RESUMO
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Rhynchospora nervosa (Vahl) Boeckeler (Cyperaceae), popularly known as "capim-estrela", is a native species widely distributed in Brazil. The whole plant has been used in local traditional medicine in the form of teas or syrups to treat inflammation, flu, nasal congestion, fever, swelling, and venereal disease. This is the first study to investigate the pharmacological properties of this species. AIM OF THE STUDY: The present study aimed to evaluate the in vivo anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and antinociceptive potential of the lyophilized hydroalcoholic extract of R. nervosa in heterogenic Swiss mice. In addition to pharmacological studies, the total phenol and flavonoid contents of the extract were determined. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The anti-inflammatory effect was evaluated through carrageenan-induced paw edema and peritonitis models. For the antinociceptive assay, the number of acetic acid-induced writhing responses in the animals was counted. Antipyretic activity was tested by yeast-induced pyrexia in mice and evaluated for 4 h. Nitric oxide (NO) concentration and leukocyte migration in the peritoneal fluid were quantified. The acute toxicity of the extract was also calculated. Quantitative analyses of total phenols and flavonoids in the extract were performed by spectrophotometric methods. RESULTS: In short, the lyophilized hydroalcoholic extract of R. nervosa showed low acute toxicity in the preclinical tests (LD50 = 3807 mg/kg). A significant anti-inflammatory effect was observed, with an average reduction of carrageenan-induced paw edema of 96.37%. Comparatively, indomethacin inhibited the development of the carrageenin paw edema by 97.52%. In the peritonitis test, a significant reduction in NO levels was recorded. A reduction in the number of white cells, notably monocytes, was also observed, confirming the anti-inflammatory effect. Writhing was reduced by 86.53%, which indicates antinociceptive activity. As for antipyretic activity, no positive effects of the extract were observed. The lyophilized hydroalcoholic extract of R. nervosa presented a high content of phenolic compounds (322.47 µg GAE/mg) and total flavonoids (440.50 µg QE/mg). CONCLUSION: The lyophilized hydroalcoholic extract of R. nervosa showed significant in vivo anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activity in mice. These preliminary findings support the indication of the use of this species in folk medicine in Brazil for the treatment of inflammation.
Assuntos
Analgésicos/farmacologia , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Antipiréticos/farmacologia , Cyperaceae/química , Fitoterapia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Analgésicos/administração & dosagem , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios/administração & dosagem , Antipiréticos/administração & dosagem , Carragenina/toxicidade , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Edema/induzido quimicamente , Edema/tratamento farmacológico , Feminino , Masculino , Camundongos , Peritonite/induzido quimicamente , Peritonite/tratamento farmacológico , Componentes Aéreos da Planta , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/toxicidade , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
Malaria is a disease of global tropical distribution, being endemic in more than 90 countries and responsible for about 212 million cases worldwide in 2016. To date, the strategies used to eradicate this disease have been ineffective, without specific preventive measures such as vaccines. Currently, the existing therapeutic arsenal is limited and has become ineffective against the expansion of artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium, demonstrating the need for studies that would allow the development of new compounds against this disease. In this context, we studied the volatile oil obtained from rhizomes of Cyperus articulatus (VOCA), a plant species commonly found in the Amazon region and popularly used as a therapeutic alternative for the treatment of malaria, in order to confirm its potential as an antimalarial agent by in vitro and in vivo assays. We cultured Plasmodium falciparum W2 (chloroquine-resistant) and 3D7 (chloroquine-sensitive) strains in erythrocytes and exposed them to VOCA at different concentrations in 96-well microplates. In vivo antimalarial activity was tested in BALB/c mice inoculated with approximately 106 erythrocytes infected with Plasmodium berghei. VOCA showed a high antimalarial potential against the two P. falciparum strains, with IC50 = 1.21 μg mL-1 for W2 and 2.30 μg mL-1 for 3D7. VOCA also significantly reduced the parasitemia and anemia induced by P. berghei in mice. Our results confirmed the antimalarial potential of the volatile oil of Cyperus articulatus.(AU)
A malária é uma doença de distribuição tropical, sendo endêmica em mais de 90 países, responsável por cerca de 212 milhões de casos reportados ao redor do mundo em 2016. As estratégias de erradicação dessa doença são ineficazes até o presente, sem medidas de prevenção específica, como vacinas. Atualmente, o arsenal terapêutico existente é limitado e vem se tornando ineficaz frente à expansão de plasmódios resistentes a artemisinina, evidenciando a necessidade de estudos que viabilizem o desenvolvimento de novos compostos contra a doença. Nesse contexto, estudamos o óleo essencial obtido de rizomas de Cyperus articulatus (VOCA), uma espécie vegetal comumente encontrada na região amazônica, utilizada popularmente como alternativa terapêutica para o tratamento de malária. Visamos confirmar o potencial antimalárico da planta através de testes in vitro e in vivo. Utilizamos cepas de Plasmodium falciparum W2 (cloroquina-resistente) e 3D7 (cloroquina-sensível) cultivadas em hemácias e expostas ao VOCA em microplacas de 96 poços. A atividade antimalárica in vivo foi testada em camundongos da linhagem BALB/c infectados com aproximadamente 106 eritrócitos parasitados por Plasmodium berghei. O VOCA apresentou alto potencial antimalárico (IC50 < 10 µg ml-1) frente às duas cepas de P. falciparum testadas (IC50=1,21 µg ml-1 para W2 e 2,3 µg ml-1 para 3D7). Além disso, houve redução significativa da parasitemia induzida por P. Berghei em camundongos tratados com EOAC, e também observamos diminuição da anemia, uma sintomatologia provocada pela infecção. Nossos resultados confirmam o potencial antimalárico do óleo essencial de Cyperus articulatus.(AU)
Assuntos
Plasmodium falciparum , Malária Falciparum/prevenção & controle , Plasmodium berghei , Artemisininas/antagonistas & inibidores , Cloroquina/antagonistas & inibidores , Cyperaceae/química , Plantas Medicinais , Extratos VegetaisRESUMO
Latin America, like other areas in the world, is faced with the problem of high arsenic (As) background in surface and groundwater, with impacts on human health. We studied As biogeochemical cycling by periphyton in Lake Titicaca and the mine-impacted Lake Uru Uru. As concentration was measured in water, sediment, totora plants (Schoenoplectus californicus) and periphyton growing on stems, and As speciation was determined by X-ray absorption spectroscopy in bulk and EDTA-extracted periphyton. Dissolved arsenic was between 5.0 and 15 µg L-1 in Lake Titicaca and reached 78.5 µg L-1 in Lake Uru Uru. As accumulation in periphyton was highly variable. We report the highest As bioaccumulation factors ever measured (BAFsperiphyton up to 245,000) in one zone of Lake Titicaca, with As present as As(V) and monomethyl-As (MMA(V)). Non-accumulating periphyton found in the other sites presented BAFsperiphyton between 1281 and 11,962, with As present as As(III), As(V) and arsenosugars. DNA analysis evidenced several taxa possibly related to this phenomenon. Further screening of bacterial and algal isolates would be necessary to identify the organism(s) responsible for As hyperaccumulation. Impacts on the ecosystem and human health appear limited, but such organisms or consortia would be of great interest for the treatment of As contaminated water.
Assuntos
Arsênio/análise , Bioacumulação , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Água Subterrânea/química , Lagos/química , Arseniatos/análise , Bolívia , Cyperaceae/química , Ecossistema , Sedimentos Geológicos/química , Humanos , Monossacarídeos/análise , Perifíton , Extratos Vegetais/química , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Espectroscopia por Absorção de Raios XRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Remirea maritima has been widely used in the treatment of diarrhea, kidney disease, and high fever and for therapeutic purposes, such as an analgesic and anti-inflammatory. However, few scientific research studies on its medicinal properties have been reported. PURPOSE: The present study aimed to investigate the anticancer potential of aqueous extract (AE), 40% hydroalcoholic extracts (40HA) and 70% (70HA) from R. maritima in experimental models and to identify its phytochemical compounds. METHODS: The chemical composition of AE, 40HA and 70HA was assessed by HPLC-DAD and ESI-IT-MS/MS. In vitro activity was determined on cultured tumor cell, NCI-H385N (Broncho-alveolar carcinoma), OVCAR-8 (Ovarian carcinoma) and PC-3M (prostate carcinoma) by the MTT assay, and the in vivo antitumor activity was assessed in Sarcoma 180-bearing mice. Toxicological parameters were also evaluated as well as the humoral immune response. RESULTS: Among the aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts of R. maritima, only 40HA showed in vitro biological effect potential, presenting IC50 values of 27.08, 46.62 and >50µg/ml for OVCAR-8, NCI-H385M and PC-3M cells lines, respectively. Regarding chemical composition, a mixture of isovitexin-2''-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside, vitexin-2''-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside, luteolin-7-O-glucuronide and 1-O-(E)-caffeoyl-ß-D-glucose were identified as the major phytochemical compounds of the extracts. In the in vivo study, the tumor inhibition rates were 57.16-62.57% at doses of 25mg/kg and 50mg/kg, respectively, and the tumor morphology presented increasing numbers of apoptotic cells. Additionally, 40HA also demonstrated significantly increased of OVA-specific total Ig. CONCLUSIONS: 40HA exhibited in vitro and in vivo anticancer properties without substantial toxicity that could be associated with its immunostimulating properties.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/farmacologia , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Cyperaceae/química , Extratos Vegetais/efeitos adversos , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Animais , Peso Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Etanol , Humanos , Imunidade Humoral/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Camundongos , Tamanho do Órgão/efeitos dos fármacos , Fenóis/química , Fenóis/farmacologia , Solventes , Espectrometria de Massas por Ionização por Electrospray , ÁguaRESUMO
The essential oil from the fresh leaves of Kyllinga pumila (Michx) was obtained by hydrodistillation and characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Twenty-eight volatile compounds were identified, major constituents of the oil were Methyl E,E-10,11-epoxyfarnesoate (43.8%), -elemene (12.5%), Z-caryophyllene (11.3%), germacrene D (7.1%) and E-caryophyllene (5.6%). Repellent and fumigant activities of the oil against Tribolium castaneum Herbst (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), were done using the area preference method. Additionally, we studied their antioxidant and phytotoxic effects. Essential oils exhibited a dose-dependent repellent activity, with values 90% at the applied concentration (0.01%), for both two and four hours exposure. Essential oil from K. pumila showed 92% mortality at 500 L L-1 air against T. castaneum on 24 hours of exposure. The value LC50 was 153.4 L L-1. With moderate selective phytotoxic effects on L. perenne root growth (±70% inhibition). Kyllinga pumila shows high antioxidant potential (91.5%), an effect that is comparable with ascorbic acid (92.9%) used as a standard. The results indicated that K. pumila essential oil could be a promising alternative to new natural antioxidants, repellents, and biocides.(AU)
O óleo essencial das folhas frescas de Kyllinga pumila Michx., foi obtido por hidrodestilação e caracterizado por cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrometria de massas (CG-EM). O constituinte majoritário do óleo foi Metil E,E-10,11-epoxifarnesoato (43,8%), -elemeno (12,5%), Z-caryophylleno (11,3%), germacreno D (7,1%), E-caryophylleno (5,6%). A atividade repelente e fumigante do óleo frente à Tribolium castaneum Herbst (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) foi determinada pelo método da área de preferencia. Também, foi estudado os efeitos antiferrugens e fitotóxicos. Óleos essenciais exibiram uma atividade repelente dependente da dose, com valores de 90% na concentração aplicada (0,01%), tanto para duas e quatro horas de exposição. O óleo essencial de K. pumila mostrou mortalidade de 92% a 500 L L-1 ar frente à T. castananeum, em 24 horas de exposição. O valor LC50 foi 153,4 L L-1. Com efeitos fitotóxicos seletivos moderado sobre o crescimento da raíz de L. perenne (± 70% de inibição). Kyllinga pumila mostra um elevado potencial antioxidante (92%), um efeito que é comparável com ácido ascórbico (95%) usado como padrão. Os resultados indicaram que o óleo essencial K. pumila poderia ser uma alternativa promissora para novos antioxidantes, repelentes e biocidas naturais.(AU)
Assuntos
Cyperaceae/química , Cyperaceae/enzimologia , Cyperaceae/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Óleos Voláteis/análise , Óleos Voláteis/síntese químicaRESUMO
Remirea maritima is a tropical plant with a reticulated root system belonging to the family Cyperaceae, also known to have biologically active secondary metabolites. However, very few data on R. maritima's biological actions are available and there are no reports regarding the redox-active profile of this plant. In this study, we examined the total phenolic content of Remirea maritima hydroalcoholic (RMHA) extracts, redox properties against different reactive species generated in vitro and their cytotoxic effect against fibroblasts (L929) and melanoma (B16F10) cells. Total reactive antioxidant potential index (TRAP) and total antioxidant reactivity (TAR) results revealed that RMHA at all concentrations tested showed significant antioxidant capacity. RMHA was also effective against hydroxyl radical formation, reduction of Fe3+ to Fe2+ and in scavenging nitric oxide (NO) radicals. In vitro, the level of lipid peroxidation was reduced by RMHA extract and the data showed significant oxidative damage protection. The RMHA cytotoxicity was evaluated by a neutral red assay in fibroblast (L929) and melanome (B16F10) cells. The obtained results showed that the RMHA (40 and 80 µg/mL, respectively) reduced 70% of the viable cells. In conclusion, this study represents the first report regarding the antioxidant and anti-proliferative potential of R. maritima against B16F10 melanoma cells.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/farmacologia , Cyperaceae/química , Fibroblastos/efeitos dos fármacos , Melanoma Experimental/metabolismo , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Fibroblastos/citologia , Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Melanoma Experimental/patologia , Camundongos , OxirreduçãoRESUMO
Fimbristylis ovata has been long used as a traditional medicine for chronic inflammatory diseases; however, there are no data regarding its anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, we investigated the effects of F. ovata extracts on the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, cell adhesion molecule, and receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated cells. F. ovata was extracted using the maceration method with 3 different solvents: ethanol, methanol, and water. The effect of F. ovata extracts on cell viability was evaluated using the MTT assay. Pro-inflammatory cytokines and cell adhesion molecules were investigated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Upon incubation with F. ovata extracts up to 100 mg/mL, cell viability was more than 80%. F. ovata extracts could inhibit interleukin-6 level and gene expression as well as the RAGE gene in the monocytic cell lineU937. Moreover, the results showed that vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 secretion and gene expression were decreased when lipopolysaccharide-activated brain endothelial cells (bEnd.3) were treated with F. ovata extracts. Therefore, the anti-inflammatory activity of F. ovata extracts may result from their inhibitory actions via the RAGE signaling pathway.
Assuntos
Moléculas de Adesão Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Cyperaceae/química , Citocinas/efeitos dos fármacos , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Receptor para Produtos Finais de Glicação Avançada/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Moléculas de Adesão Celular/genética , Linhagem Celular , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Citocinas/genética , Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Molécula 1 de Adesão Intercelular/genética , Interleucina-6/genética , Lipopolissacarídeos/metabolismo , Camundongos , Receptor para Produtos Finais de Glicação Avançada/genética , Transdução de Sinais/genética , Molécula 1 de Adesão de Célula Vascular/genéticaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The present study was carried out to evaluate antioxidant, antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of essential oil from R. maritima (RMO) in experimental protocols. METHODS: The essential oil from the roots and rhizomes of RMO were obtained by hydrodistillation using a Clevenger apparatus, and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Here, we evaluated free radical scavenging activities and antioxidant potential of RMO using in vitro assays for scavenging activity against hydroxyl radicals, hydrogen peroxide, superoxide radicals, and nitric oxide. The total reactive antioxidant potential (TRAP) and total antioxidant reactivity (TAR) indexes and in vitro lipoperoxidation were also evaluated. The ability of RMO to prevent lipid peroxidation was measured by quantifying thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS). NO radical generated at physiological pH was found to be inhibited by RMO, that showed scavenging effect upon SNP-induced NO production at all concentrations. Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties were evaluated by acetic acid writhing reflex, Formalin-induced nociception and Carrageenan-induced edema test. RESULTS: The majors compounds identified was remirol (43.2%), cyperene (13.8%), iso-evodionol (5.8%), cyperotundone (5.7%), caryophyllene oxide (4.9%), and rotundene (4.6%). At the TRAP assay, RMO concentration of 1 mg.mL(-1) showed anti-oxidant effects and at concentration of 1 and 10 ng.mL(-1) RMO showed pro-oxidant effect. RMO at 1 mg.mL(-1) also showed significant anti-oxidant capacity in TAR measurement. Concentrations of RMO from 1 ng.mL(-1) to 100 µg.mL(-1) enhanced the AAPH-induced lipoperoxidation. RMO reduced deoxyribose oxidative damage, induced by the Fenton reaction induction system, at concentrations from 1 ng.mL(-1) to 100 µg.mL(-1). We observed that RMO caused a significant increase in rate of adrenaline auto-oxidation. On the other hand RMO did not present any scavenging effect in H2O2 formation in vitro. The results of this study revealed that RMO has both peripheral and central analgesic properties. The RMO, all doses, orally (p.o.) administered significantly inhibited (p < 0.05, p < 0.01 and p < 0.001) the acetic acid-induced writhings and two phases of formalin-induced nociception in mice. CONCLUSION: The RMO demonstrated antioxidant and analgesic profile which may be related to the composition of the oil.
Assuntos
Analgésicos/farmacologia , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Cyperaceae/química , Óleos Voláteis/farmacologia , Óleos de Plantas/farmacologia , Analgésicos/química , Analgésicos/uso terapêutico , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios/química , Anti-Inflamatórios/uso terapêutico , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/uso terapêutico , Comportamento Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Edema/induzido quimicamente , Edema/tratamento farmacológico , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Masculino , Camundongos , Óleos Voláteis/química , Óleos Voláteis/uso terapêutico , Oxirredução/efeitos dos fármacos , Óleos de Plantas/química , Óleos de Plantas/uso terapêutico , Superóxido Dismutase/metabolismoRESUMO
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Remirea maritima Aubl., popularly known as "capim-da-praia", is popularly employed in the treatment of diarrhea, kidney disease, fever, and for analgesic and anti-inflammatory purposes through the preparation of teas. Few studies have focused on the chemical composition and its biological properties. AIM OF THE STUDY: This work evaluated the antinocipetive, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of the aqueous extract from Remirea maritima Aubl. as well as the isolation and identification of the chemical compounds. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Compounds were isolated from aqueous extract of Remirea maritima through preparative HPLC and the structures were identified by means of NMR and MS analysis. The tests for antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities, along with motor coordination test (Rota rod), were performed over the aqueous extract. RESULTS: The phytochemical investigation of aqueous extract of Remirea maritima resulted in the isolation of three flavone glycosides. The structures of these compounds were determined by means of MS and 1D and 2D NMR data as vitexin-2â³-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside, isovitexin-2â³-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside, and luteolin-7-O-glucuronide. Acute pretreatment with aqueous extract (100, 200 or 400mg/kg, i.p.) caused a significant decrease (p<0.001) in the number of abdominal writhes. In the formalin test, higher doses significantly inhibited the late (inflammatory pain) phase of formalin-induced licking (p<0.05 or 0.001). In the hot plate test, there was no significant difference in nociceptive behavior, discarding the possible central effect of the aqueous extract. In the rota rod test, it was verified that the aqueous extract in all concentration evaluated does not alter the motor coordination of mice, such antinociceptive results were unlikely to be caused by motor abnormality. In the peritonitis test, induced by carrageenan, the treatment with aqueous extract produced a significant reduction in leukocyte migration in all concentration evaluated. Additionally, a significant reduction of lipoperoxidation (TBARS test) and in nitric oxide formation (.NO Scavenging assay) was observed in antioxidant activity assay. CONCLUSION: The biological and phytochemical investigations of the aqueous extract of Remirea maritima resulted in the identification of three flavone glycosides that have been described here for the first time in Remirea and effective analgesic activity in various pain models, probably mediated via the inhibition of peripheral mediators which could be related to its strong antioxidant effect observed in vitro.
Assuntos
Analgésicos/uso terapêutico , Anti-Inflamatórios/uso terapêutico , Antioxidantes/uso terapêutico , Fitoterapia/métodos , Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêutico , Analgésicos/química , Analgésicos/farmacologia , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios/química , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Carragenina , Cyperaceae/química , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Flavonas/química , Flavonas/farmacologia , Glicosídeos/química , Glicosídeos/farmacologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Estrutura Molecular , Medição da Dor/efeitos dos fármacos , Peritonite/induzido quimicamente , Peritonite/tratamento farmacológico , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Teste de Desempenho do Rota-Rod/métodosRESUMO
Assays were carried out to evaluate effects of detritus size on the mineralization of an aquatic macrophyte, the Oxycaryum cubense. Samples of plant and water were collected from an oxbow lake, the Infernão lagoon (21 degrees 35' S and 47 degrees 51' W) located at Mogi Guaçu river floodplain. The plants were taken to the laboratory, washed under tap water, dried (50 degrees C) and fractioned into six groups according to their size, viz. 100, 10, 1.13, 0.78, 0.61 and 0.25 mm. Decomposition chambers were prepared by adding 1.0 g of plant fragments to 4.1 L of water lagoon. In sequence, the incubations were aerated and the concentrations of dissolved oxygen, the pH, the electric conductivity and the temperature were monitored for 120 days. The occurrence of anaerobic processes was avoided by reoxygenating the solutions. The experimental results were fitted to a first order kinetic model and the consumption of dissolved oxygen from mineralization processes was obtained. The physical process of fragmentation of O. cubense detritus is unlikely to promote the consumption of higher quantities of dissolved oxygen in mineralization processes meaning that fragmentation should not interfere in the balance of DO in this aquatic system, however fragmentation processes favored the acidification and increased the liberation of dissolved ions from the Infernão lagoon.