RESUMO
Use of unauthorized synthetic drugs is a serious, forensic, regulatory and public health issue. In this scenario, consumption of drug-impregnated blotters is very frequent. For decades, blotters have been generally impregnated with the potent hallucinogen known as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD); however, since 2013 blotter stamps with N-2 methoxybenzyl-substituted phenylethylamine hallucinogen designated as "NBOMes" have been seized in Chile. To address this issue with readily accessible laboratory equipment, we have developed and validated a new HPTLC method for the identification and quantitation of 25-C-NBOMe in seized blotters and its confirmation by GC-MS. The proposed method was validated according to SWGTOX recommendations and is suitable for routine analysis of seized blotters containing 25-C-NBOMe. With the validated method, we analyzed 15 real samples, in all cases finding 25-C-NBOMe in a wide dosage range (701.0-1943.5 µg per blotter). In this situation, we can assume that NBOMes are replacing LSD as the main hallucinogenic drug consumed in blotters in Chile.
Assuntos
Cromatografia em Camada Fina/normas , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas/normas , Alucinógenos/isolamento & purificação , Drogas Ilícitas/isolamento & purificação , Fenetilaminas/isolamento & purificação , Administração Sublingual , Adsorção , Chile , Cromatografia em Camada Fina/métodos , Humanos , Papel , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Sensibilidade e EspecificidadeRESUMO
The first-generation quinolones have their greatest potency against Gram-negative bacteria, but newly developed molecules have exhibited increased potency against Gram-positive bacteria, and existing agents are available with additional activity against anaerobic microorganisms. Norfloxacin is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial fluoroquinolone used against Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms (aerobic organisms). There are different analytical methods available to determine norfloxacin applied in quality control of this medicine in order to ensure its effectiveness and safety. The authors present an overview of the fourth generation of quinolones, followed by the properties, applications, and analytical methods of norfloxacin. These results show several existing analytical techniques that are flexible and broad-based methods of analysis in different matrices. This article focuses on bionalytical and pharmaceutical quality-control applications, such as thin-layer chromatography, microbiological assay, spectrophotometry, capillary electrophoresis (CE), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/análise , Norfloxacino/análise , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/normas , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/normas , Cromatografia em Camada Fina/normas , Eletroforese Capilar/normas , Bactérias Gram-Negativas/efeitos dos fármacos , Bactérias Gram-Positivas/efeitos dos fármacos , Norfloxacino/farmacologia , Norfloxacino/normas , Controle de Qualidade , Comprimidos/químicaRESUMO
Salvia divinorum--a species traditionally cultivated in Oaxaca, Mexico--possesses hallucinogenic properties. It is legally recognized as a controlled substance and prohibited in many countries. The proper identification of the plant, both in fresh and dried forms, is an important issue in crime-prevention campaigns. This paper provides a thorough anatomical description of leaves, petioles, and stems of S. divinorum. Detailed investigation of foliar trichomes was performed and illustrated. In addition, chromatographic analyses, including TLC and HPLC, were applied to fresh and dried plant material, together with the standard reference salvinorin A. A comprehensive identification method for S. divinorum based on a thorough anatomical examination is proposed, combined with chemical analysis for proper plant recognition.
Assuntos
Diterpenos Clerodânicos/análise , Salvia/anatomia & histologia , Salvia/química , Calibragem , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/normas , Cromatografia em Camada Fina/normas , México , Fitoterapia , Folhas de Planta/anatomia & histologia , Folhas de Planta/química , Caules de Planta/anatomia & histologia , Caules de Planta/química , Plantas Medicinais , Padrões de Referência , Salvia/classificaçãoRESUMO
Natural occurrence of aflatoxins and cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) contamination in peanuts was investigated. Co-occurrence of CPA and aflatoxins was detected in two of 50 samples analysed. The levels of these toxins found in positive samples were 4300 and 493 microg kg(-1) for CPA, 625 and 435 microg kg(-1) for aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), and 625 and 83 microg kg(-1) for aflatoxin G1 (AFG1), respectively. Levels of CPA contamination in the positive samples were similar to those registered in other substrates. This is the first report of natural co-occurrence of CPA and aflatoxins in Argentina.