RESUMO
BACKGROUND: The diet of most of the population is limited to a reduced number of plants, even in areas that have a varied and extensive diversity, such as Brazil. Unconventional Food Plants (UFPs) are plants considered exotic, native, and wild that grow naturally and can be used as food. Among these is Talinum paniculatum (Jacq.) Gaertn., which is widespread throughout Brazil and can be a potential source of nutrients. Due to the potential of utilization of UFPs in human food and the lack of studies regarding the composition of T. paniculatum, this study aimed to assess the nutritional value of T. paniculatum leaves, their antioxidant capacity, and their antimicrobial activity for possible use in food. METHODS: The characterization of the leaves of T. paniculatum was carried out through analyses of proximal composition, color, ascorbic acid, mineral profile, and antinutritional factors showing the presence of condensed and hydrolysable tannins and nitrates in low concentrations. Solvents of water, ethanol, ethanol/water, methanol, methanol/water, methanol/acetic acid and acetone/water/acetic acid were used to evaluate the extraction yield of phenolic compounds, antioxidant capacity, and antibacterial activity of the extracts. RESULTS: High contents of protein (18.61 g 100 g-1), insoluble dietary fiber (34.75 g 100 g-1), ascorbic acid (81.03 mg 100 g-1), magnesium, potassium, and calcium (649.600, 411.520 and 228.117 mg 100 g-1, respectively) were observed. Extraction using the mixture of solvents of methanol/acetic acid showed the highest yield of phenolic compounds (432.73 mg EAG 100 g-1) and antioxidant capacity using the DPPH assay (3144.92 mg 100 g-1). Bacillus cereus growth was inhibited by the T. paniculatum extracts. CONCLUSIONS: T. paniculatum leaves are a source of nutrients and their extracts have antioxidant and antibacterial potentials which can be used as supplements in food to improve one's health.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Caryophyllales/química , Nutrientes/análise , Valor Nutritivo , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Folhas de Planta/química , Antibacterianos/análise , Antioxidantes/análise , Bacillus cereus/efeitos dos fármacos , Bacillus cereus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Compostos de Bifenilo/metabolismo , Brasil , Dieta , Fenóis/análise , Fenóis/farmacologia , Picratos/metabolismo , Extratos Vegetais/química , Plantas Comestíveis/químicaRESUMO
Chuquiraga jussieui J.F.Gmel is grown between 3000 and 5000 meters above sea level throughout the Andean region of Ecuador and used by the indigenous populations of the Andes for medicinal purposes. Here, we determined the total phenolic, flavonoids, vitamin C and carotenoids content of the leaves and flowers of Ch. jussieui J.F.Gmel from different highlands of Ecuador as well as the capacity of a crude methanolic extract from the both parts of the plant to scavenge free radicals and protect red blood cell membranes from lipid oxidation. The leaves showed a high bioactive compound content in comparison to the flowers. The crude extract from the leaves proved to be more effective than the flowers in reducing iron and scavenging the DPPH, O2- and H2O2 radicals, as well as in protecting cellular membrane against lipid oxidation, demonstrating that Ch. jussieui J.F.Gmel represents an important source of bioactive compounds with relevant healthy properties.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Asteraceae/química , Extratos Vegetais/química , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/isolamento & purificação , Ácido Ascórbico/análise , Compostos de Bifenilo/metabolismo , Carotenoides/análise , Equador , Flavonoides/análise , Flores/química , Radicais Livres/metabolismo , Peróxido de Hidrogênio/metabolismo , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos/efeitos dos fármacos , Fenóis/análise , Fenóis/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Folhas de Planta/químicaRESUMO
Red chicory leaves are appreciated sensorially and their constituents contain bioactive properties. The objectives of this study were as follows: to use an experimental design to extract anthocyanins from red chicory in aqueous solution at pH 2.5; to determine the stability of the extracts in relation to temperature and pH; and to evaluate the antioxidant activity and in vitro cytotoxic effect of the lyophilized and purified extracts. The best extraction conditions for the bioactive compounds from red chicory were a temperature of 64.2 °C for 25 min; the anthocyanin content was 73.53 ± 0.13 mg per 100 g fresh weight basis sample. The EC50 (Half maximal effective concentration) value for the antioxidant activity assay in relation to DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) with optimized extract was 0.363, which corresponds to a concentration of 39.171 µmol/L of anthocyanins. The activation energy for the degradation reaction of the anthocyanins from the red chicory extract was 84.88 kJ/mol. The optimized extract, which was rich in anthocyanins, showed chemical and biological antioxidant activity (protection against erythrocyte hemolysis) and inhibited lipid peroxidation in vitro. The Cichorium intybus L. extracts interfered on the levels of reactive oxygen species generation and the crude extract did not present procarcinogenic effect. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Red chicory is basically consumed as a part of traditional dishes worldwide. Here, we developed a process to extract and purify the anthocyanins from Cichorium intybus leaves and test the extracts in terms of the chemical composition, thermal stability, antioxidant activity, and antiproliferative effects. The anthocyanin-rich extract presented antioxidant activity in chemical and biological assays and low cytotoxicity and cytoprotective effects in relation to HepG2, HCT8, and Caco-2 cell lines. Additionally, the red chicory extract protected human erythrocytes against hemolysis. This extract may be used as a natural colorant/antioxidant in foods.
Assuntos
Antocianinas/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Cichorium intybus/química , Aditivos Alimentares/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Antocianinas/isolamento & purificação , Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/isolamento & purificação , Antioxidantes/isolamento & purificação , Compostos de Bifenilo/metabolismo , Células CACO-2 , Carcinogênese/efeitos dos fármacos , Eritrócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Aditivos Alimentares/isolamento & purificação , Células Hep G2 , Humanos , Peroxidação de Lipídeos/efeitos dos fármacos , Picratos/metabolismo , Extratos Vegetais/química , Folhas de Planta/químicaRESUMO
Resveratrol is a natural polyphenol found mainly on red grapes and in red wine, pointed as an important anti-inflammatory/immunomodulatory molecule. However, its bioavailability problems have limited its use encouraging the search for new alternatives agents. Thus, in this study, we synthetize 12 resveratrol analogues (6 imines, 1 thioimine and 5 hydrazones) and investigated its cytotoxicity, antioxidant activity and in vitro anti-inflammatory/immunomodulatory properties. The most promising compounds were also evaluated in vivo. The results showed that imines presented less cytotoxicity, were more effective than resveratrol on DPPH scavenger and exhibited an anti-inflammatory profile. Among them, the imines with a radical in the para position, on the ring B, not engaged in an intramolecular hydrogen-interaction, showed more prominent anti-inflammatory activity modulating, in vivo, the edema formation, the inflammatory infiltration and cytokine levels. An immunomodulatory activity also was observed in these molecules. Thus, our results suggest that imines with these characteristics presents potential to control inflammatory disorders.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios/química , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Iminas/química , Resveratrol/análogos & derivados , Adjuvantes Imunológicos/farmacologia , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacocinética , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Disponibilidade Biológica , Compostos de Bifenilo/metabolismo , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Citocinas/antagonistas & inibidores , Citocinas/biossíntese , Regulação para Baixo/efeitos dos fármacos , Inflamação/prevenção & controle , Mediadores da Inflamação/antagonistas & inibidores , Mediadores da Inflamação/metabolismo , Linfócitos/citologia , Linfócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Complexo Principal de Histocompatibilidade/efeitos dos fármacos , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Peroxidase/biossíntese , Picratos/metabolismo , Células RAW 264.7RESUMO
Abstract This study was carried out to assess the antibacterial, cytotoxic and antioxidant activities of extracts of Morus nigra L. HPLC was used to determine the fingerprint chromatogram of the crude ethanolic extract (Mn-EtOH). The antibacterial effect was assessed through the method of microdilution. The cytotoxicity was tested against human tumour cell lines using the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were also assessed through the Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride methods, respectively. Antioxidant activities of the extracts were evaluated by using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil (DPPH) radical scavenging and β-carotene-linoleic acid bleaching methods. The presence of phenolic compounds in Mn-EtOH was confirmed using HPLC. The extracts showed activity against most microorganisms tested. The extracts did not show any expressive antiproliferative effect in the assessment of cytotoxicity. The most significant total phenolic content was 153.00 ± 11.34 mg of gallic acid equivalent/g to the ethyl acetate extract (AcOEt). The total flavonoid content was 292.50 ± 70.34 mg of catechin equivalent/g to the AcOEt extract, which presented the best antioxidant activity (IC50 50.40 ± 1.16 μg/mL) for DPPH scavenging. We can conclude that this species shows strong antibacterial and antioxidant activities, as well as weak cytotoxic effects.
Resumo Este estudo foi realizado para avaliar as atividades antibacteriana, citotóxica e antioxidante de extratos de Morus nigra L. HPLC foi utilizado para determinar o perfil de compostos fenólicos do extrato etanólico bruto (Mn-EtOH). O efeito antibacteriano foi avaliado através do método de microdiluição. A citotoxicidade foi testada contra linhagens celulares de tumores humanos utilizando o ensaio do brometo de 3-(4,5-dimetil-2-tiazolil)-2,5-difenil-2H-tetrazólio (MTT). O conteúdo total de compostos fenólicos e flavonoides também foi avaliado por meio dos métodos de Folin-Ciocalteu e cloreto de alumínio, respectivamente. A atividade antioxidante dos extratos foi avaliada por meio do sequestro do radical livre 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazil (DPPH) e co-oxidação do sistema β-caroteno-ácido linoleico. A presença de compostos fenólicos em Mn-EtOH foi confirmada utilizando HPLC. Os extratos mostraram atividade contra a maioria dos microrganismos testados. Os extratos não mostraram qualquer efeito antiproliferativo expressivo na avaliação da citotoxicidade. O conteúdo fenólico total mais significativo foi de 153,00 ± 11,34 mg de equivalente de ácido gálico/g para o extrato acetato de etila (AcOEt). O conteúdo de flavonoides totais foi de 292,50 ± 70,34 mg de equivalente de catequina/g para o extrato AcOEt, que apresentou a melhor atividade antioxidante (IC50 50,40 ± 1,16 mg/mL) para o sequestro do DPPH. Podemos concluir que esta espécie apresenta forte atividade antibacteriana e antioxidante, bem como fraca atividade citotóxica.
Assuntos
Humanos , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Morus/química , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Fenóis/análise , Picratos/metabolismo , Flavonoides/análise , Compostos de Bifenilo/metabolismo , Extratos Vegetais/toxicidade , Extratos Vegetais/química , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Antibacterianos/toxicidade , Antibacterianos/química , Antioxidantes/toxicidade , Antioxidantes/químicaRESUMO
This study was carried out to assess the antibacterial, cytotoxic and antioxidant activities of extracts of Morus nigra L. HPLC was used to determine the fingerprint chromatogram of the crude ethanolic extract (Mn-EtOH). The antibacterial effect was assessed through the method of microdilution. The cytotoxicity was tested against human tumour cell lines using the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were also assessed through the Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride methods, respectively. Antioxidant activities of the extracts were evaluated by using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil (DPPH) radical scavenging and ß-carotene-linoleic acid bleaching methods. The presence of phenolic compounds in Mn-EtOH was confirmed using HPLC. The extracts showed activity against most microorganisms tested. The extracts did not show any expressive antiproliferative effect in the assessment of cytotoxicity. The most significant total phenolic content was 153.00 ± 11.34 mg of gallic acid equivalent/g to the ethyl acetate extract (AcOEt). The total flavonoid content was 292.50 ± 70.34 mg of catechin equivalent/g to the AcOEt extract, which presented the best antioxidant activity (IC50 50.40 ± 1.16 µg/mL) for DPPH scavenging. We can conclude that this species shows strong antibacterial and antioxidant activities, as well as weak cytotoxic effects.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Morus/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/química , Antibacterianos/toxicidade , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/toxicidade , Compostos de Bifenilo/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Flavonoides/análise , Humanos , Fenóis/análise , Picratos/metabolismo , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/toxicidadeRESUMO
BACKGROUND: In northeastern Brazil, grape pomace has become a potential alternative byproduct because of the recover phenolic compounds from the vinification process. Comparative analyses were performed between lyophilized extract of grape skins from pomace, described as fermented (FGS), and fresh, unfermented (UGS) grape skins to show the relevant brand's composition upon the first maceration in winemaking. METHODS: The use of in vitro testing such as Folin-Ciocalteu's, DPPH free radical scavenger and HPLC methods were performed to evidence antioxidant effect and phenolic compounds. Additionally, vascular reactivity studies were performed in third-order branches of rat superior mesenteric arteries, which were obtained and placed in organ baths containing Krebs-Henseleit solution, maintained at 37 °C, gassed with a mixture of 95% O2 and 5% CO2, and maintained at pH 7.4. The in situ formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was evaluated in small mesenteric rings using oxidative fluorescent dihydroethidium dye. RESULTS: We found higher phenolic content and antioxidant activity in FGS when compared to UGS. HPLC analyses identified a significant number of phenolic compounds with antioxidant potential in both samples. The vasorelaxant effect induced by FGS was more potent than that induced by UGS, and the activity was attenuated after removal of vascular endothelium or by blockade of endothelium-derived relaxing factors, such as NO and EDHF. CONCLUSIONS: The FGS extract may be a great source of natural polyphenol products with potent antioxidant effects and endothelium-dependent vasodilatory actions involving NO and EDHF pathways.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Frutas/química , Fenóis/farmacologia , Epiderme Vegetal/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Vasodilatadores/farmacologia , Vitis/química , Animais , Antioxidantes/análise , Artérias/efeitos dos fármacos , Artérias/fisiologia , Compostos de Bifenilo/metabolismo , Brasil , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Fermentação , Fenóis/análise , Picratos/metabolismo , Ratos , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Vasodilatadores/análiseRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Curcumin (CUR) has properties that can be useful for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Such properties are the inhibition of amyloid-ß-protein (Aß) aggregation, Aß-induced inflammation, and activities of ß-secretase and acetylcholinesterase. However, previous studies have revealed that CUR exhibited low bioavailability and difficulties in reaching the brain. OBJECTIVE: To overcome such drawbacks, this study aims at developing nasal lipid nanocarriers loaded with CUR to effectively target the brain. METHODS: The lipid nanocarriers (NE) were prepared using the hot solvent diffusion associated with the phase inversion temperature methods. Physico-chemical and morphological characterizations and in vitro drug release of the nanocarriers were carried out. The CUR permeation/retention was analyzed in Franz-type diffusion cell using porcine nasal mucosa. Confocal laser scan and histopathological studies were also performed. RESULTS: The results showed that the NE sizes ranged between 18ânm and 44ânm with negative zeta potential. The CUR content ranged from 0.24 to 1.50âmg/mL with an encapsulation efficiency of 99%. The profiles of CUR release indicated a biphasic kinetics. CUR-NE permeation across the porcine nasal mucosa was higher when compared to free CUR. These results have also been validated through an analysis on a confocal microscopy. In addition, no toxicity on the nasal mucosa has been observed in a histopathological analysis. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that it is possible to develop NEs with a high content of CUR and small particle size. Such an encapsulation increases the potential of CUR permeation across the porcine nasal mucosa.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/farmacocinética , Curcumina/química , Curcumina/farmacocinética , Lipídeos/administração & dosagem , Mucosa Nasal/efeitos dos fármacos , Mucosa Nasal/metabolismo , Animais , Compostos de Bifenilo/metabolismo , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Composição de Medicamentos , Microscopia Confocal , Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão , Nanopartículas/administração & dosagem , Nanopartículas/química , Nanopartículas/ultraestrutura , Mucosa Nasal/ultraestrutura , Picratos/metabolismo , Polietilenoglicóis/administração & dosagem , Polietilenoglicóis/farmacocinética , Suínos , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia) fruit is a rich source of bioactive compounds but its shelf life is rather short. Therefore, this study was aimed to evaluate the effect of inlet air temperature (T) and concentration (C) of maltodextrin and arabic gum on the spray-drying process of commercial camu-camu pulps (São Paulo and Manaus). Moisture, solubility, total phenolics (TP), ascorbic acid (AA), and proanthocyanidins (PAC) contents, and in vitro antioxidant capacity of the powders (FRAP, DPPH, Folin-Ciocalteu's reducing capacity were measured). Arabic gum resulted in better yields (22% to 30%), powder solubility (84% to 90%), and lower losses of analyzed compounds than the powders manufactured with maltodextrin. Overall, inlet air temperature had a lower impact on the responses studied than the concentration of carrier agents. Polynomial equations were generated for AA (R2 = 0.993), TP (R2 = 0.735), PAC (R2 = 0.946), and for the antioxidant capacity assays (0.867 ≤ R2 ≤ 0.963). In addition, principal component analysis showed that the lowest concentration of carrier agents (6%) in spray drying resulted in the lowest losses of bioactive compounds and, consequently, the highest antioxidant capacity.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Ácido Ascórbico/análise , Dessecação/métodos , Frutas/química , Myrtaceae/química , Fenóis/análise , Proantocianidinas/análise , Antioxidantes/análise , Compostos de Bifenilo/metabolismo , Brasil , Comércio , Manipulação de Alimentos/métodos , Armazenamento de Alimentos , Goma Arábica , Humanos , Picratos/metabolismo , Polissacarídeos , TemperaturaRESUMO
Although the etiopathogenic mechanisms of schizophrenia (SCZ) are unknown, evidences suggest that excessive free radical production or oxidative stress may be involved in the pathophysiology of SCZ. Antipsychotics are the drugs used in the treatment of SCZ but it remains controversial the impact that typical vs. atypical antipsychotics has on the oxidative stress status in SCZ patients. In vitro, the antioxidant capacity of six antipsychotics was assessed by their ability to: decrease or scavenge reactive oxygen species in the neutrophil respiratory burst; donate hydrogen and stabilize the free radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH); and scavenge 2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS(+)). This study demonstrated that both clozapine and olanzapine have antioxidant effects, in vitro, by scavenging superoxide anion on the respiratory burst, donating electron in the ABTS(+) assay and stabilizing the radical DPPH. Ziprasidone significantly scavenged ABTS(+) and stabilized the radical DPPH whereas risperidone significantly reduced the respiratory burst. Haloperidol and quetiapine lacked antioxidant effects. The chemical structure-related antioxidant capacity suggests a possible neuroprotective mechanism of these drugs on the top of their antipsychotic mechanism of action.