RESUMO
Resumen Introducción: en pacientes con obstrucción biliar distal maligna en quienes la derivación biliar mediante colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica (CPRE) no sea factible o sea fallida, el drenaje biliar guiado por ultrasonido endoscópico mediante coledocoduodenostomía es una opción terapéutica viable, de la que se describen altas tasas de éxito técnico y clínico con una baja morbimortalidad. Adicionalmente, este método podría ser superior en la mejora de la calidad de vida en comparación con el manejo percutáneo o quirúrgico. Objetivo: describir la experiencia inicial con el drenaje biliar guiado por ultrasonido endoscópico en pacientes con obstrucción biliar maligna en un centro de referencia. Métodos: es una serie de casos retrospectiva de 6 pacientes con obstrucción biliar maligna a quienes se les realizó inicialmente una CPRE que fue fallida, por lo cual se procedió a realizar coledocoduodenostomía guiada por ultrasonografía endoscópica. Se describieron las tasas de éxito técnico, éxito clínico, eventos adversos, tasas de disfunción y tiempo de supervivencia de los pacientes. Resultados: se analizaron 6 casos, predominó el sexo femenino, con un promedio de edad de 71,8 ± 19,8 años; las indicaciones fueron adenocarcinoma de páncreas, tumor periampular y colangiocarcinoma distal. Se observó un éxito técnico en el 100 % de los casos y éxito clínico en 83,3 % de los casos. No se registraron eventos adversos graves. En el seguimiento de los casos se observó una supervivencia del 66,7 % a los 30 días. Conclusión: la coledocoduodenostomía es una alternativa terapéutica viable, segura y efectiva en pacientes con obstrucción biliar maligna en quienes la CPRE fue fallida, con una alta tasa de éxito técnico y clínico.
Abstract Introduction: Patients with malignant biliary distal obstruction who cannot be treated with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) or who had a failed ERCP, can find alternative treatment in endoscopic ultrasound-guided biliary drainage via choledochoduodenostomy. EUS-CDS performs with high rates of technical and clinical success and with low rates of morbimortality. Moreover, this method could have the potential to improve the patient's quality of life, compared with percutaneous or surgical means. Objective: This study aims to describe the initial experience with endoscopic ultrasound-guided biliary drainage in patients with malignant biliary distal obstruction in a reference center. Methods: Retrospective case review of six patients with malignant biliary obstruction and prior ERCP-placed and failed. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided biliary drainage via choledochoduodenostomy was performed as an alternative method. Technical and clinical success rates, adverse event rates, dysfunction rates, and patient survival time were described. Results: 6 cases were analyzed with a higher proportion of female patients, with a mean age of 71,8 ± 19,8 years. The symptoms were related to pancreas adenocarcinoma, periampullary tumor, and distal cholangiocarcinoma. The procedure was technically successful in 100% of cases and clinically successful in 83% of cases. Serious adverse events were nor reported. After 30 days, a survival rate of 66,7 % was observed. Conclusion: Choledochoduodenostomy is a viable, safe, and effective method in patients with malignant biliary obstruction who had a failed ERCP, and it has high rates of technical and clinical success.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Encaminhamento e Consulta , Coledocostomia , Adenocarcinoma , Colestase Intra-Hepática , Colangiopancreatografia Retrógrada Endoscópica , Endossonografia , Pâncreas , Drenagem , Indicadores de Morbimortalidade , NeoplasiasRESUMO
RESUMEN Anteriormente, cuando se diagnosticaba litiasis en la vía biliar, el procedimiento consistía en una co lecistectomía, coledocotomía, extracción de los cálculos y colocación de un drenaje de Kehr. En otros casos se podía hacer papiloesfinteroplastia o una derivación biliodigestiva. Actualmente tenemos mu chas herramientas diagnósticas y terapéuticas como la colangiorresonancia, la pancreatocolangio grafía retrógrada endoscópica, la cirugía laparoscópica de la vía biliar, la ecoendoscopia y la ecografía intraoperatoria. Los procesos de decisiones son más complejos y sin un sustento con evidencia con cluyente. Tenemos estudios que enfocan parceladamente el tema, por lo que, dependiendo de si el diagnóstico se hace antes o durante la colecistectomía laparoscópica, el cirujano empleará su sentido común individualizando cada caso. El manejo ideal de la litiasis de la vía biliar sigue siendo motivo de controversia. Decidir por un manejo endoscópico, laparoscópico o convencional requiere logística, entrenamiento y juicio clínico adecua dos. La cirugía convencional sigue siendo una opción vigente.
ABSTRACT Previously, when a surgeon diagnosed bile duct lithiasis, he/she performed cholecystectomy, chole docotomy, stone removal and placement of a Kehr's "T" tube. Some cases might require sphinctero plasty or bilio-digestive bypass. Nowadays, magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography, endosco pic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, endoscopic ultrasound and intraoperative ultrasound have emerged as diagnostic and therapeutic tools. Decision-making processes are complex and there is no conclusive evidence supporting them. Many studies have focused on the matter with a non-compre hensive approach so that each surgeon will use his/her common sense for each individual case. The optimal management of the common bile duct is still controversial. Deciding on endoscopic, lapa roscopic or conventional management requires adequate training and clinical judgment. Conventional surgery is still in valid option.
Assuntos
Ducto Colédoco/cirurgia , Litíase/cirurgia , Ductos Biliares , Coledocostomia , Colecistectomia , Colangite/cirurgia , Litíase/terapiaRESUMO
Se presenta el caso clínico de una paciente de 27 años de edad, con antecedentes de colecistectomía convencional desde hacía 10 meses por aparente colecistitis, quien acudió al Hospital Luis Vernaza de Guayaquil, Ecuador, por presentar ictericia y dolor abdominal. Teniendo en cuenta los hallazgos clínicos, de laboratorio e imagenológicos se le diagnosticó sepsis de foco abdominal, colangitis y coledocolitiasis. Durante la intervención quirúrgica se observó la presencia de 2 Ascaris lumbricoides y cálculo de colesterol en la vía biliar, por lo que se le realizó una derivación bilioentérica. Después de algunas complicaciones como insuficiencia respiratoria y descompensación hemodinámica, la paciente egresó de la institución a los 25 días de operada, con seguimiento por consulta externa durante 2 meses.
The case report of a 27 years patient is presented, with history of conventional cholecystectomy for 10 months due to apparent cholecystitis who went to Luis Vernaza Hospital in Guayaquil, Ecuador, presenting jaundice and abdominal pain. Taking into account the clinical, laboratory and imaging findings a sepsis of abdominal focus, cholangitis and choledocolithiasis was diagnosed. During the surgical intervention the presence of 2 Ascaris lumbricoides and cholesterol calculi in the bile duct was observed, reason why a bilioenteric bypass was carried out. After some complications such as breathing failure and hemodynamic upset, the patient was discharged from the institution 25 days after the surgery, with follow up in outpatient clinics during 2 months.
Assuntos
Ascaridíase/diagnóstico , Ductos Biliares/cirurgia , Coledocostomia , Ascaridíase/diagnóstico por imagem , Ascaris lumbricoides , AdultoRESUMO
Resumen El tratamiento de la coledocolitiasis ha evolucionado de forma significativa desde que Robert Abbe realizó la primera coledocotomía y la exploración de las vías biliares en Nueva York, en 1889. La colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica (CPRE), que inicialmente fue un método diagnóstico, ahora solo tiene validez como método terapéutico. En la actualidad, los principales métodos diagnósticos son la colangioresonancia magnética (CRM) y la ultrasonografía endoscópica (USE). El tratamiento de la coledocolitiasis pasó de la técnica quirúrgica abierta -en la que, de forma rutinaria, se realizaba la coledocorrafia sobre un tubo de Kehr o tubo en T- a la endoscópica, mediante el uso de la CPRE, la esfinteroplastia y la instrumentación con balones y canastilla. Hoy en día se dispone de técnicas adicionales como la litotricia mecánica (LM) o extracorpórea, la dilatación con balón (DB) de gran tamaño y el Spyglass ® . La técnica laparoscópica se usa desde hace varios años, en diversas partes del mundo, para el tratamiento de la coledocolitiasis. Estudios recientes proponen incluso el cierre primario del colédoco o la coledocoduodenostomía, con lo cual no sería necesaria la utilización del tubo en T. Pero en muchos otros sitios, y por diversas razones, se continúa usando la exploración quirúrgica abierta y el tubo en T, que representa una importante opción en el tratamiento de algunos pacientes. Caso clínico: paciente masculino de 88 años, con coledocolitiasis recidivante, cálculo gigante de difícil manejo endoscópico y sepsis de origen biliar, que requirió drenaje quirúrgico abierto de urgencias. Se realizó una coledocotomía, y se dejó el tubo en T. Posteriormente, se efectuó un tratamiento exitoso conjunto, mediante instrumentación por el tubo en T, por parte de cirugía general, y CPRE, por gastroenterología.
Abstract The treatment of choledocholithiasis has evolved significantly since Robert Abbé performed the first bile duct exploration via choledochotomy in New York in 1889. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), which was initially used for diagnosis, is now only valid as a therapeutic tool. Currently, the main diagnostic methods are magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) and endoscopic ultrasound (EUS). The treatment of choledocholithiasis moved from the open surgery in which biliary stenting was routinely performed on a Kehr tube or T-tube, to the endoscopic technique using ERCP, sphincteroplasty and instrumentation with balloons and baskets. Additional techniques are now available such as mechanical or extra-corporeal lithotripsy, endoscopic papillary large balloon dilation and SpyGlass cholangioscopy. The laparoscopic technique has been used for several years in different parts of the world for the treatment of choledocholithiasis. Recent studies even propose performing the primary closure of the bile duct or choledochoduodenostomy, so that the T-tube is not necessary. However, in many other places, and for a variety of reasons, open exploratory surgery and the T-tube continue to be used, being an important option in the treatment of some patients. Case presentation: 88-year-old male patient with recurrent choledocholithiasis and a giant gallstone that was difficult to treat endoscopically, with sepsis of biliary origin, which required open surgical drainage at the emergency room. Choledocotomy was performed, and a T-tube was inserted at the site. Subsequently, a successful joint treatment was performed by the General Surgery Service and the Gastroenterology Service, using T-tube instrumentation and ERCP, respectively.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Colangiopancreatografia Retrógrada Endoscópica , Coledocolitíase , Cirurgia Geral , Ductos Biliares , Coledocostomia , MecânicaRESUMO
Sump syndrome (SS) is associated with choledocho-duodenostomy (CDD) dysfunction, which occurs due to accumulation of detritus, biliary mud and food remains in the suprapapillary distal common bile duct. The prevalence is low after CDD. Currently, biliary drainage endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided with a lumen-apposing metal stent (LAMS) is a new minimally invasive alternative for biliary stenosis for patients in whom endoscopy retrograde cholangial-pancreatography (ERCP) is not feasible. CDD via EUS-guided LAMS is increasing. Thus, SS has become a potential associated complication that was previously unreported in the literature.
Assuntos
Coledocostomia/efeitos adversos , Endossonografia/efeitos adversos , Síndrome Pós-Colecistectomia/etiologia , Stents/efeitos adversos , Colangiopancreatografia Retrógrada Endoscópica , Coledocostomia/métodos , Colestase/terapia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Endoscopic ultrasound-guided biliary drainage (EUS-BD) has emerged as an alternative in cases of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) failure. Two types of EUS-BD methods for achieving biliary drainage when ERCP fails are choledochoduodenostomy (CDS) or hepaticogastrostomy (HGS). However, there is no consensus if one approach is better than the other. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate these 2 main EUS-BD methods. METHODS: We searched MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane database, LILACS from inception through April 8, 2017, using the following search terms in various combinations: biliary drainage, biliary stent, transluminal biliary drainage, choledochoduodenostomy, hepaticogastrostomy, endoscopic ultrasound-guided biliary drainage. We selected studies comparing CDS and HGS in patients with malignant biliary obstruction with ERCP failure. Pooled odds ratio (OR) were calculated for technical success, clinical success, and adverse events and difference of means calculated for duration of procedure and survival after procedure. RESULTS: A total of 10 studies with 434 patients were included in the meta-analysis: 208 underwent biliary drainage via HGS and the remaining 226 via CDS. The technical success for CDS and HGS was 94.1% and 93.7%, respectively, pooled OR=0.96 [95% confidence interval (CI)=0.39-2.33, I=0%]. Clinical success was 88.5% in CDS and 84.5% in HGS, pooled OR=0.76 (95% CI=0.42-1.35, I=17%). There was no difference for adverse events OR=0.97 (95% CI=0.60-1.56), I=37%. CDS was about 2 minutes faster with a pooled difference in means of was -2.69 (95% CI=-4.44 to -0.95). CONCLUSION: EUS-CDS and EUS-HGS have equal efficacy and safety, and are both associated with a very high technical and clinical success. The choice of approach may be selected based on patient anatomy.
Assuntos
Coledocostomia/métodos , Endossonografia/métodos , Gastrostomia/métodos , Colangiopancreatografia Retrógrada Endoscópica/métodos , Coledocostomia/efeitos adversos , Drenagem/métodos , Gastrostomia/efeitos adversos , Humanos , Fígado/cirurgia , Stents , Ultrassonografia de Intervenção/métodosRESUMO
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Biliary atresia and other liver biliary obstructions are relevant conditions in pediatric surgery due to their progression to biliary cirrhosis and indication for liver transplantation. It is known that the period during which biliary obstruction persists determines the development of cirrhosis and its reversibility after a biliary drainage procedure. However, no time or histological markers of biliary cirrhosis reversibility have been established. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred and twenty-nine young Wistar rats underwent surgery for ligation of the common bile duct and were maintained until 8weeks. A part of these animals was submitted to biliary drainage surgery at 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6weeks after the initial procedure. After cyst formation at the site of obstruction, cyst-jejunal anastomosis was performed to restore bile flow. After biliary obstruction and drainage, liver samples were collected for histological and molecular analysis of the genes responsible for collagen deposition and fibrosis. RESULTS: The mortality rates were 39.8% and 56.7% after the first and second procedures, respectively. Ductular proliferation (p=0.001) and collagen deposition increased according to the period under obstruction (p=0.0001), and both alterations were partially reduced after biliary drainage. There were no significant differences in the values of desmin and α-actin according to the period during which the animal remained with biliary obstruction (p=0.09 and p=0.3, respectively), although increased values of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFß1) occurred after 8weeks (p=0.000). Desmin levels decreased, and α-actin and TGFß1 levels increased according to the period under obstruction. The molecular alterations were partially reversed after biliary drainage. CONCLUSIONS: The histologic and molecular changes in the liver parenchyma promoted by biliary obstruction in the young animal can be partially reversed by a biliary drainage procedure.
Assuntos
Anastomose Cirúrgica , Coledocostomia/métodos , Cirrose Hepática Biliar/cirurgia , Alanina Transaminase/sangue , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
La fistulas biliares internas son consideras una complicación poco frecuente de las enfermedad biliar y aún más raras del ulcus duodenal. Constituyen un hallazgo ocasional durante la colangiografía retrograda endoscópica durante el estudio de la enfermedad biliar recurrente. Se relaciona principalmente con la litiasis vesicular complicada. Puede afectar hasta un 2 por ciento del total de los pacientes con enfermedad biliar y se asocia a una mayor incidencia de carcinoma de este sistema. La localización más habitual es entre la vesícula y el duodeno (colecistoduodenal) en un 72 - 80 por ciento de los casos. La coledocoduodenal -la cual se relaciona con el caso a reportar- es de las menos frecuentes, la cual se encuentra solo en 3-5 por ciento. Se presenta a un paciente masculino de 44 años, operado hace 26 años de úlcera duodenal perforada. En octubre de 2015 debutó con íctero ligero, coluria y dolor en hipocondrio derecho, que impresionó hepatitis toxica, cuadro que recurrió en varias ocasiones. Durante el estudio realizado en su última crisis, se halló una fístula coledocoduodenal, se remitió a nuestro centro para tratamiento quirúrgico. Debido a lo infrecuente del caso, se decidió realizar revisión de la literatura actual y su presentación(AU)
Internal biliary fistulas are considered a rare complication of biliary disease and even rarer of duodenal ulcers. They are an occasional finding during endoscopic retrograde cholangiography during the study of recurrent biliary disease. It is mainly related to complicated vesicular lithiasis. It can affect up to 2 percent of all patients with biliary disease and is associated with a higher incidence of carcinoma in this system. The most common localization is between the gallbladder and the duodenum (cholecystoduodenal) in 72-80 percent of cases. The choledocoduodenal type, related to the case to be reported, is the least frequent, which is found in 3-5 percent of the cases. A case is presented of a 44-year-old male patient, operated 26 years ago for perforated duodenal ulcer. In October 2015, the patient debuted with light icterus, choluria and pain to the right hypochondrium, which seemed to be toxic hepatitis, a clincal frame that relapsed in several occasions. During the study performed in his last crisis, a choledochoduodenal fistula was found and he was referred to our center for surgical treatment. Due to the infrequent case, it was decided to review the current literature and its presentation(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Fístula Biliar/complicações , Fístula Biliar/diagnóstico , Colangite/complicações , Coledocostomia/métodos , Literatura de Revisão como AssuntoRESUMO
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is considered the first-approach for biliary drainage. In cases of ERCP failure, patients are usually referred for percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage or surgical biliary bypass. In the last decade, the indications of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) in the management of patients with pancreatic cancer have increased, and numerous cases of EUS-guided biliary drainage have been reported in patients with failures during the ERCP. Our goal is to report a patient with locally advanced pancreatic cancer who presented with painless jaundice and cholestasis with biliary and duodenal obstruction. A EUS-guided choledochoduodenostomy was performed by placement of a self-expanding metal stent.
Assuntos
Adenocarcinoma/cirurgia , Coledocostomia/métodos , Obstrução Duodenal/cirurgia , Duodenoscopia/métodos , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/cirurgia , Adenocarcinoma/diagnóstico por imagem , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Colestase/complicações , Obstrução Duodenal/diagnóstico por imagem , Feminino , Humanos , Icterícia Obstrutiva/complicações , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/diagnóstico por imagem , Stents Metálicos Autoexpansíveis , UltrassonografiaRESUMO
La colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica (CPRE) se considera el tratamiento de primera línea para el drenaje biliar en pacientes con cáncer de páncreas. En los casos de fracaso por CPRE, generalmente se realiza un drenaje biliar transparietohepático o una derivación biliar quirúrgica. En la última década, las indicaciones y la utilidad de la ecoendoscopia en pacientes con cáncer de páncreas han ido creciendo, y se han informado numerosos casos de drenajes biliares guiados por ecoendoscopia como una alternativa al drenaje biliar percutáneo o quirúrgico en fracasos en la CPRE. Nuestro objetivo es comunicar un caso con cáncer de páncreas localmente avanzado que se presentó con ictericia indolora y síndrome coledociano con obstrucción biliar y duodenal, en el que se realizó una colédoco-duodenostomía guiada por ecoendoscopia mediante la colocación de una prótesis metálica autoexpandible.
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is considered the first-approach for biliary drainage. In cases of ERCP failure, patients are usually referred for percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage or surgical biliary bypass. In the last decade, the indications of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) in the management of patients with pancreatic cancer have increased, and numerous cases of EUS-guided biliary drainage have been reported in patients with failures during the ERCP. Our goal is to report a patient with locally advanced pancreatic cancer who presented with painless jaundice and cholestasis with biliary and duodenal obstruction. A EUS-guided choledochoduodenostomy was performed by placement of a self-expanding metal stent.