RESUMO

The bulk density values indicative of compaction in clayey soils correspond to a wide range of values (1.30-1.47 Mg m-3), due to the diverse types of soil management. Our hypothesis is that if we consider bulk density values within similar management groups (those that fall to the ground and those that do not fall), the values will be more accurate within each management group. Our objective in this work was to analyze using the concepts of (Yates & Cochran, 1938; Whitehead, 2002) what is a suitable statistical way of grouping these results to reach a consensus regarding a tested hypothesis, the greatest number of density values surveyed between 1977 and 2021, considered for the study of compaction in clayey Oxisols under different managements, to verify whether our hypothesis will be confirmed. We selected 1,521 studies with bulk densities in the literature, corresponding to 44 years (1977 and 2021), which were analyzed by a statistical technique that integrates the results of two or more independent studies on the same subject and combines them into a summary measure (portion forestry). From the data collected in the literature, it was possible to separate two groups of bulk density and management in clayey soils indicative of compaction: the managements that perform little or no manipulation of the soil, such as pasture and no-tillage, densities between 1.41-1.45 Mg.m-3 (average 1.43 Mg m-3), and for the others, such as conventional plowing and minimum tillage, soil densities between 1.31-1.38 Mg.m-3 (average 1.35 Mg m-3). Finally, we conclude that compaction must be analyzed considering the texture and type of soil management.(AU)

Os valores de densidade do solo indicativos de compactação em solos argilosos correspondem a uma ampla faixa de valores (1,30-1,47 Mg m-3), devido aos diversos tipos de manejo do solo. Nossa hipótese é que se considerarmos os valores de densidade do solo dentro de grupos de manejo semelhantes (os que caem no chão e os que não caem), os valores serão mais precisos dentro de cada grupo de manejo. Nosso objetivo neste trabalho foi analisar usando os conceitos de (Yates & Cochran, 1938; Whitehead, 2002) qual é uma forma estatística adequada de agrupar esses resultados para chegar a um consenso sobre uma hipótese testada, o maior número dos valores de densidade levantados entre 1977 e 2021, considerados para o estudo da compactação em Latossolos argilosos sob diferentes manejos, para verificar se nossa hipótese será confirmada. Selecionamos 1.521 estudos com densidades do solo na literatura, correspondentes a 44 anos (1977 e 2021), que foram analisados por uma técnica estatística que integra os resultados de dois ou mais estudos independentes sobre o mesmo assunto e os combina em uma medida resumida (forest plot). A partir dos dados levantados na literatura, foi possível separar dois grupos de densidade do solo e manejo em solos argilosos indicativos de compactação: os manejos que realizam pouca ou nenhuma manipulação do solo, como pastagem e plantio direto, densidades entre 1,41 -1,45 Mg.m-3 (média 1,43 Mg m-3), e para as demais, como aração convencional e preparo mínimo, densidades de solo entre 1,31-1,38 Mg.m-3 (média 1,35 Mg m-3). Por fim, concluímos que a compactação deve ser analisada considerando a textura e o tipo de manejo do solo.(AU)

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At critical levels, animal trampling can physically degrade soil, leading to the loss of sustainability of agricultural production. Therefore, it is becomes necessary to model and quantify the soil compaction potential. In this context, the objective was to evaluate the occurrence of soil compaction promoted by animal trampling in crop-livestock integration system (ICL). The study was conducted in a field at Centro Tecnológico da Comigo in the municipality of Rio Verde, Goias state, Brazil, during the agricultural off-season. The experimental area was composed of 1.97 ha, which was equally divided into eight paddocks. Soil was sampled before the grazing phase and after each of four grazing cycles. The compressive behavior of the soil was evaluated by determining the pre-consolidation and critical pressures. The results showed that only the first cycle of grazing showed additional compaction in 14.59% of samples. No critical compaction was observed in the evaluated area. Animal trampling under the studied conditions is not responsible for the dissemination of structural soil degradation in crop-livestock integration systems and may contribute to physical improvement resulting from biological soil loosening.(AU)

Em níveis críticos, o pisoteio animal podem degradar fisicamente o solo, levando à perda de sustentabilidade da produção agrícola. Portanto, torna-se necessário modelar e quantificar o potencial de compactação do solo. Neste contexto, objetivou-se avaliar a ocorrência da compactação do solo promovida pelo pisoteio animal em sistema de integração lavoura-pecuária (ILP). O estudo foi conduzido a campo no Centro Tecnológico da Comigo no município de Rio Verde, Goiás, Brasil durante o período da segunda safra da agricultura. A área experimental foi composta de 1,97 hectares, dividida igualmente em oito piquetes. O solo foi amostrado antes da fase de pastejo e após cada um dos quatro ciclos de pastejo. Foi avaliado o comportamento compressivo do solo, a partir da determinação da pressão de pré-consolidação e da pressão crítica. Os resultados mostraram que somente o primeiro ciclo de pastejo apresentou compactação adicional e em 4,59% das amostras. Não houve compactação crítica na área avaliada. O pisoteio animal nas condições estudadas não é responsável pela disseminação da degradação estrutural do solo em sistemas de integração lavoura-pecuária, podendo contribuir eventualmente até com a melhoria física decorrente da descompactação biológica do solo.(AU)

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The objective of the present study was to evaluate losses, production and polluting potential of the effluent, nutritional value and aerobic stability of silages of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Paiaguás grass, in different particle sizes and compaction density in silage. Three theoretical particle sizes (TTP 5; 8 and 12mm) and three compaction densities (DC 550; 600 and 650kg/m3) were evaluated, distributed in a factorial design (3 x 3), with four repetitions. The highest volume of effluent was found in silages with higher compaction densities (600 and 650kg/m3) and lower TTP (5 and 8mm). The highest chemical oxygen demand and biochemical oxygen demand were registered in the treatment with TTP of 5mm and higher DC (600 and 650kg/m3). Greater in vitro digestibility of DM was verified in the silage chopped at 5 and 8mm. There was no break in aerobic stability for 216 hours. Silage with a low compaction density 550kg/m3 and processing with a theoretical particle size of 12mm reduces effluent losses. In general, the nutritional value of Paiaguás grass was not influenced by the treatments. Different particle sizes and compaction density did not change the aerobic stability of silages.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar perdas, produção e potencial poluidor do efluente, valor nutricional e estabilidade aeróbia de silagens do capim Brachiaria brizantha cv. Paiaguás, em diferentes tamanhos de partícula e densidade de compactação na ensilagem. Foram avaliados três tamanhos teóricos de partícula (TTP 5; 8 e 12mm) e três densidades de compactação (DC 550; 600 e 650kg/m3), distribuídos em arranjo fatorial (3 x 3), com quatro repetições. O maior volume de efluente foi verificado nas silagens com maiores densidades de compactação (600 e 650kg/m3) e menores TTP (5 e 8mm). As maiores demanda química de oxigênio e demanda bioquímica de oxigênio foram registradas no tratamento com TTP de 5mm e nas maiores DC (600 e 650kg/m3). Maior digestibilidade in vitro da MS (média de 57,2%) foi verificada na silagem picada a 5 e 8mm. Não houve quebra da estabilidade aeróbia durante 216 horas. A ensilagem com baixa densidade de compactação (550kg/m3) e o processamento com tamanho teórico de partículas 12mm reduzem as perdas por efluente. O valor nutricional da silagem de capim-paiaguás, em geral, não foi influenciado pelos tratamentos. Diferentes tamanhos de partícula e densidade de compactação não alteraram a estabilidade aeróbia das silagens.(AU)

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The intensive agricultural machinery traffic to which soils under coffee crops are exposed may cause significant changes in soil structure. The goals of this study were to: a) characterize the spatial variability of precompression stress (σp) and volumetric water content (θ) of a Red-Yellow Latosol (Oxisol) and determine their spatially dependent structures using ordinary kriging semivariograms; b) using this date to construct a load-bearing capacity (LBC) map for the site, identifying the depth with higher ; and c) use the map as a decision support tool regarding agricultural machinery logistic management in coffee plantations. The research was conducted on an experimental farm of the Agricultural Research Company of Minas Gerais (Epamig), Patrocinio, MG, on a clayey Oxisol. Samples were collected from 2.0 × 1.5 m sampling pits at intersections of a rectangular 40 × 150 m grid, totaling 28 sampling points. The soil samples were collected with metal rings (0.0254 m in height and 0.0630 m in diameter) using an Uhland sampler. Sampling at each pit was at 3 layers: 0.00­0.03 m, 0.10­0.13 m, and 0.25­0.28 m, and seven samples arranged in a matrix form were collected at each layer, totaling 588 samples. The σp and θ showed a spatially dependent structure. The depth of 0.00­0.03 m showed higher LBC, indicating that this depth was more compacted compared to other depths. Based on the σp maps, the tractor and the combine should not traffic into the areas at water content of 0.45 m3 m-3, because the soil has a LBC of 200 kPa. If this condition is not respected, additional compaction will occur. Tractor traffic is permissible when the water content reaches values less than 0.36 m3 m-3, whereas for combine traffic, the water content values must be less than 0.30 m3 m-3.

O tráfego intenso de máquinas agrícolas sobre solos cultivados com cafeeiro pode causar alterações significativas na estrutura do solo. Os objetivos deste estudo foram: a) avaliar e identificar a variabilidade espacial da pressão de preconsolidação (σp) e a umidade volumétrica (θ) de um Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo (LVA) e determinar a estrutura de dependência espacial através de semivariogramas utilizando a krigagem ordinária; b) verificar no mapa, a profundidade com maior capacidade de suporte de carga (CSC) do solo ; c) dar suporte a tomada de decisão no manejo do maquinário agrícola da cultura cafeeira e utilizar esses mapas para a logística de manejo de trafego de máquinas. O experimento foi conduzido num LVA textura muito argilosa na Fazenda da Epamig (Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais), em Patrocínio-MG. A amostragem foi realizada numa malha retangular (150 m x 40 m), onde foram coletadas amostras indeformadas em anéis metálicos de 0,0254 m de altura por 0,0630 m de diâmetro com auxílio do amostrador tipo Uhland em 28 trincheiras. Cada trincheira possui três degraus que correspondem às profundidades de (0.00-0.03; 0.10-0.13 e 0.25-0.28 m) e as dimensões dos degraus foram de 2,0 x 1,5 m, coletaram-se sete amostras (disposta em forma matricial) para cada degrau, totalizando 588 amostras. A σp e θ apresentaram estrutura de dependência espacial. A profundidade de 0.00-0.03m apresentou maior CSC indicando que esta profundidade está mais compactada em relação as demais profundidades. Com base nos mapas da σp, o trator e a colhedora não devem trafegar na área para umidade volumétrica igual a 0.45 m3 m-3, pois o solo possui CSC de 200 kPa. Se essa condição for desrespeitada, a compactação adicional poderá ocorrer. Para o tráfego do trator, deve-se esperar por um período, para que a θ atinja um valor menor que 0.36 m3 m-3, enquanto que para o tráfego da colhedora deve-se esperar a θ atingir valor menor que 0.30 m3 m-3.

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Mechanical sugarcane harvesting increases soil compaction due to the intense traffic of agricultural machinery, reducing longevity of sugarcane crops. In order to mitigate the harmful effects caused by agricultural traffic on the soil structure in sugarcane fields, this study evaluated impacts of mechanical sugarcane harvesting on traffic lane under two soil tillage systems based on load bearing capacity models. The experiment was carried out in the region of Piracicaba, state of São Paulo, Brazil, on a Rhodic Nitisol, under conventional tillage (CT) and deep strip-tillage (DST). For CT soil tillage was applied to the entire area with a heavy disk harrow, at operating depths from 0.20 to 0.30 m followed by a leveling harrow at a depth of 0.15 m. For DST, soil tillage was performed in part of the area at a depth of 0.80 m, forming strip beds for sugarcane planting, while the traffic lanes were not disturbed. Undisturbed soil samples from traffic lanes were used in the uniaxial compression test to quantify preconsolidation pressure and to model the soil load bearing capacity. The surface layer (0.00-0.10 m) was most susceptible to compaction, regardless of the tillage system (CT or DST) used. In the DST, the traffic lane maintained the previous soil stress history and presented higher load bearing capacity (LBC) than the traffic lane in the CT. As in CT the soil was tilled, the stress history was discontinued. This larger LBC in DTS minimized the impacts of the sugarcane harvest. Under CT, additional soil compaction due to mechanical sugarcane harvesting in the traffic lane was observed after the second sugarcane harvest. There was a reduction in load bearing capacity from 165 kPa to 68 kPa under CT and from 230 kPa to 108 kPa under DST, from the first to the second harvest at surface layer. Water content at mechanical harvesting was the most relevant factor to maximize impacts on the soil structure in traffic lanes, for both tillage systems.

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Mechanical sugarcane harvesting increases soil compaction due to the intense traffic of agricultural machinery, reducing longevity of sugarcane crops. In order to mitigate the harmful effects caused by agricultural traffic on the soil structure in sugarcane fields, this study evaluated impacts of mechanical sugarcane harvesting on traffic lane under two soil tillage systems based on load bearing capacity models. The experiment was carried out in the region of Piracicaba, state of São Paulo, Brazil, on a Rhodic Nitisol, under conventional tillage (CT) and deep strip-tillage (DST). For CT soil tillage was applied to the entire area with a heavy disk harrow, at operating depths from 0.20 to 0.30 m followed by a leveling harrow at a depth of 0.15 m. For DST, soil tillage was performed in part of the area at a depth of 0.80 m, forming strip beds for sugarcane planting, while the traffic lanes were not disturbed. Undisturbed soil samples from traffic lanes were used in the uniaxial compression test to quantify preconsolidation pressure and to model the soil load bearing capacity. The surface layer (0.00-0.10 m) was most susceptible to compaction, regardless of the tillage system (CT or DST) used. In the DST, the traffic lane maintained the previous soil stress history and presented higher load bearing capacity (LBC) than the traffic lane in the CT. As in CT the soil was tilled, the stress history was discontinued. This larger LBC in DTS minimized the impacts of the sugarcane harvest. Under CT, additional soil compaction due to mechanical sugarcane harvesting in the traffic lane was observed after the second sugarcane harvest. There was a reduction in load bearing capacity from 165 kPa to 68 kPa under CT and from 230 kPa to 108 kPa under DST, from the first to the second harvest at surface layer. Water content at mechanical harvesting was the most relevant factor to maximize impacts on the soil structure in traffic lanes, for both tillage systems.(AU)

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Wood-cement composite (WCC) is a potential construction material for tropical regions, due to its physico-mechanical properties and resistance to decay and fungi attack. However it is important to test alternative production methods and wood materials that are easier and cheaper than those traditionally used, in order to create a higher demand for this product. The aim of this work was to evaluate the use of wood from four Amazonian species (Eschweilera coriaceae, Swartzia recurva, Manilkara amazonica and Pouteria guianensis) in the production of wood-cement composites through a vibro-dynamic compression process, an alternative method to the use of a hydraulic press. The inhibition degree caused by the wood to the cement cure, measured by the factor CA, indicated that all species were compatible with Portland cement (CP II-Z). WCC with densities higher than 1,100 kg m-3 (produced with E. coriaceae and S. recurva particles) showed compressive strength values higher than 10 MPa, which fulfills the minimum requirement for lightweitgh reinforced concrete blocks for structural use. (AU)

Compósito madeira-cimento é um potencial material de construção para regiões tropicais, devido a suas propriedades físico-mecânicas e resistência ao ataque de fungos e podridão. Contudo, é importante testar métodos alternativos de produção e madeiras que sejam mais simples e baratos do que os tradicionalmente usados, para que se alcance uma maior demanda para esse produto. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o uso de madeira de quatro espécies amazônicas (Eschweilera coriaceae, Swartzia recurva, Manilkara amazonica e Pouteria guianensis) na produção de compósitos de madeira-cimento (WCC) pelo processo de compactação vibro-dinâmica, um método alternativo que dispensa o uso de prensas hidráulicas. O grau de inibição à pega do cimento causado pela presença da madeira foi medido pelo fator CA e indicou que todas as quatro espécies foram compatíveis com o cimento Portland (CP II-Z). Compósitos com massa específica superior a 1.100 kg m-3 (produzidas com partículas de E. coriaceae e S. recurva) apresentaram valores de compressão axial acima de 10 MPa, requisito mínimo para classificar como blocos de concreto reforçados leves de uso estrutural.(AU)

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The southern Brazilian lowlands have been historically used for flooded rice cultivation. Over time, heavy machinery and intensive tillage practices have resulted in soil structure disruption, soil compaction, higher production costs and lower agricultural profitability. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different deployment times of no-tillage (NT). Soil properties including bulk density (BD), compression index (CI), preconsolidation pressure (σp), bulk density at preconsolidation pressure (BDσp), degree of compactness (DC), soil water retention curve (SWRC), plant available water (PAW) and total organic carbon (TOC) content were evaluated using a 30-yr non-cultivated field (NC), adjacent to the experimental plots as a control. The BD, σp, BDσp and DC decreased in response to NT adoption time while the soil water holding capacity increased, allowing for higher PAW. Results from this study demonstrated the positive effects of NT on the overall quality of soils.

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The southern Brazilian lowlands have been historically used for flooded rice cultivation. Over time, heavy machinery and intensive tillage practices have resulted in soil structure disruption, soil compaction, higher production costs and lower agricultural profitability. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different deployment times of no-tillage (NT). Soil properties including bulk density (BD), compression index (CI), preconsolidation pressure (σp), bulk density at preconsolidation pressure (BDσp), degree of compactness (DC), soil water retention curve (SWRC), plant available water (PAW) and total organic carbon (TOC) content were evaluated using a 30-yr non-cultivated field (NC), adjacent to the experimental plots as a control. The BD, σp, BDσp and DC decreased in response to NT adoption time while the soil water holding capacity increased, allowing for higher PAW. Results from this study demonstrated the positive effects of NT on the overall quality of soils.(AU)

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Intensification of soil compaction process under no-tillage (NT) is motivating the search for alternatives to mitigate soil compaction state. This study evaluated changes in soil physical and hydraulic properties caused by seeder with fertilizer shanks at different depths compared with the double discs lagged seeder, to investigate the possibility of soil decompaction by sowing under NT in southern Brazil. The study was conducted in a clayed Oxisol, for 27 years under NT. Treatments were three planting mechanisms: S0.10m: cutting disc combined with shank acting to 0.10m depth; S0.15m: cutting disc combined with shank acting to 0.15m depth and, D0.07m: double discs lagged acting to 0.07m depth in an experimental randomized block design with four replications. We evaluated the soil mechanical resistance, water infiltration rate, soil bulk density, pore size distribution and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity. Results indicated that the use of seeder with fertilizer shanks acting at 0.15m deep promoted the soil decompaction by the reduction of penetration resistance and increase of porosity and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity. To have significant increase in water infiltration rate the fertilizer shanks of the seeder must be deepened to the lower limit of the compacted surface layer. (AU)

A intensificação do processo de compactação do solo em sistema plantio direto (SPD) motiva a procura por alternativas para atenuação do estado de compactação do solo. Esse trabalho objetiva avaliar modificações em propriedades físico-hídricas do solo originadas por semeadoras equipadas com hastes sulcadoras que atuam em diferentes profundidades, em comparação à semeadora com discos duplos defasados, para investigar a possibilidade de descompactação do solo na operação de semeadura em áreas sob SPD na região Sul do Brasil. O estudo foi realizado em Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico típico, de textura argilosa, há 27 anos sob SPD. Os tratamentos foram três mecanismos de semeadura: H0,10m: disco de corte combinado com haste sulcadora atuando a 0,10m de profundidade; H0,15m: disco de corte combinado com haste sulcadora atuando a 0,15m de profundidade; e D0,07m: discos duplos defasados atuando a 0,07m de profundidade, em delineamento experimental blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. Avaliou-se a resistência mecânica à penetração, taxa de infiltração de água no solo, densidade do solo, distribuição do tamanho de poros e condutividade hidráulica do solo não saturado. Os resultados indicaram que a utilização de semeadora com haste sulcadora atuando a 0,15m promove a descompactação do solo através da redução da resistência mecânica do solo à penetração, aumento da porosidade e da condutividade hidráulica. Para que haja aumento significativo da infiltração de água no solo, a haste sulcadora da semeadora deve ser aprofundada até o limite inferior da camada superficial compactada. (AU)

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