RESUMO
Patients with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection are at high risk for gastrointestinal infections causing diarrhea, particularly when those infections are parasitic in nature. This propensity is more pronounced in AIDS, where opportunistic parasitic infections may cause severe diarrhea, marked absorptive dysfunction, and significant risk of mortality. There are scant data regarding parasitic infections among HIV patients in the developed world; most studies and research come from povertystricken areas of South Africa, India, Iran, and the South Pacific. Although multiple infections with the same or different parasites have been reported, simultaneous infections are rare. We present the case of a 35-year-old man who developed a co-infection with Giardia, Cryptosporidium, and Strongyloides, simultaneously, the diagnosis being made after the judicious evaluation of a stool sample. Given the associated morbidity, prompt diagnosis and treatment are needed to avoid further complications in patients with HIV. To our knowledge this is the first reported case of triple parasitic infection in a patient with HIV.
Assuntos
Criptosporidiose/parasitologia , Giardíase/parasitologia , Enteropatias Parasitárias/parasitologia , Estrongiloidíase/parasitologia , Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/diagnóstico , Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/etiologia , Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/parasitologia , Adulto , Animais , Coinfecção , Criptosporidiose/diagnóstico , Criptosporidiose/etiologia , Cryptosporidium/isolamento & purificação , Diarreia/parasitologia , Giardia/isolamento & purificação , Giardíase/diagnóstico , Giardíase/etiologia , Infecções por HIV/complicações , Humanos , Enteropatias Parasitárias/diagnóstico , Enteropatias Parasitárias/etiologia , Masculino , Strongyloides/isolamento & purificação , Estrongiloidíase/diagnóstico , Estrongiloidíase/etiologiaRESUMO
The genus Cryptosporidium consists of protozoa with large reproduction and dissemination capacity. Transmission can occur indirectly by ingestion of water contaminated with viable oocysts or directly between animals, between humans, or between animals and human. In various parts of the world, pets have been cited as potential sources of infection by Cryptosporidium spp. The present study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of natural Cryptosporidium spp. infection in domestic dogs in the city of Recife, Pernambuco State, Brazil, as well as the association of the infection with epidemiological and sanitary data. Stool samples from 97 dogs were analyzed using the techniques of centrifugal sedimentation in formalin-ether with subsequent staining by Kinyoun method. Statistical analysis was performed using the chi-square test of Pearson and Fisher Exact test, with significance level of 5.0%. Positivity was detected in 31.9% (31/97) of samples. It was the first record of infection by Cryptosporidium spp. in dogs from northeastern Brazil. We verified significant association between the rate of infection and veterinary medical care, vaccination, and type of environment in which the dogs were kept.(AU)
O gênero Cryptosporidium é composto por protozoários com grande capacidade de reprodução e disseminação. Sua transmissão pode ocorrer indiretamente pela ingestão de água e alimentos contaminados com oocistos viáveis ou diretamente entre animais, entre humanos ou entre animais e humanos. Em diversas partes do mundo, animais de companhia tem sido citados como fontes potenciais de infecção por Cryptosporidium spp. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a ocorrência da infecção por Cryptosporidium spp. em cães domiciliados na cidade do Recife, estado de Pernambuco, Brasil, bem como a associação da infecção com dados epidemiológicos e sanitários. Foram analisadas 97 amostras de fezes de caninos domiciliados, utilizando-se as técnicas de centrífugo-sedimentação em formol-éter com posterior coloração pelo método de Kinyoun. A análise estatística foi realizada por meio dos testes Qui-quadrado de Pearson e Exato de Fisher, com nível de significância de 5,0%. Detectou-se positividade de 31,9% (31/97), tratando-se do primeiro registro de ocorrência da infecção por Cryptosporidium spp. na espécie canina no nordeste brasileiro, verificando-se associação significativa entre a taxa de infecção e a assistência médica veterinária, vacinação recebida e o tipo de ambiente de criação dos cães.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Cães , Cryptosporidium/parasitologia , Criptosporidiose/etiologia , Vigilância Sanitária , Doenças Parasitárias/diagnóstico , Zoonoses/etiologia , EpidemiologiaRESUMO
The genus Cryptosporidium consists of protozoa with large reproduction and dissemination capacity. Transmission can occur indirectly by ingestion of water contaminated with viable oocysts or directly between animals, between humans, or between animals and human. In various parts of the world, pets have been cited as potential sources of infection by Cryptosporidium spp. The present study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of natural Cryptosporidium spp. infection in domestic dogs in the city of Recife, Pernambuco State, Brazil, as well as the association of the infection with epidemiological and sanitary data. Stool samples from 97 dogs were analyzed using the techniques of centrifugal sedimentation in formalin-ether with subsequent staining by Kinyoun method. Statistical analysis was performed using the chi-square test of Pearson and Fisher Exact test, with significance level of 5.0%. Positivity was detected in 31.9% (31/97) of samples. It was the first record of infection by Cryptosporidium spp. in dogs from northeastern Brazil. We verified significant association between the rate of infection and veterinary medical care, vaccination, and type of environment in which the dogs were kept.
O gênero Cryptosporidium é composto por protozoários com grande capacidade de reprodução e disseminação. Sua transmissão pode ocorrer indiretamente pela ingestão de água e alimentos contaminados com oocistos viáveis ou diretamente entre animais, entre humanos ou entre animais e humanos. Em diversas partes do mundo, animais de companhia tem sido citados como fontes potenciais de infecção por Cryptosporidium spp. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a ocorrência da infecção por Cryptosporidium spp. em cães domiciliados na cidade do Recife, estado de Pernambuco, Brasil, bem como a associação da infecção com dados epidemiológicos e sanitários. Foram analisadas 97 amostras de fezes de caninos domiciliados, utilizando-se as técnicas de centrífugo-sedimentação em formol-éter com posterior coloração pelo método de Kinyoun. A análise estatística foi realizada por meio dos testes Qui-quadrado de Pearson e Exato de Fisher, com nível de significância de 5,0%. Detectou-se positividade de 31,9% (31/97), tratando-se do primeiro registro de ocorrência da infecção por Cryptosporidium spp. na espécie canina no nordeste brasileiro, verificando-se associação significativa entre a taxa de infecção e a assistência médica veterinária, vacinação recebida e o tipo de ambiente de criação dos cães.
Assuntos
Animais , Cães , Criptosporidiose/etiologia , Cryptosporidium/parasitologia , Doenças Parasitárias/diagnóstico , Vigilância Sanitária , Epidemiologia , Zoonoses/etiologiaRESUMO
Cryptosporidiosis is one of the main protozoan infections in birds. It manifests as either a respiratory or a digestive illness, and it affects a very large number of avian species across several continents. The aim of this review is to report on the main results of studies on cryptosporidiosis among birds and the importance of these results to veterinary medicine and public health.
Assuntos
Doenças das Aves/parasitologia , Criptosporidiose , Animais , Doenças das Aves/diagnóstico , Doenças das Aves/epidemiologia , Criptosporidiose/epidemiologia , Criptosporidiose/etiologiaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Undernutrition is a recognized public health problem in Mexican children and cryptosporidiosis is probably a factor contributing to this problem. However, it remains a neglected and poorly attended infection in Mexico. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Cryptosporidium parvum and to establish its association with the nutritional status in schoolchildren of northwestern Mexico. METHODOLOGY: A total of 405 schoolchildren between 6 and 13 years of age were included in this study. Weight-for-age (W/A), height-for-age (H/A) and body mass index-for-age (BMI/A) Z scores were calculated. The Faust technique was used to detect intestinal parasites in stool samples and C. parvum coproantigen was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS: The overall prevalence of C. parvum was 28.4%. Some of the study children were C. parvum free (n = 86) and some were C. parvum infected (n = 77). The prevalences of risk of undernutrition found in both groups of children for H/A, W/A, and BMI/A Z scores were 18%, 21% and 28%, respectively. Weight, ZW/A, and ZH/A were significantly higher in the C. parvum-free group compared to the C. parvum-infected group (p ≤ 0.05). The children with cryptosporidiosis were 2.7 times more likely to be at risk of undernutrition by W/A Z score and 2.9 times more likely to be at risk of undernutrition by ZH/A than were the C. parvum-free children. CONCLUSIONS: Cryptosporidiosis may be a contributing factor to childhood undernutrition in northwestern Mexico. The proper authorities must implement control and prevention measurements in Mexico and other developing countries.
Assuntos
Criptosporidiose/epidemiologia , Desnutrição/complicações , Criança , Estudos Transversais , Criptosporidiose/complicações , Criptosporidiose/etiologia , Criptosporidiose/parasitologia , Cryptosporidium parvum/isolamento & purificação , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Fezes/parasitologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Estado Nutricional , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Instituições AcadêmicasRESUMO
Cryptosporidiosis is one of the main protozoan infections in birds. It manifests as either a respiratory or a digestive illness, and it affects a very large number of avian species across several continents. The aim of this review is to report on the main results of studies on cryptosporidiosis among birds and the importance of these results to veterinary medicine and public health.
A criptosporidiose constitui-se em uma das principais infecções por protozoários em aves, manifestando-se como enfermidade respiratória ou digestiva, em dezenas de espécies aviárias, em vários continentes. O objetivo desse trabalho foi relatar, por meio de revisão de literatura, os principais resultados de estudos sobre criptosporidiose em aves e sua importância para a medicina veterinária e saúde pública.
Assuntos
Animais , Doenças das Aves/parasitologia , Criptosporidiose/etiologia , Criptosporidiose/epidemiologia , Doenças das Aves/diagnóstico , Doenças das Aves/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Cryptosporidiosis is one of the main protozoan infections in birds. It manifests as either a respiratory or a digestive illness, and it affects a very large number of avian species across several continents. The aim of this review is to report on the main results of studies on cryptosporidiosis among birds and the importance of these results to veterinary medicine and public health.(AU)
A criptosporidiose constitui-se em uma das principais infecções por protozoários em aves, manifestando-se como enfermidade respiratória ou digestiva, em dezenas de espécies aviárias, em vários continentes. O objetivo desse trabalho foi relatar, por meio de revisão de literatura, os principais resultados de estudos sobre criptosporidiose em aves e sua importância para a medicina veterinária e saúde pública.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Doenças das Aves/diagnóstico , Doenças das Aves/epidemiologia , Doenças das Aves/parasitologia , Criptosporidiose/epidemiologia , Criptosporidiose/etiologia , Infecções por ProtozoáriosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The present study was aimed to establishing Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. prevalence in 0 to 2 months old dairy calves of the north-western zone of the Bogota Savanna. In addition, associated factors related to a failure in Good Practices of Livestock could incur in human and animal infection. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study; calves' fecal samples were used. Farms' Good Practices of Livestock were observed by means of an observation blank. Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. prevalence was determinate by means of laboratory results (Ritchie for Giardia spp. and modified Ziehl-Neelsen for Cryptosporidium spp.). Odds Ratios (OR) were calculated in association between this two genera of protozoa and Good Practices of Livestock. RESULTS: Thirty three dairy farms were evaluated, where fecal samples of 308 calves were taken. Giardia spp. prevalence was 37.7 %, 115 infected animals; Cryptosporidium spp. prevalence was 4.9 %, 15 infected animals. CONCLUSION: There is an important Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium foci in the north-western zone of the Bogota Savanna, without a previous knowledge. Giardia spp. prevalence for this zone is in the highest rank reported for South-America and Cryptosporidium spp. prevalence is in en the lowest one. Associated risk factors of Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. in dairy farms of the north-western zone of the Bogota Savanna depend of a Good Practices of Livestock performance.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia , Criptosporidiose/veterinária , Giardíase/veterinária , Animais , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/etiologia , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Criptosporidiose/epidemiologia , Criptosporidiose/etiologia , Indústria de Laticínios , Feminino , Giardíase/epidemiologia , Giardíase/etiologia , Razão de Chances , Prevalência , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Objetivo Estimar la prevalencia de Cryptosporidium spp. y Giardia spp. en terneros de 0 a 2 meses de ganado lechero de la zona noroccidental de la Sabana de Bogotá. Se estimaron los factores de riesgo de la producción lechera que puedan incurrir en la infección de personas y animales. Métodos Estudio de corte transversal, mediante la toma de materia fecal de terneros. Se determinó la prevalencia de punto para Giardia spp. y Cryptosporidium spp. a través los resultados de los coprológicos (Ritchie para Giardia spp. y Ziehl-Neelsen modificada para Cryptosporidium spp.). Se calcularon Odds Ratio para establecer los factores de riesgo asociados entre estos dos géneros de protozoarios y el manejo de las Buenas Prácticas Ganaderas. Resultados Se evaluaron 33 fincas dedicadas a la producción lechera, donde se muestrearon 308 terneros. La prevalencia para Giardia spp. fue de 37,3 %, 115 animales positivos y para Cryptosporidium spp. fue de 4,9 % 15, animales positivos. Conclusión Existe un foco de Giardia spp. y Cryptosporidium spp. en el noroccidente de la Sabana de Bogotá, del cual no se tenía conocimiento previo. La prevalencia de Giardia spp. para la región estudiada, está en el límite alto del rango reportado para Sudamérica. En el caso de Cryptosporidium spp. la situación es distinta, la prevalencia se encuentra en el limite bajo del rango reportado para Sudamérica. Los factores de riesgo asociados a Giardia spp. y Cryptosporidium spp. en las explotaciones lecheras del noroccidente de la Sabana de Bogotá, dependen de Buenas Prácticas Ganaderas.
Objective The present study was aimed to establishing Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. prevalence in 0 to 2 months old dairy calves of the north-western zone of the Bogota Savanna. In addition, associated factors related to a failure in Good Practices of Livestock could incur in human and animal infection. Methods This was a cross-sectional study; calves' fecal samples were used. Farms' Good Practices of Livestock were observed by means of an observation blank. Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. prevalence was determinate by means of laboratory results (Ritchie for Giardia spp. and modified Ziehl-Neelsen for Cryptosporidium spp.). Odds Ratios (OR) were calculated in association between this two genera of protozoa and Good Practices of Livestock. Results Thirty three dairy farms were evaluated, where fecal samples of 308 calves were taken. Giardia spp. prevalence was 37.7 %, 115 infected animals; Cryptosporidium spp. prevalence was 4.9 %, 15 infected animals. Conclusion There is an important Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium foci in the north-western zone of the Bogota Savanna, without a previous knowledge. Giardia spp. prevalence for this zone is in the highest rank reported for South-America and Cryptosporidium spp. prevalence is in en the lowest one. Associated risk factors of Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. in dairy farms of the north-western zone of the Bogota Savanna depend of a Good Practices of Livestock performance.
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia , Criptosporidiose/veterinária , Giardíase/veterinária , Doenças dos Bovinos/etiologia , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Criptosporidiose/epidemiologia , Criptosporidiose/etiologia , Indústria de Laticínios , Giardíase/epidemiologia , Giardíase/etiologia , Razão de Chances , Prevalência , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Avaliou-se a presença de oocistos de Cryptosporidium spp. em amostras de fezes de 14 bezerros e de suas mães até a oitava semana pós parição. A maior taxa de excreção de oocistos foi verificada em bezerros com sete dias de idade. Das vacas, 42,8 por cento foram positivas para Cryptosporidium no período pós-parto. Em outra etapa deste estudo, foram acompanhados 57 bezerros positivos para Cryptosporidium, com até 30 dias de idade, provenientes de 32 propriedades leiteiras, e estudouse o grau de eliminação dos oocistos com a possível ocorrência de diarréia. Em todos os animais positivos para Cryptosporidium foi pesquisada a presença de bactérias enteropatogênicas, vírus (Rotavirus e Coronavirus) e protozoários (Eimeria spp.).(AU)
The aim of this research was to evaluate the shedding of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts in fecal samples from 14 calves from one dairy farm, from birth until 60 days old and from cows until eight weeks after parturition. The higher percentage of oocysts excreted was observed in 7-day-old calves. In the post-partum period 43.7 percent of cows were positive for Cryptosporidium oocysts. Further analyses were accomplished in 57 calves from another 32 milk farms, previously known as positive for Cryptosporidium, through oocysts fecal screening and clinical signs analyses until calves were 30 days old. Fecal samples from all animals that presented diarrhea were screened for the presence of bacteria, virus (Rotavirus and Coronavirus ) and protozoa (Eimeria spp.).(AU)