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OBJECTIVE: To perform a comparative analysis of health care expenses and outcomes in response to the question: What is the cost-effectiveness of intralesional and perilesional recombinant human epidermal growth factor (rhEGF) compared with hydrocolloid therapy in patients diagnosed with chronic venous insufficiency without infection in Colombia? METHODS: A Markov model was used to determine cost effectiveness over a 5-year period, considering the perspective of the health system in Colombia. The study included patients aged >18 years diagnosed with chronic venous insufficiency and used clinical studies to calculate the probabilities of epithelialization, infection, recurrence, and mortality. RESULTS: RhEGF is more expensive per unit than hydrocolloids, but it is proven to be effective at healing ulcers in 8 to 12 weeks, even in complex cases. Hydrocolloids, in contrast, typically require 29.5 weeks on average, and ≤46 weeks for complex cases. Despite the cost, rhEGF is more cost effective because it achieves results comparable with hydrocolloid therapy at a lower cost per additional quality-adjusted life-year. CONCLUSIONS: Based on cost-effectiveness analysis, rhEGF is a superior alternative to hydrocolloids for treating venous ulcers in Colombia. Not only is it more affordable, but it also enhances patients' quality of life and streamlines the health care system's resource use.

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BACKGROUND: Patients undergoing abdominal surgery for solid tumours frequently develop major postoperative complications, which negatively affect quality of life, costs of care and survival. Few studies have identified the determinants of perioperative complications in this group. METHODS: We performed a prospective observational study including all patients (age > 18) undergoing abdominal surgery for cancer at a single institution between June 2011 and August 2013. Patients undergoing emergency surgery, palliative procedures, or participating in other studies were excluded. Primary outcome was a composite of 30-day all-cause mortality and infectious, cardiovascular, respiratory, neurologic, renal and surgical complications. Univariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to identify predictive factors for major perioperative adverse events. RESULTS: Of a total 308 included patients, 106 (34.4%) developed a major complication during the 30-day follow-up period. Independent predictors of postoperative major complications were: age (odds ratio [OR] 1.03 [95% CI 1.01-1.06], p = 0.012 per year), ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists) physical status greater than or equal to 3 (OR 2.61 [95% CI 1.33-5.17], p = 0.003), a preoperative haemoglobin level lower than 12 g/dL (OR 2.13 [95% CI 1.21-4.07], p = 0.014), intraoperative use of colloids (OR 1.89, [95% CI 1.03-4.07], p = 0.047), total amount of intravenous fluids (OR 1.22 [95% CI 0.98-1.59], p = 0.106 per litre), intraoperative blood losses greater than 500 mL (2.07 [95% CI 1.00-4.31], p = 0.043), and hypotension needing vasopressor support (OR 4.68 [95% CI 1.55-27.72], p = 0.004). The model had good discrimination with the area under the ROC curve being 0.80 (95% CI 0.75-0.84, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that a perioperative strategy aimed at reducing perioperative complications in cancer surgery should include treatment of preoperative anaemia and an optimal fluid strategy, avoiding fluid overload and intraoperative use of colloids.

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OBJECTIVE: to identify costs of dressings to prevent sacral pressure ulcers in an adult intensive care unit in Paraná, Brazil. METHODS: secondary analysis study with 25 patients admitted between October 2013 and March 2014, using transparent polyurethane film (n=15) or hydrocolloid dressing (n=10) on the sacral region. The cost of each intervention was based on the unit amount used in each type of dressing, and its purchase price (transparent film = R$15.80, hydrocolloid dressing = R$68.00). RESULTS: the mean cost/patient was R$23.17 for use of transparent film and R$190.40 for use of hydrocolloid dressing. The main reason for changing the dressing was detachment. CONCLUSION: the transparent film was the most economically advantageous alternative to prevent sacral pressure ulcers in critical care patients. However, additional studies should be carried out including assessment of the effectiveness of both dressings.

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RESUMO Objetivo: identificar os custos com coberturas na prevenção de úlcera por pressão sacral em uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva para Adultos do Paraná, Brasil. Métodos: pesquisa de análise secundária com 25 pacientes internados entre outubro/2013 e março/2014, que utilizaram filme transparente de poliuretano (n=15) ou placa hidrocoloide (n=10) na região do sacro. O custo de cada intervenção se baseou na quantidade unitária utilizada, em cada tipo de cobertura e seu preço de aquisição (filme transparente = R$15,80, hidrocoloide = R$68,00). Resultados: O custo médio/paciente foi de R$23,17 para uso do filme transparente e de R$190,40 para uso de hidrocoloide. O principal motivo para a troca de cobertura foi o descolamento. Conclusão: O filme transparente consistiu na alternativa economicamente mais vantajosa para a prevenção de úlcera por pressão sacral em pacientes críticos; mas são necessários estudos adicionais que incluam a avaliação da efetividade de ambas as coberturas.

RESUMEN Objetivo: identificar los costos de apósitos para la prevención de úlcera por presión sacra en una Unidad de Terapia Intensiva de Adultos en Paraná, Brasil. Métodos: investigación de análisis secundario con 25 pacientes internados entre octubre de 2013 y marzo de 2014, que utilizaron film transparente de poliuretano (n=15) o placa hidrocoloide (n=10) en la región sacra. El costo de cada intervención se basó en la cantidad unitaria utilizada, en cada tipo de cobertura y su costo de adquisición (film transparente = R$15,80, hidrocoloide = R$68,00). Resultados: el costo promedio/paciente fue de R$23,17 usando film transparente y R$190,40 usando hidrocoloide. El principal motivo de cambio fue la mala adhesión. Conclusión: el film tranparente constituyó la alternativa económica más ventajosa para la prevención de la úlcera por presión sacra en pacientes críticos, pero se necesita de estudios adicionales que incluyan la evaluación de la efectividad de ambos apósitos.

ABSTRACT Objective: to identify costs of dressings to prevent sacral pressure ulcers in an adult intensive care unit in Paraná, Brazil. Methods: secondary analysis study with 25 patients admitted between October 2013 and March 2014, using transparent polyurethane film (n=15) or hydrocolloid dressing (n=10) on the sacral region. The cost of each intervention was based on the unit amount used in each type of dressing, and its purchase price (transparent film = R$15.80, hydrocolloid dressing = R$68.00). Results: the mean cost/patient was R$23.17 for use of transparent film and R$190.40 for use of hydrocolloid dressing. The main reason for changing the dressing was detachment. Conclusion: the transparent film was the most economically advantageous alternative to prevent sacral pressure ulcers in critical care patients. However, additional studies should be carried out including assessment of the effectiveness of both dressings.

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AIM: The goal of this study was to perform a systematic review of the literature assessing the use of colloids for the initial treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock in pediatric patients. DESIGN: The PICO [Patient, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome] method was used for the selection of studies, and the Cochrane Bias Tool was used to analyze the quality of the selected studies. DATA SEARCH: Relevant studies were sought using the following databases: EMBASE (1980 to March 2014), PubMed (1970 to March 2014), Cochrane (1980 to March 2014), Web of Science, and Scopus. Searches used the following key words: isotonic solution, crystalloid, saline solution, colloid, resuscitation, fluid therapy, sepsis and septic shock, starch, and gelatin. The filters children and clinical trial were used when possible. REVIEW METHOD: Study selection was performed by 1 examiner. The selected articles were analyzed by 2 examiners who validated the articles according to the Cochrane Bias Tool. Discrepancies were resolved by consensus or by a third examiner. RESULT: A total of 110 articles were selected based on the key words. Of these, 99 were excluded because they assessed postoperative follow-up, burn cases, cardiac surgery, or nutritional therapy or were review articles, guidelines, or editorials. One study was included after an analysis of previous reviews. A total of 12 articles were selected for analysis because they were reports of clinical trials conducted with prospective cohorts and they analyzed the use of crystalloids and colloids or colloids only in the initial treatment of severe sepsis or septic shock in children and adolescents. The total number of patients was 4375, and they ranged in age from 2 months to 15 years, with most patients between 5 and 15 years. Five studies assessed patients diagnosed with malaria, 5 assessed patients with dengue shock syndrome, 1 studied febrile diseases, and 1 examined the progression of patients with septic shock caused by various causes. CONCLUSIONS: The studies analyzed did not find evidence to suggest that the use of colloids is superior to crystalloids. In some studies, the fluid volume needed to achieve initial stabilization was smaller in the group given colloids. Crystalloids are the preferred therapeutic option because of their effectiveness, low cost, and wide availability. Colloids may be the first choice in cases of malaria when the central nervous system is affected.

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OBJECTIVE: To compare the performance and effectiveness of a hydrocolloid dressing (HD) and a transparent polyurethane film (PF) in preventing pressure ulcer (PU) development. METHOD: The study was conducted in the intensive care unit, coronary care unit and medical clinic of the Holy House of Mercy of Passos, Brazil. Data were collected 48 hours after admission and during hospitalisation. The Braden scale was used for PU risk assessment. Consecutive eligible patients without PUs were randomly assigned by lottery to the two groups, either the HD or PF group. RESULTS: Of the 160 eligible patients, significant between-group differences were found in the mean total number of dressing changes (HD, 6.09±1.655 changes; PF, 5.59±2.036 changes; p=0.010), and mean number of dressing changes in the sacral region (HD, 2.50±0.871; PF, 2.05±0.825; p=0.001), with the PF group requiring significantly fewer changes than the HD group. The most common reasons for changing dressings in both groups were moisture (PF 51.1%; HD 47.9%) and shear (HD 43%; PF 38.9%), with a significant difference in shear between groups. The incidence of PUs was significantly lower (p=0.038) in the PF group (8.7%) compared with that in the HD group (15%). CONCLUSION: The results suggest that the transparent polyurethane film had a better performance and was more effective than the hydrocolloid dressing in preventing PU development.

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Hydrocolloid and calcium alginate are used to treat cutaneous injuries and many health professionals do not know about its cicatrization effects. This study had the objective to identify the evidences of the action of the hydrocolloid and calcium alginate dressing in the treatment of cutaneous injuries. The method of integrative review was used. 12 studies with evidence levels I, II, III and IV were part of the sample; they were composed by patients with cutaneous injuries treated in any period of time with hydrocolloid dressing or calcium alginate. The evaluated outcomes had been reduction of the area, cicatrization of the injury, rate of cicatrization, time and infection. The results had allowed establishing three recommendations for the use of hydrocolloid and none for use of alginate of calcium in the treatment of chronic injury.

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Hidrocolóide e alginato de cálcio são utilizados no tratamento de lesões cutâneas e muitos profissionais da saúde desconhecem as evidências que sustentam sua indicação na cicatrização. Objetivou-se nesse estudo identificar evidências da ação da placa de hidrocolóide e alginato de cálcio no tratamento de lesão cutânea. Utilizou-se o método de revisão integrativa da literatura. Fizeram parte da amostra 12 estudos com nível de evidências I, II, III e IV, formados por pacientes com lesão cutânea tratada durante qualquer período de tempo com hidrocolóide placa ou alginato de cálcio. Os desfechos avaliados foram redução da área, cicatrização da lesão, taxa de cicatrização, tempo e infecção. Os resultados permitiram estabelecer três recomendações para o uso de hidrocolóide e nenhuma para uso de alginato de cálcio no tratamento de lesão crônica.

Hydrocolloid and calcium alginate are used to treat cutaneous injuries and many health professionals do not know about its cicatrization effects. This study had the objective to identify the evidences of the action of the hydrocolloid and calcium alginate dressing in the treatment of cutaneous injuries. The method of integrative review was used. 12 studies with evidence levels I, II, III and IV were part of the sample; they were composed by patients with cutaneous injuries treated in any period of time with hydrocolloid dressing or calcium alginate. The evaluated outcomes had been reduction of the area, cicatrization of the injury, rate of cicatrization, time and infection. The results had allowed establishing three recommendations for the use of hydrocolloid and none for use of alginate of calcium in the treatment of chronic injury.

El hidrocoloide y el alginato de calcio se utilizan en el tratamiento de lesiones en la piel y muchos profesionales de la salud desconocen sus efectos sobre la cicatrización de heridas. Este estudio pretende identificar evidencia de acción de placas de alginato de calcio y de hidrocoloide para el tratamiento de la lesión cutánea. Se utilizó el método de revisión integradora. Fueran incluidos en la muestra 12 estudios con nivel de evidencia I, II, III y IV, formado por pacientes con lesión cutánea tratado durante cualquier período de tiempo con hidrocoloide placa o con alginato de calcio. Los resultados evaluados fueran reducción del área, cicatrización de lesión, tasa de cicatrización, tiempo e infección. Los resultados han permitido establecer tres recomendaciones para el uso del hidrocoloide y ninguna para el uso del alginato de calcio en el tratamiento de heridas.

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Colloids are frequently used for fluid expansion in the intensive care unit, although its use on several clinical scenarios remains unproven of any relevant clinical benefit. The purpose of this article was to carry out a narrative review regarding the safety and efficacy of colloids in patients with sepsis and septic shock, with emphasis on the most commonly used colloids, albumin and starches. Colloids are effective fluid expanders and are able to restore the hemodynamic profile with less total volume than crystalloids. These properties appear to be preserved even in patients with sepsis with increased capillary permeability. However, some colloids are associated with renal impairment and coagulation abnormalities. Starch use was associated with increased mortality in two large clinical trials. Also, starches probably have significant renal adverse effects and may be related to more need for renal replacement therapy in severe sepsis. Albumin is the only colloid that has been shown safe in patients with sepsis and that may be associated with improved outcomes on specific subpopulations. No trial so far found any robust clinical end point favoring colloid use in patients with sepsis. Because there is no proven benefit of the use of most colloids in patients with sepsis, its use should not be encouraged outside clinical trials. Albumin is the only colloid solution that has proven to be safe, and its use may be considered on hypoalbuminemic patients with sepsis. Nevertheless, there are no robust data to recommend routine albumin administration in sepsis. Starch use should be avoided in patients with sepsis because of the recent findings of a multicenter randomized study until further evidence is available.

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