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It is well known that the concentration of the thyroid hormone thyroxine increases as day length increases, and the other way around, in Karagouniko and Chios ewes but based on openly international English literature, nothing is known about this hormone on the rams of the breeds mentioned above concerning a meticulous analysis of their aerial environment. So from this perspective, the current research was conducted to investigate the thyroxine concentrations of Karagouniko and Chios rams, taking into account two periods, January-June and July-November, when the day length was increasing and decreasing, respectively. Apart from photoperiod, the meteorological variables air temperature, relative humidity, and sunshine were taken into consideration in the farm of the Artificial Insemination Center of Karditsa (39021΄18΄΄N, 21054΄19΄΄E), Greece (temperate climate zone), where the experimental animals raised. The possible change of thyroxine concentration in both sheep breeds and the possible changes of the abovementioned meteorological variables between the examined periods were detected using t-tests. Higher thyroxine values (P < 0.05) were confirmed in JanuaryJune (55.11 ng/ml in Karagouniko and 47.72 ng/ml in Chios rams), in comparison to July-November (49.03 ng/ml in Karagouniko and 44.14 ng/ml in Chios rams). Air temperature and sunshine followed a reverse course (P < 0.05). In both periods, Karagouniko rams were characterized by higher concentrations of thyroxine than Chios rams (P < 0.01). Our results add more insight into the physiology of Karagouniko and Chios sheep related to thyroxine and temperate aerial environment.

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The current research investigated triiodothyronine concentrations in Karagouniko and Chios rams in a temperate climate zone, considering the periods January-June and July-November, characterized by a gradual increase and decrease of daylight length, respectively. The animals raised in the farm of the Artificial Insemination Center of Karditsa (39021΄18΄΄N, 21054΄19΄΄E), Greece, and the meteorological variables air temperature, relative humidity, and sunshine, as well as photoperiod, were considered for a more detailed analysis. T-tests were used to detect possible changes in the concentration of triiodothyronine in both sheep breeds and in the abovementioned meteorological variables. January-June coincided with significantly higher (P < 0.05) triiodothyronine concentrations in Karagouniko and Chios rams (0.82 ng/ml and 0.77 ng/ml, respectively) compared to July-November (0.72 ng/ml in Karagouniko and 0.67 ng/ml in Chios rams). Air temperature and sunshine followed the opposite pattern (P < 0.05). Karagouniko rams showed higher triiodothyronine concentrations than Chios rams, irrespective of the season. Our findings shed light on an important aspect of the thyroid gland function in Karagouniko and Chios sheep under temperate environmental conditions.

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Chilean temperate rainforests have unique climatic, edaphic and biotic conditions, constituting pre-industrial blueprint ecosystems. Mycorrhizal associations play a central role in the biogeochemical processes of these ecosystems´ functioning. Baseline forest ecology studies are necessary in order to better understand diversity patterns, specifically regarding mycorrhizal symbiosis. Therefore, here we describe the vegetation characteristics and the mycorrhizal relationships of vascular plants in a Nothofagus pumilio forest. We also describe, via morphological methods, the ectomycorrhizal diversity present in this forest. Additionally, we determined whether ectomycorrhizal inoculation confers positive growth effects on N. pumilio seedlings. We found that from 46 vascular plant species identified in this study, 42 (91%) were mycorrhizal and of these 33 (72%) were associated with arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM), two (the dominant trees N. pumilio and N. dombeyi) were forming ectomycorrhizae (EM), five were associated with ericoid mycorrhizae, two with orchid mycorrhizae, and four were nonmycorrhizal. Additionally, 26 EM species were detected of which 15 belong to Cortinarius. Finally, there were clear differences in the growth of N. pumilio seedlings inoculated with the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria laccata compared to noninoculated plants. We suggest that mycorrhizal fungi play a key role in seedling colonization of harsh environments such as the Andean treeline.

Los bosques templados lluviosos de Chile tienen condiciones climáticas, edáficas y bióticas únicas, constituyendo ecosistemas preindustriales modelo. Las asociaciones micorrízicas juegan un rol central en los procesos biogeoquímicos del funcionamiento de estos ecosistemas. Por lo tanto, en este estudio describimos las características de la vegetación y las relaciones micorrízicas de las plantas vasculares de un bosque de Nothofagus pumilio. También describimos, vía métodos morfológicos, la diversidad ectomicorrízica presente en este bosque. Adicionalmente, determinamos si inoculaciones ectomicorrízicas confieren efectos de crecimiento positivos a semilleros de N. pumilio. Encontramos que, de 46 especies de plantas vasculares identificadas en este estudio, 42 (91%) son micorrízicas, y de estas, 33 (72%) están formando micorrizas arbusculares (AM), dos (los árboles dominantes N. pumilio y N. dombeyi) están asociados con ectomicorrizas (EM), cinco están asociadas con micorrizas ericoides, dos con micorrizas orquioides, y cuatro fueron nomicorrizadas. Adicionalmente, 26 especies de EM fueron detectadas, de las cuales 15 pertenecen a Cortinarius. Finalmente, hubo claras diferencias en el crecimiento de los semilleros de N. pumilio inoculados con el hongo ectomicorrízico Laccaria laccata, comparados a plantas no inoculadas. Sugerimos que los hongos micorrízicos juegan un rol clave en la colonización de ambientes severos por juveniles, como en el límite altitudinal andino.

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Contexto: Vários estudos realizados em climas temperados sugerem que há uma variação na incidência de tromboembolismo venoso (TEV) de acordo com as estações climáticas. Entretanto, nenhum estudo foi feito comparando áreas de clima semiárido com áreas de clima temperado. Objetivos: Analisar se existe correlação entre a incidência do TEV em áreas de clima semiárido e de clima temperado no Brasil. Métodos: Foi feito um levantamento de dados retrospectivos de pacientes com diagnóstico de TEV no Sistema Único de Saúde de janeiro de 2011 a dezembro de 2014 provenientes dos seguintes estados com clima semiáridos: Alagoas, Ceará, Maranhão, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Piauí e Rio Grande do Norte, localizados na Região Nordeste do Brasil; e dos seguintes estados com clima temperado: Paraná, Santa Catarina e Rio Grande do Sul, localizados na Região Sul do Brasil. Os dados de variação climática foram obtidos do Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia e os dados populacionais do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Resultados: Houve correlação significativa na incidência de casos de TEV em regiões de temperaturas mais baixas (p < 0,001). A Região Sul apresentou temperaturas significativamente menores que as da Região Nordeste (p < 0,001) e apresentou número significativamente maior de casos de TEV do que a Região Nordeste (p < 0,001). Conclusão: Há mais casos de TEV em regiões de clima temperado, onde as temperaturas são mais baixas. No entanto, pouco ainda é conhecido na literatura sobre a flutuação sazonal e a incidência de TEV. Sendo assim, mais estudos são necessários nessa área

Background: Several studies conducted in areas with temperate climates have suggested that the incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) varies depending on seasonal climatic fluctuations. However, no studies have been conducted comparing areas with semi-arid climate with areas with temperate climates. Objectives: To analyze whether there is a correlation between the incidence of VTE in areas with semi-arid climates and areas with temperate climates in Brazil. Methods: Retrospective data were acquired for patients diagnosed with VTE from January 2011 to December 2014 from the Brazilian National Health Service for the following Brazilian states that have semi-arid climates: Alagoas, Ceará, Maranhão, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Piauí, and Rio Grande do Norte (all located in the Northeast Region of Brazil); and the following states with temperate climates: Paraná, Santa Catarina, and Rio Grande do Sul (all located in the South Region of Brazil). Data on climatic variation were obtained from the National Meteorological Institute and population data were obtained from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. Results: There was a significant correlation in the incidence of VTE cases in areas with lower temperatures (p < 0.001). The South Region exhibited significantly lower temperatures than the Northeast Region (p < 0.001) and had a significantly higher number of cases of VTE than the Northeast Region (p < 0.001). Conclusions: There are more cases of VTE in areas with temperate climates, where temperatures are lower. However, there is still little information in the literature on seasonal fluctuations and incidence of VTE. More studies of this subject are needed

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The main objective of this study was to investigate genetic and phenotypic trends for fertility traits in Holstein dairy population under warm and temperate climate. Fertility traits were: success in first service, gestation length, number of inseminations, insemination outcome, calving interval, calving birth weight and days open. The edited data set included up to 23,402 records from 9,486 cows. The mean and standard deviation for fertility traits were 0.32 ± 0.003, 278.2 ± 5.58, 2.73 ± 1.94,0.31 ± 0.001, 415.99 ± 79.62, 40.4 ± 6.08 and 140.36 ± 76.16 for success in first service, gestation length, number of inseminations, insemination outcome, calving interval, calving birth weight and days open, respectively. In general, there were decreasing genetic trends for all traits over the years. On the other hand, there were decreasing phenotypic trend for days open, calving interval, gestation length, number of inseminations and calving birth weight, but estimates of phenotypic trends were positive for success in first service and insemination outcome over the years. It was concluded decreased trend for days open, calving interval, gestation length, number of inseminations and calving birth weight and increased trend for success in first service and insemination outcome traits over time indicated that Holstein dairy producers in warm and temperate climate were successful in managing and improving in nutrition during 1999 to 2013> (AU)

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Introduction of forage cultivars of different countries can be an option for technology short-term transfer for access to vegetative materials for better production potential. The objective of this study was to evaluate cultivars of temperate climate perennial grasses from Uruguay and New Zealand in soil and climatic conditions in Santa Catarina State, during the years 2010 to 2012. Two simultaneous experiments were conducted, in four physiographic regions of the State: West, Midwest, South Plateau and North Plateau. In trial 1 cultivars of Lolium perenne, festulolium and oats perennial and in trial 2 cultivars of Festuca arundinaceae and dactylis were evaluated. There was interaction between cultivars and localization in both trials, during the two years of evaluation. Perennial ryegrass and festulolium significantly reduced dry matter production (DMP) over the period in the West, Midwest and Northern Plateau and it is recommended only for South Plateau region. Perennial oats may be indicated for the two regions Plateau. In trial 2, the fescue cv. Epagri 312 (control) and cv. Aurora stood out in four locations, with average values of 9 and 7 t ha-1 of dry matter, respectively for the first and second periods of evaluation.(AU)

A introdução de cultivares de forrageiras oriundas de diferentes países pode ser uma opção de transferência de tecnologia a curto prazo para acesso a materiais vegetativos de melhor potencial produtivo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar cultivares de gramíneas perenes de clima temperado provenientes do Uruguai e Nova Zelândia às condições edafoclimáticas do estado de Santa Catarina, durante os anos de 2010 a 2012. Foram conduzidos, simultaneamente, dois ensaios, em quatro regiões fisiográficas do Estado: Oeste, Meio Oeste, Planalto Sul e Planalto Norte. No ensaio 1 foram avaliados cultivares de Lolium perenne, festulolium e aveia-perene e no ensaio 2 cultivares de Festuca arundinaceae e dáctilo. Houve interação entre cultivares e locais, nos dois ensaios, nos dois anos de avaliação. Azevém-perene e festulolium reduziram significativamente a produção de massa seca (MS) ao longo do período nas regiões Oeste, Meio Oeste e Planalto Norte, sendo recomendado apenas para a região do Planalto Sul. A aveia-perene pode ser indicada para as duas regiões de Planalto, onde perenizou. No ensaio 2, as festucas cv. Epagri 312 (testemunha) e cv. Aurora destacaram-se nos quatro locais, com valores médios de 9 e 7 t ha-1 de MS, respectivamente, para o primeiro e segundo períodos de avaliação.(AU)

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Introduction of forage cultivars of different countries can be an option for technology short-term transfer for access to vegetative materials for better production potential. The objective of this study was to evaluate cultivars of temperate climate perennial grasses from Uruguay and New Zealand in soil and climatic conditions in Santa Catarina State, during the years 2010 to 2012. Two simultaneous experiments were conducted, in four physiographic regions of the State: West, Midwest, South Plateau and North Plateau. In trial 1 cultivars of Lolium perenne, festulolium and oats perennial and in trial 2 cultivars of Festuca arundinaceae and dactylis were evaluated. There was interaction between cultivars and localization in both trials, during the two years of evaluation. Perennial ryegrass and festulolium significantly reduced dry matter production (DMP) over the period in the West, Midwest and Northern Plateau and it is recommended only for South Plateau region. Perennial oats may be indicated for the two regions Plateau. In trial 2, the fescue cv. Epagri 312 (control) and cv. Aurora stood out in four locations, with average values of 9 and 7 t ha-1 of dry matter, respectively for the first and second periods of evaluation.

A introdução de cultivares de forrageiras oriundas de diferentes países pode ser uma opção de transferência de tecnologia a curto prazo para acesso a materiais vegetativos de melhor potencial produtivo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar cultivares de gramíneas perenes de clima temperado provenientes do Uruguai e Nova Zelândia às condições edafoclimáticas do estado de Santa Catarina, durante os anos de 2010 a 2012. Foram conduzidos, simultaneamente, dois ensaios, em quatro regiões fisiográficas do Estado: Oeste, Meio Oeste, Planalto Sul e Planalto Norte. No ensaio 1 foram avaliados cultivares de Lolium perenne, festulolium e aveia-perene e no ensaio 2 cultivares de Festuca arundinaceae e dáctilo. Houve interação entre cultivares e locais, nos dois ensaios, nos dois anos de avaliação. Azevém-perene e festulolium reduziram significativamente a produção de massa seca (MS) ao longo do período nas regiões Oeste, Meio Oeste e Planalto Norte, sendo recomendado apenas para a região do Planalto Sul. A aveia-perene pode ser indicada para as duas regiões de Planalto, onde perenizou. No ensaio 2, as festucas cv. Epagri 312 (testemunha) e cv. Aurora destacaram-se nos quatro locais, com valores médios de 9 e 7 t ha-1 de MS, respectivamente, para o primeiro e segundo períodos de avaliação.

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The main objective of this study was to investigate genetic and phenotypic trends for fertility traits in Holstein dairy population under warm and temperate climate. Fertility traits were: success in first service, gestation length, number of inseminations, insemination outcome, calving interval, calving birth weight and days open. The edited data set included up to 23,402 records from 9,486 cows. The mean and standard deviation for fertility traits were 0.32 ± 0.003, 278.2 ± 5.58, 2.73 ± 1.94,0.31 ± 0.001, 415.99 ± 79.62, 40.4 ± 6.08 and 140.36 ± 76.16 for success in first service, gestation length, number of inseminations, insemination outcome, calving interval, calving birth weight and days open, respectively. In general, there were decreasing genetic trends for all traits over the years. On the other hand, there were decreasing phenotypic trend for days open, calving interval, gestation length, number of inseminations and calving birth weight, but estimates of phenotypic trends were positive for success in first service and insemination outcome over the years. It was concluded decreased trend for days open, calving interval, gestation length, number of inseminations and calving birth weight and increased trend for success in first service and insemination outcome traits over time indicated that Holstein dairy producers in warm and temperate climate were successful in managing and improving in nutrition during 1999 to 2013>

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O cogumelo Agaricus bisporus é um cogumelo de clima temperado que requer baixa temperatura para a indução da frutificação. Essa exigência limita o seu cultivo no Brasil nos meses mais frios do ano ou exige a utilização de ambiente controlado, onerando muito a produção. Por isso, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a produtividade de diferentes linhagens em função da temperatura de cultivo após a indução da frutificação. Diferentes linhagens de A. bisporus foram avaliadas quanto ao efeito da temperatura sobre a colonização do composto e a produtividade do cogumelo. As temperaturas de 21 e 25°C foram utilizadas durante a colonização do composto e, após a indução da frutificação, durante o ciclo de cultivo. Para todas as linhagens testadas, a temperatura de 25°C proporcionou maior velocidade de colonização do composto, favorecendo ciclos de cultivo mais curtos. Além disso, após a indução da frutificação a 18°C, a manutenção do ambiente de cultivo a 25°C proporcionou maior produtividade, quando comparada ao cultivo a 21°C. Para a linhagem mais produtiva, os três primeiros fluxos foram responsáveis por mais de 50% da produção total. Portanto, para um cultivo comercial em que é necessário manter volumes constantes de produção, os ciclos de cultivo poderiam ser limitados a três fluxos de produção.(AU)

The Agaricus bisporus is a button mushroom that requires low temperature to induce fruiting. This requirement limits our cultivation in Brazil during the coldest months of the year and requires the use of controlled environment. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the productivity of different strains depending on the growth temperature after induction of fruiting. A. bisporus strains were evaluated for the effect of temperature on the colonization of compost and mushroom productivity. Temperatures of 21 and 25°C were used for the substrate colonization and after induction of fruiting crop cycle. For all strains tested, temperature 25°C gave a quickly colonization of the compound, favoring shorter production cycles. Furthermore, after induction of fruiting at 18°C, maintaining the culture environment at 25°C gave a higher productivity to contrast with culture at 21°C. For the most productive strain, the first three streams were responsible for over 50% of total production. Thus, for a cash crop where it is necessary to maintain constant volumes of production, crop cycles could be limited to three productions flows.(AU)

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The state of Paraná is located in a climate transition region, with different thermal regimes and variations in the risk of frost. Knowledge of the climate risks to which grapevine (Vitis sp.) will be exposed is important to the success of the vineyard. The objective of this study was to perform the agroclimatic zoning for the growing vines in the state of Paraná. Historical data from 21 conventional weather stations of Instituto Agronômico do Paraná were used in different regions of the state with observation periods from 1976 to 2010. Three groups of grapes were considered: rustic grapes, fine table grapes and fine grapes for winemaking. For each group it was evaluated: the annual water deficit, the risk of late frosts, the average annual temperature, the volume of annual precipitation and relative humidity. The main climate risk is the high relative humidity which, combined with high temperature, may favor the occurrence of fungal diseases and compromise the vineyard. For rustic grapes, only the coast of the state of Paraná was not suitable for cultivation. For the cultivation of fine table grapes, only the northern, northwestern and western regions are apt, and for fine grapes for winemaking, only the coast and east are not considered suitable, according to established criteria.

O estado do Paraná localiza-se em uma região de transição climática, com regimes térmicos diferentes e variações no risco de geadas. O conhecimento dos riscos climáticos a que a cultura da videira (Vitis sp.) estará exposta é importante para o sucesso de seu cultivo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi efetuar o zoneamento agroclimático para a cultura da videira no estado do Paraná. Para tanto, foram utilizados dados de 21 estações meteorológicas convencionais do IAPAR, nas diversas regiões do estado, com períodos de observação de 1976 a 2010. Foram considerados três grupos de uvas: rústicas, finas de mesa e finas para vinificação. Para cada grupo foram avaliados a deficiência hídrica anual, o risco de geadas tardias, a temperatura média anual, o volume de precipitação anual e a umidade relativa média anual. O principal risco climático é a umidade relativa alta que, combinada com a temperatura alta do ar, pode favorecer a ocorrência de doenças fúngicas e comprometer o potencial produtivo da cultura. Para as uvas rústicas, somente o litoral do estado do Paraná não foi considerado apto ao cultivo. Para o cultivo de uvas finas de mesa, somente as regiões norte, noroeste e oeste são consideradas aptas, e para as uvas finas destinadas à vinificação, somente o litoral e a região leste não são considerados aptos, segundo os critérios estabelecidos.

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