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Abstract Ayahuasca (AYA) is a psychedelic beverage with therapeutic potential for many mood and anxiety disorders. Although there are some preclinical studies, no published reports have tested the behavioral effects of AYA gavage in animal models. This investigation aimed to characterize the behavior of Wistar rats after acute ingestion of AYA for 40 min in the open field test (OFT). The sample consisted of three experimental groups treated with different dosages of AYA (125, 250, or 500 mg kg-1) and a control group. Each group consisted of 10 participants. After gavage, the number of crossings of the OFT grid lines, latency to enter the central area of the device, grooming frequency, and time spent in the central perimeter of the device were immediately evaluated. Analyses were based on one-way ANOVA and a linear-regression mixture model for longitudinal data. AYA intake did not interfere with habituation. The 500 mg kg-1 group showed a decrease in the time spent in the center of the device and in the number of crossings compared to the control group in the last 10 min. These results suggest that gavage with AYA did not interfere with the results, and the behavioral effects were perceived only between 30 and 40 min after gavage. Taken together, the results indicate that three aspects should be considered in OFT studies of AYA acute effects: the moment when the observation starts, the observation period, and the AYA dosage.

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This article addresses some important questions in psychiatric semiology. The concept of a sign is crucial in psychiatry. How do signs emerge, and what gives them validity and legitimacy? What are the boundaries of 'normal' and 'pathological' behaviour and mental experiences? To address these issues, we analyse the characteristics and rules that govern semiological signs and clinical elements. We examine 'normality' from the perspective of Georges Canguilehm and compare the differences of 'normal' in physiology and psychiatry. We then examine the history and the philosophical, linguistic and medical-psychiatric origins of semiology during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries (the Age of Revolution). The field of rhetoric and oratory has emphasized the importance of passions, emotions and language as applied to signs of madness. Another perspective on semiology, provided by Michel Foucault, lays stress on the concept of 'instinct' and the axis of voluntary-involuntary behaviour. Finally, we analyse how statistics and eugenics have played an important role in our current conceptualization of the norm and therefore the scientific discourse behind the established clinical signs.

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Resumen Estudio no experimental de tipo correlacional cuyo objetivo fue analizar la relación entre patrones de personalidad patológica y estrategias de afrontamiento en 117 estudiantes de psicología con edades comprendidas entre los 18 y 33 años; a partir del Inventario Clínico Multiaxial de Millon y la Escala de Estrategias de Coping. El análisis de resultados a partir del coeficiente de correlación de Spearman y el paquete estadístico SPSS, versión 19.0, indicó mayor presencia respecto a la estrategia de afrontamiento solución de problemas y el patrón de personalidad patológico narcisista; en cuanto a la correlación entre estas dos variables es significativamente baja.

Abstract Nonexperimental correlational study aimed to analyze the relationship between pathological personality patterns and coping strategies in 117 psychology students aged between 18 and 33 years from the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory and the Coping Strategies Scale. Analysis of results from the Spearman correlation coefficient and SPSS, version 19.0, indicated greater presence regarding coping strategy troubleshooting and narcissist personality patterns, in terms of the correlation between these two variables is significantly low.

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Humanos y animales desarrollan conductas similares que comparten un objetivo final común: la evolución y la supervivencia de la especie. El castigo hacia otro individuo de la misma especie que se comporta injuriosamente dentro de un grupo social, es una de ellas. El castigo está compuesto por dos variables: una que satisface un fin individualista, llamado "castigo egoísta", destinado a proteger intereses personales, familiares o ejercer venganza; la segunda, el "castigo altruista", que persigue como fin un beneficio social relacionado con mantener normas cooperativas de comportamiento y en virtud del cual, notoriamente, un individuo está dispuesto a sufrir voluntariamente un costo personal a fin de lograr su objetivo. Esta revisión pretende esclarecer los procesos que determinan el castigo como una conducta biológica y culturalmente necesaria para la adquisición del aprendizaje de normas de comportamiento, con el fin de garantizar y promover la cooperación social como instancia necesaria para la evolución...

Humans and animals develop similar behaviors that share a common final goal: the evolution and the survival of the species. Punishment to another individual of the same species that behaves abusively within a social gropu, is one of them. The punishment is composed by two variables: one that satisfies a so-called individualistic "elfish punishment", aimed to protect personal or familiar interest as well as to take revenge; the second, the "altruistic punishment", whic pursues a social benefit related to the maintenance of cooperative norms of behavior where by, dramatically, an individual is willing to voluntarily undergo a personal cost to reach its goal. This review aims to clarify the processes that determine the punishment as a biologically and culturally necessary behavior for the acquisition of learning of behavior rules, with the aim to ensure and promote social cooperation as a necessary requirement for evolution...

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El objetivo de la investigación fue analizar y describir el rendimiento académico, las causas de deserción y los cambios personales en la autoestima, la asertividad y el autocontrol, en los estudiantes del Programa Cobertura con Equidad en la Universidad de San Buenaventura (U.S.B). Se trabajó con datos cuantitativos, aplicando cuestionarios con preguntas abiertas y cerradas y cualitativamente se realizaron grupos focales, auto-reportes y entrevistas. Se describieron las relaciones con sentido que se des-cubren en la lectura de recurrencias y tendencias y se precedió hacer los análisis y dar respuesta a los interrogantes planteados, los cuales permitieron describir las características de la población y hacer análisis, a partir de un estudio de las variables de interés. Además, se presentó una propuesta formativa de inclusión para los estudiantes del programa

The objective of this piece of research was to analyze and to describe the academic achievement and the personal changes as for self-esteem, assertiveness, and self-control of the students of the Program with Equity Program at Saint Bonaventure University. In this piece of research, quantitative data, open and closed questions were used. As well, qualitative data were obtained from focal groups and self-reports and interviews were carried out. Relations with a sense, which are discovered in the reading of recurrences and tendencies, were described. Then, some analyses were made and some posed questions were answered, which let describe the characteristics of the population and make some analysis starting from a study of the variables of interest. Besides, a formative proposal of inclusion for the students of the program was introduced

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Sheep are social and gregarious animals. They feel at ease when free and clustered rather than isolated. In some situations, as in experimental procedures, they need to be separated from the flock and kept without social company. Both instances, separation from the flock and isolation are considered stressful and may impact their well being. As stress can affect the results of the study, special care should be taken when conducting biomedical or veterinary research. The aim of this study was to compare the concentration of cortisol and behavior of ewes housed at a research institution in the presence of a familiar conspecific, an unfamiliar conspecific or in the absence of conspecifics.(AU)

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Sheep are social and gregarious animals. They feel at ease when free and clustered rather than isolated. In some situations, as in experimental procedures, they need to be separated from the flock and kept without social company. Both instances, separation from the flock and isolation are considered stressful and may impact their well being. As stress can affect the results of the study, special care should be taken when conducting biomedical or veterinary research. The aim of this study was to compare the concentration of cortisol and behavior of ewes housed at a research institution in the presence of a familiar conspecific, an unfamiliar conspecific or in the absence of conspecifics.

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Objetivo: Identificar qué variables influyen para que las mujeres se relacionen sexualmente con múltiples parejas. Métodos: Estudio transversal que contó con la participación de 542 mujeres pertenecientes a dos instituciones de educación superior del noroeste de México, a quienes se administró un instrumento que mide variables psicológicas que subyacen a diferentes comportamientos sexuales de riesgo. Para el tratamiento de los datos se utilizaron la prueba T, la U de Mann-Whitney y un análisis de regresión lineal múltiple. Resultados: El análisis de regresión arrojó los siguientes resultados: para las mujeres de Hermosillo, Sonora, los predictores fueron las variables edad biológica, edad de inicio de relaciones y un estado biológico -"me encontraba excitada"-, con esas variables explicando 53.4% de la varianza total. Para las mujeres de Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, los predictores fueron las variables edad biológica y dos estados biológicos "me encontraba excitada" y "me encontraba bajo la influencia del alcohol"-, explicando 20.8% de la varianza total. Conclusiones: Los resultados del presente estudio subrayan la necesidad de diseñar programas para prevenir nuevas infecciones por VIH, con base en el entrenamiento en competencias conductuales.

Objective: To identify what variables influence having multiple sexual partners. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out with 542 women of two higher education institutions from the northwest of Mexico, who answered a questionnaire measuring psychological variables underlying high-risk sexual behaviors. The data were analyzed with T-tests, Mann-Whitney U tests, and with a multiple linear regression. Results: A multiple linear regression analysis showed the following results: for women from Hermosillo, Sonora, the predictors of high-risk sexual behaviors were biological age, age of sexual debut, and one biological state "I was physically excited", with those variables explaining 53.4% of the total variance; for women from Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua, the predictors were biological age, and two types of biological states "I was physically excited" and "I was under the influence of alcohol", explaining 20.8% of the total variance. Conclusions: The results underscore the need to design prevention programs directed to avoid HIV infection based on behavioral competencies training.

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A ecologia do golfinho-nariz-de-garrafa (Tursiops truncatus) é pouco documentada no Brasil. O objetivo deste trabalho é fornecer dados sobre a distribuição, tamanho de grupo e comportamento de T. truncatus a partir de avistagens oportunistas realizadas nas adjacências da Ilha de Santa Catarina, sul do Brasil. Em cada observação de grupos da espécie foram registrados: localidade, data e hora, tamanho de grupo e comportamento. Foram observados 71 grupos entre 1989 e 2005, em todos os meses do ano. A espécie foi observada em toda região costeira da Ilha de Santa Catarina, utilizando uma grande variedade de hábitats. O tamanho de grupo variou entre 1 e 200 indivíduos, com uma média de aproximadamente 8 indivíduos (moda = 2). Interações com pelo menos três espécies de aves marinhas também foram observadas, além de outros comportamentos. Os dados obtidos sugerem que a espécie é comum ao longo da costa da Ilha de Santa Catarina, possui uma grande plasticidade no uso de hábitats, além de um conjunto variado de comportamentos.

The ecology of the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) is scarcely documented in Brazil. The objective of this article is to present information about the distribution, group size and behavior of T. truncatus collected oportunistically around the Island of Santa Catarina. Locality, date and time, group size and behavior were registered after each opportunistic sighting. Seventy-one groups were observed between 1989 and 2005, in all months of the year. The species was sighted along all the coast of the island, using a great variety of habitats including protected bays and exposed beaches. Group size varied from 1 to 200 individuals, with a mean group size of approximately 8 individuals (mode = 2). Interactions with three species of sea birds were also documented. Data presented here suggest that the species is common around the Island of Santa Catarina, has a great plasticity in habitat use, and a varied behavior repertoire.

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Understanding how birds use vegetation to obtain food resources has implications for habitat conservation and management. Restinga is a poorly known and threatened tropical habitat, associated to the Atlantic forest, that could benefit from this kind of information to know which plants can be used and dispersed by birds that can help on the maintenance of this habitat. Frugivorous and insectivorous birds are important components of tropical ecosystems, such as restinga. To provide more information regarding the ecology of restinga, we studied the feeding behavior and spatial use of this vegetation by birds at Restinga de Jurubatiba National Park, southeastern Brazil. We found that feeding behavior was similar to that recorded for the same species in other vegetation types. In addition, spatial use of the restinga vegetation by the most abundant species did not overlap greatly, except for two insectivorous species that used different foraging maneuvers and two frugivorous birds that foraged in flocks. The two most abundant species were generalists in their diet and were capable of feeding at the ground level on sand substrate.

O conhecimento das estratégias de uso da vegetação pela fauna para forrageio tem implicações para conservação e manejo de habitats. Restinga é um ambiente tropical, associado à Mata Atlântica, ameaçado e ainda pouco conhecido que poderia se beneficiar desse tipo de informação para conhecer quais espécies de plantas podem ser utilizadas e dispersas por aves que atuem na manutenção deste habitat. Aves frugívoras e insetívoras são importantes componentes de ecossistemas tropicais, como a restinga. Para fornecer mais informações sobre a ecologia da restinga, nós estudamos o comportamento de forrageio e o uso do espaço das aves no Parque Nacional da Restinga de Jurubatiba, sudeste do Brasil. Nós encontramos que os comportamentos de forrageio foram similares àqueles registrados para as mesmas espécies em outros ambientes. Além disso, o uso do espaço da vegetação de restinga pelas espécies mais abundantes não apresentou grande sobreposição, exceto por duas espécies insetívoras que usaram manobras de forrageio diferentes e duas aves frugívoras que forragearam em bando. As duas espécies mais abundantes foram generalistas em suas dietas e foram capazes de forragear no chão sobre areia nua.

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