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Photosynthetic species of the dinoflagellate genus Dinophysis are known to retain temporary cryptophyte plastids of the Teleaulax/Plagioselmis/Geminigera clade after feeding the ciliate Mesodinium rubrum. In the present study, partial plastid 23S rDNA sequences were retrieved in Southern Chilean waters from oceanic (Los Lagos region), and fjord systems (Aysén region), in single cells of Dinophysis and accompanying organisms (the heliozoan Actinophrys cf. sol and tintinnid ciliates), identified by means of morphological discrimination under the light microscope. All plastid 23S rDNA sequences (n = 23) from Dinophysis spp. (Dinophysis acuta, D. caudata, D. tripos and D. subcircularis) belonged to cryptophytes from clade V (Rhinomonas, Rhodomonas and Storeatula), although they could not be identified at genus level. Moreover, five plastid sequences obtained from heliozoans (Actinophryida, tentatively identified as Actinophrys cf. sol), and tintinnid ciliates, grouped together with those cryptophyte sequences. In contrast, two additional sequences from tintinnids belonged to other taxa (chlorophytes and cyanobacteria). Overall, the present study represents the first time that red cryptophyte plastids outside of the Teleaulax/Plagioselmis/Geminigera clade dominate in wild photosynthetic Dinophysis spp. These findings suggest that either Dinophysis spp. are able to feed on other ciliate prey than Mesodinium and/or that cryptophyte plastids from clade V prevail in members of the M. rubrum species complex in the studied area.

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The species diversity of hydrophytes suitable for human consumption and the possibility of their introduction into the practice of organic farming and sustainable polyculture are explored in the article. The economic and environmental potential of shallow freshwater areas and waterlogged areas are discussed from the perspective of sustainable agriculture. The possibility of using some hydrophyte plants for food and drugs is indicated. The necessity of using the practice of traditional nature management by the native population in relation to water and near-water food plants is mentioned. The relevant issues of providing the growing population of the Earth with food and technical plant raw materials from hydrophytes are discussed. It has been established that a necessary condition for the operation of the market for wild-growing medicinal hydrophytes in accordance with the concept of sustainable development is its efficient legal regulation at all levels.

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Currently, many biological substances extracted from algae have received special attention because of their intrinsic characteristics, which can be applied to different areas of biotechnology. Therefore, in the current study, exopolysaccharides (EPS) from the microalgae Cryptomonas tetrapirenoidosa were employed as an aqueous subphase of a monolayer formed by the lipid dioctadecyldimethylammonium bromide (DODAB). The primary objective of this approach was to evaluate whether EPS could serve as a matrix for the immobilization of the enzyme urease to produce biosensors for urea. After DODAB was spread on the EPS solutions, urease was injected into the aqueous subphase, and the surface was submitted to compression using lateral barriers. The monolayers were subsequently characterized by surface pressure-area isotherms and polarization modulation infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS). The results indicated that EPS enhanced the adsorption of the enzyme on the lipid monolayer. The mixed films were later transferred to solid supports using the Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) technique and were characterized by transfer ratio, PM-IRRAS, quartz crystal microbalance, and atomic force microscopy. The immobilization of the enzyme on solid supports was fundamental for providing an ideal geometrical accommodation of urease because the interaction of EPS with urease in solution causes a decrease of the relative activity of urease. Therefore, these LB films are promising for the fabrication of future urea biosensors, the architecture of which can be manipulated and enhanced at the molecular level.

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This study aimed to analyse the composition and ecological attributes of the phytoplankton assemblages in four lateral lagoons and in the main channel of Rosana Reservoir (Paranapanema River, SE Brazil). Fieldwork was carried out in September and November/2004 and January, March, May and August/2005. A total of 283 taxa was identified. Zygnemaphyta was the most specious group, followed by Chlorophyta and Bacillariophyta. Higher richness, abundance and biomass were observed in the lagoons when compared with the river-reservoir sampling point, especially during the rainy period. Cryptophyceae and Bacillariophyceae dominated numerically. Cryptomonas brasiliensis Castro, Bicudo and Bicudo was the main species of the phytoplankton in terms of abundance and frequency of occurrence. The dynamics of the most important taxa are discussed and the results showed that the phytoplankton assemblages are mainly influenced by meteorological factors and nutrient availability (the main driving forces). Correlation analyses indicated that the assemblage abundance was limited by nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus). The phytoplankton abundance influenced positively the zooplankton abundance, what indicates the prevalence of bottom-up control routes in the lateral lagoons system. The results validate the hypotheses that lateral lagoons have a prominent ecological role on the phytoplankton diversity, as already previously demonstrated for fish and zooplankton. Therefore, the incorporation of the lateral lagoons in environmental programmes should be a target strategy for the conservation of the regional aquatic biota, minimising the negative impact of the dam.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a composição e os atributos ecológicos das assembleias fitoplanctônicas de quatro lagoas marginais e canal principal do Reservatório de Rosana (SE, Brasil). Os trabalhos de campo foram realizados em setembro e novembro de 2004, e janeiro, março, maio e agosto de 2005. O número total de táxons identificados foi de 283. Zygnemaphyta foi o grupo com maior número de espécies, seguido por Chlorophyta e Bacillariophyta. Maior riqueza, abundância e biomassa foram observadas nas lagoas, quando comparadas ao canal do rio-reservatório, especialmente durante o período chuvoso. Cryptophyceae e Bacillariophyceae dominaram numericamente as assembleias. Cryptomonas brasiliensis Castro, Bicudo e Bicudo foi a principal espécie do fitoplâncton, em termos de abundância e frequência de ocorrência. Os resultados mostraram que as assembleias fitoplanctônicas são influenciadas principalmente pelos fatores meteorológicos e nutrientes (funções de força). Análises de correlação mostraram que a abundância do fitoplâncton foi limitada por nutrientes (nitrogênio e fósforo). Por sua vez, a abundância fitoplanctônica influenciou positivamente a abundância do zooplâncton, o que indica a predominância de mecanismos de controle ascendente no sistema de lagoas laterais. Os resultados validaram a hipótese, assim como já havia sido demonstrado para peixes e zooplâncton, de que as lagoas laterais têm um proeminente papel na diversidade do fitoplâncton. A incorporação das lagoas laterais em programas ambientais seria uma boa estratégia para a conservação da biota aquática regional, minimizando o impacto negativo do represamento.(AU)

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Ligands present in dissolved organic matter (DOM) form complexes with inorganic divalent mercury (Hg2+) affecting its bioavailability in pelagic food webs. This investigation addresses the influence of a natural gradient of DOM present in Patagonian lakes on the bioaccumulation of Hg2+ (the prevailing mercury species in the water column of these lakes) by the algae Cryptomonas erosa and the zooplankters Brachionus calyciflorus and Boeckella antiqua. Hg2+ accumulation was studied through laboratory experiments using natural water of four oligotrophic Patagonian lakes amended witht'97Hg2+. The bioavailability of Hg2+ was affected by the concentration and character of DOM. The entrance of Hg2+ into pelagic food webs occurs mostly through passive and active accumulation. The incorporation of Hg2+ by Cryptomonas, up to 27% of the Hg2+ amended, was found to be rapid and dominated by passive adsorption, and was greatest when low molecular weight compounds with protein-like or small phenolic signatures prevailed in the DOM. Conversely, high molecular weight compounds with a humic or fulvic signature kept Hg2+ in the dissolved phase, resulting in the lowest Hg2+ accumulation in this algae. In Brachionus and Boeckella the direct incorporation of Hg from the aqueous phase was up to 3% of the Hg2+ amended. The dietary incorporation of Hg2+ by Boeckella exceeded the direct absorption of this metal in natural water, and was remarkably similar to the Hg2+ adsorbed in their prey. Overall, DOM concentration and character affected the adsorption of Hg2+ by algae through competitive binding, while the incorporation of Hg2+ into the zooplankton was dominated by trophic or dietary transfer.

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The present study describes the behavior of spatio-temporal variation of parameters and microbial profile of a pilot stabilization ponds system, consisted of three serial ponds, for the treatment of landfill leachate. Bacterial diversity was determined through molecular techniques (FISH, PCR and phylogenic analysis), while the phytoplankton community was evaluated through optical microscopy and quantified by the Sedgewick-Rafter chamber. Physicochemical parameters were also evaluated. The ponds system presented the following removal efficiency: 56% for TCOD; 83% for SBOD5 and 82% for N-NH4(+). Moreover, the analysis of chlorophyll a and DO showed stratification in the mass of water by the vertical profile. The analysis of the phytoplankton community showed a low number of species, with a predominance of Chlamydomonas sp. and presence of Cryptomonas sp. in lower density. The bacterial diversity analysis showed the presence of Planctomycetales, Verrucomicrobiales, some Desulfovibionaceae sulfate-reducing bacteria and Pseudomonas sp.

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Rhodomonas salina (Cryptophyta) pastes as feed for Brachionus plicatilis (Rotifera). Rotifers are an important live feed for first feeding larvae of many fish species. The use of concentrated algae cells in the mass culture of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis (Brachionidae) has opened new horizons for research on this organism. Pastes of Rhodomonas salina (Pyrenomonadaceae) obtained either by centrifugation or flocculation with chitosan were preserved, with or without vitamin C, at -20°C for four weeks and were evaluated biochemically (proteins, lipids, pigments and fatty acids contents) and subsequently, were used to feed the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis at a ratio of 25mg/L/day. Four different microalgae pastes were prepared: (1) centrifuged and preserved with vitamin C (CV), (2) centrifuged and preserved without vitamin C (C), (3) flocculated and with vitamin C (FV) and (4) flocculated without vitamin C (F). All treatments showed similar contents of proteins and total lipids with respect to control culture (a fresh culture of R. salina), with mean values of 40.0±2.32% and 12.0±1.45%, respectively. The pheophytin a/chlorophyll a ratio, a general indicator of the chemical status of microalgal concentrates, was similar (0.09-0.11) between centrifuged pastes and control culture, but was found to be higher in flocculated pastes (1.28-1.48). The fatty acid profile varied with respect to the control culture, mainly in the proportion of the essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs): eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Total PUFAs, EPA and DHA contents were statistically similar between centrifuged pastes and control culture (PUFAs: 47%, EPA: 4% and DHA: 4.7%), whereas values obtained for flocculated pastes were significantly lower. The rotifers grew equally well when fed with centrifuged pastes or control culture (maximum density: 320rotifers/mL; instantaneous growth rate: 0.23rotifers/day, fecundity: 1.49eggs/female and productivity: 43x103rotifers/L/day. No significant effect of vitamin C was found when used as a paste preservative. We concluded that centrifugation is an effective harvesting method, and that freezing to -20ºC for four weeks (no vitamin added), may help maintain the nutritional quality of R. salina paste, similar to fresh microalgae and can be offered to Brachionus plicatilis. Rev. Biol. Trop. 59 (4): 1503-1515. Epub 2011 December 01.

Pastas de Rhodomonas salina, obtenidas mediante centrifugación y floculación con quitosano y preservadas con o sin vitamina C, a -20°C fueron evaluadas bioquímicamente y proporcionadas como alimento al rotífero Brachionus plicatilis. Las pastas microalgales: (1) centrifugada y con vitamina C (CV), (2) centrifugada y sin vitamina C (C), (3) floculada y con vitamina C (FV) y (4) floculada y sin adición de vitamina C (F); mantuvieron sus contenidos de proteínas y lípidos totales similares al cultivo control, con valores de 40.0±2.32% y 12.0±1.45%, respectivamente. La relación feofitina a/clorofila a fue similar (0.09-0.11) entre las pastas centrifugadas y el cultivo control, pero mayor en las pastas floculadas (1.28-1.48). Las pastas centrifugadas presentaron porcentajes de PUFAs totales, EPA y DHA similares al cultivo control (PUFAs: 47%, EPA: 4% y DHA: 4.7%) y superiores al de las pastas floculadas. Las pastas obtenidas por centrifugación indujeron un crecimiento del rotífero igual al obtenido con el alimento control (densidad máxima: 320rotíferos/mL; tasa instantánea de crecimiento: 0.23rotíferos/día, fecundidad: 1.49huevos/ hembra y productividad: 43x103rotíferos/L/día). Se concluye que la pasta de R. salina centrifugada y congelada a -20°C, durante cuatro semanas, sin adición de vitamina C, mantiene su calidad nutricional similar a la del alga fresca y puede ser usada como alimento de Brachionus plicatilis.

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Rotifers are an important live feed for first feeding larvae of many fish species. The use of concentrated algae cells in the mass culture of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis (Brachionidae) has opened new horizons for research on this organism. Pastes of Rhodomonas salina (Pyrenomonadaceae) obtained either by centrifugation or flocculation with chitosan were preserved, with or without vitamin C, at -20 degrees C for four weeks and were evaluated biochemically (proteins, lipids, pigments and fatty acids contents) and subsequently, were used to feed the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis at a ratio of 25 mg/L/day. Four different microalgae pastes were prepared: (1) centrifuged and preserved with vitamin C (CV), (2) centrifuged and preserved without vitamin C (C), (3) flocculated and with vitamin C (FV) and (4) flocculated without vitamin C (F). All treatments showed similar contents of proteins and total lipids with respect to control culture (a fresh culture of R. salina), with mean values of 40.0 +/- 2.32% and 12.0 +/- 1.45%, respectively. The pheophytin a/chlorophyll a ratio, a general indicator of the chemical status of microalgal concentrates, was similar (0.09-0.11) between centrifuged pastes and control culture, but was found to be higher in flocculated pastes (1.28-1.48). The fatty acid profile varied with respect to the control culture, mainly in the proportion of the essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs): eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Total PUFAs, EPA and DHA contents were statistically similar between centrifuged pastes and control culture (PUFAs: 47%, EPA: 4% and DHA: 4.7%), whereas values obtained for flocculated pastes were significantly lower. The rotifers grew equally well when fed with centrifuged pastes or control culture (maximum density: 320 rotifers/mL; instantaneous growth rate: 0.23 rotifers/day, fecundity: 1.49 eggs/female and productivity: 43 x 10(3) rotifers/L/day. No significant effect of vitamin C was found when used as a paste preservative. We concluded that centrifugation is an effective harvesting method, and that freezing to -20 degrees C for four weeks (no vitamin added), may help maintain the nutritional quality of R. salina paste, similar to fresh microalgae and can be offered to Brachionus plicatilis.

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