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INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Occult hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection (OBI) is characterised by low levels of hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA in the blood/liver of patients with negative hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). This study aimed to determine the OBI prevalence and virological characteristics (viral genotypes and HBsAg mutants) in patients with an "anti-HBc only" serological profile. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 24 900 serum samples were routinely screened for hepatitis B markers over a five-year period. All anti-HBc-positive/HBsAg-negative/anti-HBs-negative sera were selected and analysed for the presence of HBV DNA. Mutational analyses of the HBs gene and polymerase gene sequences were performed. RESULTS: 1749 (7.02%) sera were anti-HBc positive, and 113 (0.45%) sera had an "anti-HBc only" serological profile (HBsAg/anti-HBs negative). HBV DNA was detected in 12/113 (10.61%) "anti-HBc only" positive sera, representing 0.048% of all routinely tested samples. Due to extremely low viremia, HBV genome was successfully sequenced in only two sera where subgenotype D3 was confirmed. Mutational analyses of the S gene revealed multiple missense mutations. In addition to the M133I, Y134F, and G145R mutations, already associated with diagnostic escape, we also found nine novel OBI-related S-gene mutations - S136Y, F158L, K160N, E164G, S167L, A168V, L175S, S210I and F212C. CONCLUSIONS: We detected multiple known and novel S gene mutations in 2/12 (16.6%) OBI cases, nevertheless, further studies are required to determine their role in the pathogenesis of OBI. Understanding the frequencies of clinically relevant HBV mutations may contribute to improvement of diagnostic protocols.
Assuntos
Hepatite B Crônica , Hepatite B , Adulto , Humanos , Vírus da Hepatite B/genética , Antígenos de Superfície da Hepatite B , DNA Viral/genética , Prevalência , Croácia/epidemiologia , Hepatite B/diagnóstico , Hepatite B/epidemiologia , Anticorpos Anti-Hepatite BRESUMO
PURPOSE: Late effects in childhood cancer survivors are a major cause of morbidity and mortality. The objective was to establish knowledge about the disease, late effects, self-care practices, application of health knowledge/education, sources of information, and biopsychosocial impact of cancer, and compare the results of Chile and Croatia. METHODS: One-hundred-and-seventy-one, 5-year survivors who were treated for leukemia or non-Hodgkin's lymphoma responded to a questionnaire (119 in Chile and 52 in Croatia). The questionnaire was reviewed by BFM-ELTEC. RESULTS: Health knowledge about past diagnosis and general treatment had 96% Chilean and 85% Croatian survivors. Ninety percent of Chilean and 73% of Croatian survivors were unaware of possible late effects, and half did not know which specialist to visit for follow-up. Forty-six percent of Chilean and 35% of Croatian survivors knew about healthy lifestyles, but most did not practice them. The 74% of Chileans and 87% of Croatian survivors recalled having received health education during treatment. About 50% of survivors in both groups were afraid or anguish, but it was also a growth experience for 60% of Chilean and 42% of Croatian survivors. Eighty-seven percent Chilean and 77% Croatian survivors considered themselves physically independent, while 76% and 75% felt psychologically independent, respectively. CONCLUSION: A significant lack of knowledge about the specific treatment, late effects, and future health in both countries was detected. They did not achieve significant learning with the education received. Psychological sequelae were found that are important to prevent.
Assuntos
Leucemia , Linfoma não Hodgkin , Chile , Croácia , Humanos , Leucemia/terapia , Linfoma não Hodgkin/terapia , Sobreviventes/psicologiaRESUMO
This study aimed to investigate the climatological impacts of air temperature, sunshine duration, and rain precipitation, in a moderate climate, on the reproductive performance of Romanov sheep in the continental part of Croatia, during two consecutive years (2019-2020). Our study included 549 matings with 520 successful conceptions at 5 Romanov sheep farms, and the fertility rate was 94.72%. The percentage of lambs delivered in winter was 53.27% (n = 277), in spring 20.19% (n = 105), in summer 14.23% (n = 74) and 12.31% in autumn (n = 64). According to percentile ranks and classification ratings, thermal conditions have been described as very warm (during 2019-2020), while precipitation conditions, expressed in percentiles, were wet (during 2019) but dry (during 2020) for this region. The peak of sexual activity was from mid-August until October in 2019 and from the end of August to November in 2020 for Romanov sheep in northwestern (NW) Croatia. A Kruskal-Wallis test showed a statistically significant difference in the number of pregnant ewes during the different mating seasons in the year (p < 0.001). Therefore, we can assume that air temperature, precipitation volume, and sunshine duration during the different seasons could impact the reproductive performance of Romanov sheep in a moderate climate.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Prenhez/fisiologia , Ovinos/fisiologia , Fenômenos Reprodutivos Fisiológicos , Croácia , Efeitos do Clima , MeteorologiaRESUMO
Introduction: Traumatic tooth injuries often occur in childhood. They are not life-threatening, but they can cause a number of complications that can affect the quality of life. Proper first aid can significantly facilitate further dental treatment. The aim of this research was to evaluate preschool teachers' knowledge and attitudes about dental trauma and their motivation for further education. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 54 preschool teachers. It was carried out in the form of a questionnaire consisting of 23 questions regarding traumatic tooth injuries, experiences and knowledge and teachers' interest in additional education.Results: Most of the preschool teachers, 68.51%, did not witness any dental traumas during their work experience. From the teachers who witnessed dental trauma, only 11.76% gave first aid and none of them called the dentist and followed their instructions. In case of dental avulsion 72.22% would keep the avulsed tooth in a dry gauze or tissue. Even though 81.49% consider themselves uninformed about dental, all of them are interested in additional education. Conclusion: Despite the insufficient knowledge about dental trauma, its management, and first aid it is encouraging that all of the preschool teachers included in this research are motivated to educate themselves more on this subject.
Introducción: Las lesiones dentales traumáticas ocurren a menudo en la niñez. No ponen en peligro la vida, pero pueden causar una serie de complicaciones que pueden afectar la calidad de vida. Los primeros auxilios adecuados pueden facilitar significativamente el tratamiento dental posterior. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el conocimiento y las actitudes de los profesores de preescolar sobre el trauma dental y su motivación para la educación superior. Material y Métodos: Este estudio transversal incluyó a 54 maestros de preescolar. Se llevó a cabo en forma de un cuestionario que constaba de 23 preguntas sobre lesiones dentales traumáticas, experiencias y conocimientos y el interés de los profesores en la educación adicional. Resultados: La mayoría de los maestros de preescolar (68,51%) no presenció ningún traumatismo dental durante su experiencia laboral. De los profesores que presenciaron traumatismos dentales, solo el 11,76% dio primeros auxilios y ninguno llamó al dentista y siguió sus instrucciones. En caso de avulsión dental, el 72,22% mantendría el diente avulsionado en una gasa o tejido seco. A pesar de que el 81,49% se considera desinformado sobre odontología, todos están interesados en educación adicional. Conclusion: A pesar del conocimiento insuficiente sobre el trauma dental, su manejo y primeros auxilios, es alentador que todos los maestros de preescolar incluidos en esta investigación estén motivados para educarse más en este tema
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Ensino , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Educação em Saúde Bucal , Qualidade de Vida , Avulsão Dentária , Estudos Transversais , Inquéritos e Questionários , Croácia , Traumatismos Dentários , Educação , Docentes , Primeiros Socorros , Professores EscolaresRESUMO
SUMMARY: The main purpose of this study was to determine the body composition and anthropometric reference values of male and female junior Croatian taekwondo competitors according to official weight category. Additional aim of the study was to identify possible differences in variables between the weight categories. The sample comprised 247 junior participants of the national taekwondo championships divided into male (N=121) and female (N=126). The variable sample was defined by a set of 8 measurements: Body height (cm), Body mass (kg), Body mass index, Body fat (%), Body fat (kg), Muscle mass (kg), Lean body mass (kg) and Total body water (%). Results confirm previous studies proving that younger taekwondo practitioners have higher levels of body fat than their more experienced peers (seniors). Significant differences were only found between lean and heavy categories. Male junior taekwondo athletes show total body water percentages from 57.4 to 74.8 %, with significantly lower percentages in higher weight categories, while female athletes in heigher categories demonstrate a worrying level of hydration status, therefore endangering their performance and overall health. As the first paper that investigates the reference values of junior taekwondo athletes but based on official weight categories it is especially important as each weight category warrant different body composition requirements, as seen from significant differences across different variables. Future studies should include motor abilities inspection throughout the weight categories and possible use of calculation of metabolic age.
RESUMEN: El objetivo principal de este estudio fue determinar la composición corporal y los valores de referencia antropométricos de los competidores croatas masculinos y femeninos de taekwondo junior según la categoría oficial de peso. Además, se analizó identificar las posibles diferencias en las variables entre las categorías de peso. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 247 participantes junior de los campeonatos nacionales de taekwondo divididos en hombres (N = 121) y mujeres (N = 126). La muestra variable se definió mediante un conjunto de 8 medidas: altura corporal (cm), masa corporal (kg), índice de masa corporal, grasa corporal (%), grasa corporal (kg), masa muscular (kg), masa corporal magra (kg) y agua corporal total (%). Los resultados confirmaron estudios previos que demuestran que los practicantes de taekwondo más jóvenes tienen niveles más altos de grasa corporal que sus pares más experimentados (personas mayores). Solo se encontraron diferencias significativas entre las categorías magra y pesada. Los atletas masculinos de taekwondo junior muestran porcentajes de agua corporal total del 57,4 al 74,8 %, con porcentajes significativamente más bajos en las categorías de peso más alto, mientras que las atletas femeninas en las categorías más altas, demuestran un nivel preocupante de estado de hidratación, poniendo en peligro su rendimiento y salud en general. Como el primer artículo que investiga los valores de referencia de los atletas de taekwondo junior, pero basado en categorías de peso oficiales, es especialmente importante ya que cada categoría de peso garantiza diferentes requisitos de composición corporal, como se puede observar en las diferencias significativas entre las diversas variables. Los estudios futuros deberían incluir un análisis de las habilidades motoras en todas las categorías de peso y el posible uso del cálculo de la edad metabólica.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Composição Corporal , Artes Marciais , Valores de Referência , Redução de Peso , Antropometria , Croácia , Estado de Hidratação do OrganismoRESUMO
The gastrointestinal tract of chickens harbors a highly diverse microbiota contributing not only to nutrition, but also to the physiological development of the gastrointestinal tract. Microbiota composition depends on many factors such as the portion of the intestine as well as the diet, age, genotype, or geographical origin of birds. The aim of the present study was to demonstrate the influence of the geographical location over the cecal microbiota from broilers. We used metabarcoding sequencing datasets of the 16S rRNA gene publicly available to compare the composition of the Argentine microbiota against the microbiota of broilers from another seven countries (Germany, Australia, Croatia, Slovenia, United States of America, Hungary, and Malaysia). Geographical location played a dominant role in shaping chicken gut microbiota (Adonis R2 = 0.6325, P = 0.001; Mantel statistic r = 0.1524, P = 4e-04) over any other evaluated factor. The geographical origin particularly affected the relative abundance of the families Bacteroidaceae, Lactobacillaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, and Clostridiaceae. Because of the evident divergence of microbiota among countries we coined the term "local microbiota" as convergent feature that conflates non-genetic factors, in the perspective of human-environmental geography. Local microbiota should be taken into consideration as a native overall threshold value for further appraisals when testing the production performance and performing correlation analysis of gut microbiota modulation against different kind of diet and/or management approaches. In this regard, we described the Argentine poultry cecal microbiota by means of samples both from experimental trials and commercial farms. Likewise, we were able to identify a core microbiota composed of 65 operational taxonomic units assigned to seven phyla and 38 families, with the four most abundant taxa belonging to Bacteroides genus, Rikenellaceae family, Clostridiales order, and Ruminococcaceae family.
Assuntos
Ceco/microbiologia , Galinhas/microbiologia , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/genética , Ração Animal , Animais , Austrália , Croácia , Código de Barras de DNA Taxonômico , Alemanha , Hungria , Malásia , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Eslovênia , Estados UnidosRESUMO
The aim of this research was to determine the differences between the cadets (U15) water polo players of national teams of Montenegro and Croatia in the body composition and anthropometric characteristics. A sample of 32 subjects was divided into two sub-samples. The first sub-sample of the subjects was consisted of 16 water polo players of Montenegro national team of the average age 14.69±.48, the vice champions on the European Championships in Burgas (Bulgaria) 2019, while the other sub-sample was consisted of 16 water polo players of national team of Croatia of the average age of 14.75±.45, who occupied the eighth position on the European Championships in Burgas (Bulgaria) 2019. Water polo players were tested at the final preparations just before the European championship. Body composition and anthropometric characteristics were evaluated by a battery of 11 variables: body height, body weight, triceps skinfold, biceps skinfold, skinfold of the back, abdominal skinfold, upper leg skinfold, lower leg skinfold, body mass index, fat percentage and muscle mass. The standard central and dispersion parameters of all variables were calculated. The significance of the differences between the water polo players of two national teams in the variables for assessing body composition and anthropometric characteristics was determined by a t-test for independent samples. It was found that there are statistically significant differences in five variables, in three variables at p<0.01 (body height, triceps skinfold and biceps skinfold), and in two variables at p<0.05 (upper leg skinfold and muscle mass). It can be stated that the water polo players of Montenegro have statistically significantly higher triceps skinfold, biceps skinfold and upper leg skinfold, and statistically significantly lower body height and muscle mass than the water polo players of Croatia.
El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar las diferencias entre los jugadores cadetes de waterpolo (U15) de los equipos nacionales de Montenegro y Croacia en la composición corporal y las características antropométricas. Se dividió una muestra de 32 jugadeores en dos submuestras. La primera submuestra consistió en 16 jugadores de waterpolo del equipo nacional de Montenegro con una edad promedio de 14,69 ± 0,48, los vicecampeones del Campeonato de Europa en Burgas (Bulgaria) 2019, mientras que la otra submuestra estuvo compuesta de 16 jugadores de waterpolo del equipo nacional de Croacia con una edad promedio de 14,75 ± 0,45, que ocuparon la octava posición en el Campeonato de Europa en Burgas (Bulgaria) 2019. Los jugadores de waterpolo fueron probados en los preparativos finales justo antes del campeonato europeo. La composición corporal y las características antropométricas se evaluaron mediante una batería de 11 variables: altura corporal, peso corporal, pliegue cutáneo del tríceps, pliegue cutáneo del bíceps, pliegue cutáneo de la espalda, pliegue abdominal, pliegue superior de la pierna, pliegue inferior de la pierna, índice de masa corporal, porcentaje de grasa y músculo masa. Se calcularon los parámetros estándar centrales y de dispersión de todas las variables. La importancia de las diferencias entre los jugadores de waterpolo de dos equipos nacionales en las variables para evaluar la composición corporal y las características antropométricas se determinó mediante una prueba t para muestras independientes. Se observó que existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas en cinco variables, en tres variables con p <0,01 (altura corporal, pliegue de tríceps y pliegue de bíceps), y en dos variables con p <0,05 (pliegue superior de la pierna y masa muscular). Los jugadores de waterpolo de Montenegro tienen pliegues cutáneos de tríceps estadísticamente significativamente más altos, pliegues cutáneos de bíceps y pliegues superiores de las piernas, y una altura corporal y masa muscular estadísticamente significativamente menor que los jugadores de waterpolo de Croacia.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Adolescente , Composição Corporal , Esportes Aquáticos , Antropometria , Croácia , MontenegroRESUMO
Considerando que Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS) orienta que os tomadores de decisão devem considerar, três questões como: o entendimento atual sobre transmissão e gravidade do COVID-19 em crianças, situação local e epidemiologia do COVID-19 onde estão localizadas as escolas e configuração escolar e capacidade de manter medidas de prevenção e controle do COVID-19. Faz uma avaliação sobre as experiências de retorno às aulas ocorridas na China, Coreia do Sul, Dinamarca, Noruega, Alemanha, França, Grécia, Portugal, Canadá, Holanda, Croácia e Sérvia, Reino Unido, Espanha e Itália e Suécia, conclui que não foram localizadas informações oficiais quanto ao impacto das medidas de reabertura das escolas, todavia, diversos países já evoluíram para fases seguintes dos seus planos, o que leva a considerar que as etapas iniciais evoluíram conforme o esperado. Apesar da variedade de racionais adotados pelos tomadores de decisão nos diferentes países, é nítido em todas as experiências o alto nível de planejamento e rigor das regras estabelecidas, também a importância da colaboração e participação dos envolvidos (famílias, estudantes e equipe de ensino). Aponta que as desigualdades das condições das escolas, e também a preocupação com as desigualdades do ensino frente os exames nacionais e a grande variabilidade socioeconômica brasileira como um aspecto a ser analisado pelas autoridades do ensino do estado de Goiás e do Brasil
Considering that the World Health Organization (WHO) advises that decision makers should consider three issues such as: the current understanding of COVID-19 transmission and severity in children, the local situation and epidemiology of COVID-19 where schools are located and school configuration and ability to maintain COVID-19 prevention and control measures. Evaluates the experiences of return to school in China, South Korea, Denmark, Norway, Germany, France, Greece, Portugal, Canada, the Netherlands, Croatia and Serbia, the United Kingdom, Spain and Italy and Sweden, concludes that it does not official information was found on the impact of school reopening measures, however, several countries have already moved on to the next stages of their plans, which leads to the conclusion that the initial stages have evolved as expected. Despite the variety of rationales adopted by decision makers in different countries, the high level of planning and rigor of the established rules is clear in all experiences, as well as the importance of collaboration and participation of those involved (families, students and teaching staff). It points out that inequalities in the conditions of schools, and also the concern with inequalities in teaching in the face of national exams and the great Brazilian socioeconomic variability as an aspect to be analyzed by the education authorities of the state of Goiás and Brazil