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Thyroid storm is a rare but well-known life-threatening complication that occurs due to acute exacerbation of thyrotoxicosis with the increased levels of circulating thyroid hormones. Reports of metabolic encephalopathy associated with thyroid storm are scarce. We describe the case of a 23-year-old male patient with no previous history of abnormal thyroid function who had consumed excessive amounts of alcohol before disease onset. The patient was found unconscious and febrile on a roadside by a passerby and was admitted to our hospital's emergency department. His primary clinical presentation included hyperthermia (40.8 °C), nodal tachycardia (180 beats/min), seizures, coma, and hypoglycemia (2.18 mmol/L). The hypoglycemia was quickly corrected after admission, but his level of consciousness showed no improvement. With aggressive screening, the patient was found to have severe thyroid dysfunction (T3 = 6.67 nmol/L, T4 = 252.00 nmol/L, free T3 = 29.20 pmol/L, free T4 = 65.30 pmol/L, and TSH = 0.001 µIU/mL). After medical treatment, plasmapheresis, hemofiltration, and hemoperfusion, the patient showed substantial improvement in thyroid hormone levels and stabilization of vital signs, but the impaired consciousness and seizures persisted. Multiple computed tomography scans revealed brain abnormalities. Magnetic resonance imaging performed after tracheal extubation revealed bilateral frontal lobe lesions. We reported a case of metabolic encephalopathy in a patient with life-threatening thyroid storm and bilateral frontal lobe lesions. Hypoglycemia may have been involved in the development of encephalopathy in our patient. Health care providers should consider thyroid storm in the differential diagnosis of hyperthermia, seizures, and coma. Early plasmapheresis, hemofiltration, and hemoperfusion can lower T4 levels and improve prognosis in patients with thyroid storm and encephalopathy.

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Background: Hyperthyroidism is the increase in the synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones. It is rare but serious in children and constitutes approximately 5% of all cases; 15% manifests before 10 years of age. The peak of presentation and the majority of cases (80%) are diagnosed around 10-15 years of age. Adolescence is usually the stage with the highest incidence and it is more frequent in women (5:1). Acute thyrotoxic crisis or thyroid storm is rare and only occurs in a poorly controlled hyperthyroid patient or in a hyperthyroid patient undergoing emergency surgery. It is manifested by fever, extreme tachycardia, tachyarrhythmia with atrial fibrillation, vomiting, diarrhea, agitation and mental confusion. Clinical case: 17-year-old adolescent with Graves' disease with uncontrolled clinical manifestations that did not respond to medical treatment and was scheduled for radical thyroidectomy. 35 points were obtained on the Burch and Wartofsky Scale. It was managed with general anesthesia, reducing stimuli for airway and regional control to reduce surgical stimuli. Adjuvant medications such as magnesium sulfate for intraoperative stability were used. Conclusion: Multimodal anesthesia managed to avoid thyroid storm, postoperative pain, as well as other complications.

Introducción: el hipertiroidismo es el incremento en la síntesis y secreción de hormonas tiroideas. Es raro pero grave en la edad pediátrica y constituye aproximadamente el 5% de todos los casos; el 15% se presenta antes de los 10 años. El pico de presentación y la mayoría de los casos (80%) se diagnostican hacia los 10-15 años. La adolescencia es la etapa de mayor incidencia y más frecuente en mujeres (5:1). La crisis tirotóxica aguda o tormenta tiroidea es rara y solo se presenta en un hipertiroideo mal controlado o en un paciente hipertiroideo intervenido de urgencia. Se manifiesta con fiebre, taquicardia extrema, taquiarritmia con fibrilación auricular, vómito, diarrea, agitación y confusión mental. Caso clínico: adolescente de 17 años con enfermedad de Graves con manifestaciones clínicas descontroladas, la cual no respondió a tratamiento médico y se programó para tiroidectomia radical. Se obtuvieron 35 puntos en la Escala de Burch y Wartofsky. Se manejó con anestesia general y fueron disminuyendo los estímulos para control de vía aérea y regional a fin de disminuir los estímulos quirúrgicos. Se usaron medicamentos adyuvantes como sulfato de magnesio para la estabilidad transoperatoria. Conclusión: la anestesia multimodal logró evitar la tormenta tiroidea, el dolor postoperatorio, así como otras complicaciones.

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Thyroid storm is a rare and potentially fatal condition. Unusual presentations in patients with thyroid storm have been described but multiorganic dysfunction is uncommonly seen. We describe the case of a 36-year-old woman with unknown underlying Graves's disease who developed thyroid storm. The thyroid storm score of Burch and Wartofsky was 50/140. This was complicated by acute liver failure, acute kidney injury, lactic acidosis, heart failure, bi-cytopenia, coagulopathy and rhabdomyolysis. The severe multiorgan dysfunction was reversed by prompt institution of steroids, cyclophosphamide and plasma exchange before thyroidectomy. Main difficulty lies in recognizing its varied presentations and offering appropriate treatment when physician faces either failure or contraindications of conventional therapy.

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La tormenta tiroidea es una condición infrecuente y potencialmente fatal. En la literatura han sido descritas varias presentaciones inusuales de la misma; sin embargo, la disfunción multiorgánica es rara vez vista. Aquí describimos un caso en una mujer de 36 años de edad con enfermedad de Graves subyacente no diagnosticada hasta entonces, quien inició su sintomatología con una tormenta tiroidea. Su score de Burch y Wartofsky fue de 50/140. Desarrolló falla hepática aguda, falla renal aguda, acidosis láctica, falla cardíaca, bicitopenia, coagulopatía y rabdomiolisis. La disfunción multiorgánica se revirtió gracias a la pronta instauración de los esteroides, ciclofosfamida, plasmaféresis y posterior tiroidectomía. La dificultad reside en reconocer las variadas presentaciones de la enfermedad y ofrecer un tratamiento apropiado cuando se enfrenta a las contraindicaciones o las fallas terapéuticas del tratamiento convencional.

Thyroid storm is a rare and potentially fatal condition. Unusual presentations in patients with thyroid storm have been described but multiorganic dysfunction is uncommonly seen. We describe the case of a 36-year-old woman with unknown underlying Graves´s disease who developed thyroid storm. The thyroid storm score of Burch and Wartofsky was 50/140. This was complicated by acute liver failure, acute kidney injury, lactic acidosis, heart failure, bi-cytopenia, coagulopathy and rhabdomyolysis. The severe multiorgan dysfunction was reversed by prompt institution of steroids, cyclophosphamide and plasma exchange before thyroidectomy. Main difficulty lies in recognizing its varied presentations and offering appropriate treatment when physician faces either failure or contraindications of conventional therapy.

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Thyroid storm is a rare but potentially catastrophic disease expression of thyrotoxicosis with well-recognized cardiovascular manifestations such as heart failure and atrial fibrillation. Even through some studies have found an increased risk of cardiac thrombus formation and subsequent thromboembolism in these patients, the use of anticoagulation to prevent thromboembolic sequelae of thyrotoxic atrial fibrillation remains unclear. We present a patient presenting with new onset dilated cardiomyopathy and resistant atrial fibrillation with thyroid storm that had a large left atrial appendage clot. Case particulars are discussed and the literature reviewed.

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Relatamos o caso de ruptura de cordoalha mitral em um paciente adulto jovem, com apresentação clínica de febre, novo sopro cardíaco e disfunção respiratória, condição em que a hipótese de endocardite infecciosa é mandatória. Entretanto, o curso clínico, com ausência de critérios maiores para endocardite, a presença concomitante de crise tireotóxica e uma válvula mitral sem outras alterações estrututurais ecocardiográficas, reforça a hipótese alternativa de rutura de cordoalha associada ao estado hiperdinânimo. Os achados foram apropriadamente documentados e confirmados por ecocardiograma 3D. A revisão da literatura existente descreve que, embora a presença de regurgitação mitral leve a moderada seja altamente prevalente na tireotoxicose, a ruptura mitral na ausência de outras anormalidades estruturais é um achado raro e inesperado.

We report a case of a mitral chordaea rupture in a young adult patient presenting with fever, new cardiac murmur and respiratory distress, where the hypothesis of infective endocarditis was primarily selected as the main clinical concern. However, the clinical course in the absence of major criteria for endocarditis, the concomitant presence of a thyrotoxic state and no other echocardiographic detected structural alterations, strengthened the alternative hypothesis of primary rupture due to the hyperkinetic state. These findings were thoroughly documented and confirmed by 3D-echocardiography. The literature review describes that, although mild to moderate mitral regurgitation is highly prevalent in thyrotoxicosis, mitral rupture, in the absence of a previous structural abnormality, is a rare unexpected finding.

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Introducción: La tormenta tiroidea es la complicación más alarmante del hipertiroidismo. Objetivo: describir la conducta perioperatoria y evolución de una paciente con diagnóstico de bocio hipertiroideo, la cual presentó un cuadro de tormenta tiroidea intraoperatoria, experiencia única en nuestro servicio. Presentación del caso: Paciente femenina de 30 años de edad con diagnóstico de bocio hipertiroideo anunciada de forma electiva para cirugía del tiroides. Presentó un cuadro de hiperpirexia marcada, sudación excesiva, taquicardia que alcanzó valores de 160 latidos por minuto durante la cirugía. Se interpretó el cuadro como una tormenta tiroidea, se comenzaron las medidas terapéuticas de inmediato con betabloqueadores, antitiroideos y medidas antitérmicas. La paciente mostró reversión de los signos que permitió realizar tiroidectomía total, sin complicaciones postoperatorias y se trasladó a la sala de cuidados intensivos en la que permaneció durante 72 horas. Conclusiones: La tormenta tiroidea es una condición infrecuente pero potencialmente grave, su diagnóstico y tratamiento deben ser inmediatos y enérgicos para lograr resultados satisfactorios.

Introduction: The thyroid storm is the most alarming complication of hyperthyroidism. Objective: To describe the perioperative management and evolution of a patient with diagnosis of Hyperthyroid goiter who presented a thyroid storm during operation, the only one experience in our service. Case report: It was a 30 years old patient, female, with hyperthyroid goiter diagnosis announced in an elective form for thyroid surgery. She had high fever, excessive sweating and tachycardia of 160 beats per minute during the surgery. The patient had a thyroid storm and began the treatment immediately with beta-blockers, antithyroid medications and correction of the fever. The patient evidenced signs reversion and a total thyroidectomy was achieved without postoperative complications and she was transferred to the intensive care unit where she stayed for 72 hours. Conclusions: The thyroid storm is an infrequent condition but potentially grave, its diagnosis and treatment must be immediate and energetic to achieve satisfactory outcomes.

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We report a case of 24 year-old-female presenting with bilateral leg heaviness sensation and difficult walking of one-day duration. Over the past three months she developed progressive and frequent tingling sensation on her hands accompanied by headache and increased thirst. Hypokalemia was identified and treated with resolution of symptoms. She was later found to have Graves' disease. After propranolol and radioiodine therapy no further episodes were reported. Thyrotoxic hypokalemic periodic paralysis is an alarming, potentially lethal, and rare complication of hyperthyroidism. The pathogenesis is uncertain. Because the condition is rare, it is frequently overlooked and misdiagnosed on presentation. It is important to recognize these clinical settings in hypokalemic patients in order to promptly start adequate medical therapy and avoid the lethal complications caused by prolonged sustained potassium depletion.

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Doenças tireoidianas autoimunes (DTA) tem sido associadas esporadicamente à acidose tubular renal tipo 1 (ART-1). Apresentamos o segundo caso descrito na literatura, de nosso conhecimento, de doenças de Basedow-Graves associada à ATR e à paralisia periódica tiretóxica (PPT). Os níveis de pH sanguíneo e de eletrólitos nao se normalizaram com a correçao da disfunçao tireodiana. A paralisia revertou com a administraçao de grandes quantidades de potássio (300-445 mEq/dia) e a acidose com ingestao de bicarbonato (15g/24h). Nefrocalcinose bilateral estava presente com hipercalciúria (310-603 mg/24 h) e diabetes insípidus nefrogênico (Osmolaridade urinárias= 347 mOsm após DDAVP). Aventa-se um mecanismo autoimune na gênese da ATR-1à semelhança do que ocorre na doença tireodiana associada. (Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab 1994; 38/1:35-38).

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