Assuntos
Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Candida/efeitos dos fármacos , Candida/patogenicidade , Palaemonidae/microbiologia , Fatores de Virulência/metabolismo , Animais , Aquicultura , Aspergillus/classificação , Aspergillus/efeitos dos fármacos , Aspergillus/isolamento & purificação , Aspergillus/patogenicidade , Candida/classificação , Candida/isolamento & purificação , Cladosporium/classificação , Cladosporium/efeitos dos fármacos , Cladosporium/isolamento & purificação , Cladosporium/patogenicidade , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Penicillium/classificação , Penicillium/efeitos dos fármacos , Penicillium/isolamento & purificação , Penicillium/patogenicidade , Microbiologia da ÁguaRESUMO
We developed an efficient method for DNA extraction from Cladosporioid fungi, which are important fungal plant pathogens. The cell wall of Cladosporioid fungi is often melanized, which makes it difficult to extract DNA from their cells. In order to overcome this we grew these fungi for three days on agar plates and extracted DNA from mycelium mats after manual or electric homogenization. High-quality DNA was isolated, with an A(260)/A(280) ratio ranging between 1.6 and 2.0. Isolated genomic DNA was efficiently digested with restriction enzymes and produced distinct banding patterns on agarose gels for the different Cladosporium species. Clear DNA fragments from the isolated DNA were amplified by PCR using small and large subunit rDNA primers, demonstrating that this method provides DNA of sufficiently high quality for molecular analyses.
Assuntos
Cladosporium/genética , DNA Fúngico/isolamento & purificação , Sequência de Bases , Cladosporium/classificação , Primers do DNA , DNA Ribossômico/genética , Eletroforese em Gel de Ágar , Filogenia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Especificidade da EspécieRESUMO
O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade fisiológica e sanitária das sementes obtidas a partir de frutos maduros coletados no solo e nas plantas de fava d'anta, espécie medicinal nativa do Cerrado, ameaçada de extinção, cujos frutos são ricos em rutina. O delineamento experimental empregado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com 10 repetições. Cada repetição foi constituída de uma caixa gerbox contendo 15 sementes cada. A qualidade fisiológica foi determinada por meio de testes de germinação e vigor, avaliando-se a porcentagem de germinação, o índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG) e a massa seca das raízes primárias. A qualidade sanitária foi determinada pela identificação dos microorganismos patogênicos associados às sementes, bem como pela porcentagem de ocorrência destes em cada parcela. Os fungos identificados nas sementes pertencem aos gêneros Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Colletrotrichum, Helminthosporium, Nigrospora, Penicillum, Phoma e Phomopsis. Sementes oriundas de frutos coletados no solo foram mais contaminadas por agentes patogênicos e apresentaram germinação (56,67 por cento), vigor e sanidade inferiores às sementes obtidas de frutos coletados na planta.
The aim of this work was to evaluate the physiological and sanitary quality of seeds obtained from mature fruits collected in the soil and in "fava d'anta" plants. Dimorphandra mollis constitutes an endangered medicinal species native to cerrado and presents fruits rich in rutin. The experimental design was completely randomized, with 10 replicates. Each replicate consisted of a gerbox containing 15 seeds each. Physiological quality was assessed through germination and vigor tests by evaluating germination percentage, germination velocity index (GVI), and primary root dry matter. Sanitary quality was evaluated by identifying pathogenic microorganisms associated with the seeds, as well as their occurrence percentage in each plot. The identified fungi belonged to the genera Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Colletotrichum, Helminthosporium, Nigrospora, Penicillium, Phoma and Phomopsis. Seeds from fruits collected in the soil were more contaminated by pathogenic agents and presented lower germination (56.67 percent), vigor and health than seeds from fruits collected in the plant.
Assuntos
Germinação/fisiologia , Vicia faba/fisiologia , Frutas/fisiologia , Plantas Medicinais/classificação , Cladosporium/classificação , Fusarium/classificaçãoRESUMO
Se ha realizado el recuento de las mitosporas de poblaciones de Cladosporium en la atmósfera de ocho ciudades de Galicia (España), mediante un sistema de captación volumétrica no viable, obteniéndose un total de 40 registros anuales. Los valores promedio de los años de estudio oscilaron entre 96.726 mitosporas en Coruña y 326.898 en Trives, destacando en todas las localidades una mayor abundancia de las mismas durante la época estival. El máximo diario de Cladosporium cladosporioides se registró en Ourense (7.556 mitosporas/m3 el 8 de septiembre de 2004) mientras que el de Cladosporium herbarum correspondió a Trives (7.130 mitosporas/m3 el 8 de julio de 2003). El modelo de comportamiento intradiario varió según la localidad, pero en general se observó una mayor concentración de mitosporas a partir de las 13h.
By using a non viable volumetric capturing system it was possible to count populations of Cladosporiummitospores in the atmosphere of eight cities of Galicia (Spain), yielding a total of 40 annual records. Average values of the examined years ranged from 96.726 mitospores in Coruña and 326.898 in Trives, the highest abundance occurring during summer in all the localities. The daily maximum of Cladosporium cladosporioides was recorded in Ourense (7.556 mitospores/m on September 2004) while that of Cladosporium herbarum was detected in Trives (7.130 mitospores/m on july 8 2003). The intradaily model of behaviour varied according to the locality yet in general a major mitospore concentration could be observed sinceone o´clock p.m.
Assuntos
Atmosfera , Cladosporium/isolamento & purificação , Cladosporium/classificação , Cladosporium/patogenicidade , Fungos Mitospóricos/isolamento & purificação , Fungos Mitospóricos/patogenicidade , EspanhaRESUMO
Cladophialophora bantiana is a dematiaceous fungus, associated with brain abscess in normal or immunosuppressed patients. We report a case of CNS infection in this agent unsuccessfully treated by surgery and various antifungal compounds including high doses of voriconazole (6 mg/kg bid). No adverse effects related to this compound were observed.