RESUMO
Epidemiological studies on associations between breast cancer (BC) and organochlorine pesticides (OCP) are inconclusive. The majority of studies have evaluated the effect of single compounds without considering multiple OCP exposures and immunophenotypes of BC. We aimed to evaluate the association between BC immunophenotypes and serum OCP mixtures, and identify the main contributors within mixtures. We included 767 histopathologically confirmed incident BC cases and 908 controls from a population-based case-control study conducted from 2007 to 2011 in Northern Mexico. We obtained direct information about sociodemographic, lifestyle and reproductive characteristics. We collected data from clinical records about hormonal receptors (HR) and epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) expressions. Immunophenotypes were determined as HR+/HER2-, HER2+ or HR-/HER2-. We quantified OCP and metabolites by gas chromatography using an electron capture micro detector. We used Weighted Quantile Sum regression to assess the association of BC and exposure to multiple OCP, and their contribution within the mixture. We found a positive adjusted association between BC and an OCP mixture (OR: 3.48, 95%CI: 2.58, 4.69), whose primary contribution arose from the isomers of hexachlorocyclohexane and endosulfan, as well as endosulfan sulfate. We also identified a mixture negatively associated (OR: 0.13, 95%CI: 0.08, 0.20), characterized by p,p'-DDT and chlordane metabolites. All these associations remained regardless BC immunophenotypes. This is the first epidemiological report that identified serum OCP mixtures associated with BC immunophenotypes. Due to OCP ubiquity, biomagnification, and continuous exposure, they constitute a global problem of persistent exposure that might be related to BC risk.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados , Praguicidas , Humanos , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/sangue , Feminino , Praguicidas/sangue , México , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Adulto , Exposição Ambiental/estatística & dados numéricos , Imunofenotipagem , Poluentes Ambientais/sangue , Idoso , DDT/sangueRESUMO
The aim of the present work was to apply a validated methodology for the detection of organochlorine pesticides in Didelphis virginiana (Virginia opossum) serum samples collected in Yucatan, Mexico. Recent studies performed to investigate the presence of Organochlorines (OCLs) in water, human blood and milk, and animal tissues from Yucatan have shown that the OCLs concentrations are high and can be associated with potential human health risk. Since opossum is considered an important synanthropic species in Yucatan, 40 opossum serum samples were analyzed by gas chromatography with electron capture detector. The most common OCLs found in opossum sera were lindanes, chlordanes, drines, and endosulfan. Heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, and lindanes were found at the highest concentrations, while dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane and its metabolites were found at the lowest concentrations in the samples. The good linearity, precision, and accuracy obtained in the evaluated parameters in the extraction and chromatographic methods support its application for the monitoring of OCLs pesticides in populations of opossums and other wild species in Yucatan.
Assuntos
Didelphis/sangue , Monitoramento Ambiental , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/sangue , Praguicidas/sangue , Animais , Cromatografia Gasosa , DDT/sangue , Endossulfano/sangue , Heptacloro/sangue , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/química , México , Praguicidas/químicaRESUMO
RESEARCH QUESTION: What is the association between prenatal exposure to persistent organic pollutants, separately and combined, and anogenital distance (in-utero endocrine disruption marker). DESIGN: A cohort study conducted in Sonora, Mexico. Blood concentrations of polychlorobiphenyls (PCB) 28, 74, 118, 138/158, 153, 170, 180 and the isomers of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolites were determined in women in the third trimester of pregnancy; three variants of anogenital distance were measured on five occasions during the first year of life of their infants: 82 girls (402 observations) and 74 boys (356 observations). RESULTS: Boys had negative and significant associations between anogenital distance/height and the concentrations of PCB 28 (betaâ¯=â¯-â¯0.005;Pâ¯=â¯0.006), PCB 74 (betaâ¯=â¯-â¯0.003;Pâ¯=â¯0.013), and PCB 170 (betaâ¯=â¯-â¯0.005;Pâ¯=â¯0.001) when analysed individually. Negative and significant associations were also found using statistical models applied to mixtures of compounds. The latter associations were sometimes larger in magnitude and significance, suggesting a possible potentiation of the compounds. No associations were observed between anogenital distance and DDT in either sex or with PCB in girls. CONCLUSIONS: The decreased anogenital distance associated with prenatal exposure to the persistent organic pollutants, observed consistently in different analyses, suggests an under-masculinizing effect of these environmental pollutants in boys.
Assuntos
DDT/toxicidade , Poluentes Ambientais/toxicidade , Desenvolvimento Fetal/efeitos dos fármacos , Bifenilos Policlorados/toxicidade , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal , Canal Anal/anatomia & histologia , Canal Anal/efeitos dos fármacos , Canal Anal/embriologia , Antropometria , Estudos de Coortes , DDT/sangue , Poluentes Ambientais/sangue , Feminino , Genitália/anatomia & histologia , Genitália/efeitos dos fármacos , Genitália/embriologia , Humanos , Masculino , México , Bifenilos Policlorados/sangue , Gravidez , Terceiro Trimestre da GravidezRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Maternal 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene (DDE) serum levels during pregnancy have been negatively linked to child neurodevelopment in contrast to intake of omega-3 and -6 (ω-3 and ω-6) fatty acids. OBJECTIVES: To assess whether maternal dietary intake of ω-3 and ω-6 during pregnancy modifies the association between exposure to DDE and child neurodevelopment from age 42-60 months. METHODS: Prospective cohort study with 142 mother-child pairs performed in Mexico. DDE serum levels were determined by electron capture gas chromatography. Dietary ω-3 and ω-6 intake was estimated by questionnaire. Child neurodevelopment was assessed by McCarthy Scales. RESULTS: Docosahexaenoic (DHA) fatty acid intake significantly modified the association between DDE and motor component: increased maternal DDE was associated with lower motor development in children whose mothers had lower DHA intake (ßlog2DDEâ¯=â¯-1.25; 95% CI: -2.62, 0.12), in contrast to the non-significant increase among children whose mothers had higher DHA intake (ßlog2DDE-motorâ¯=â¯0.50; 95% CI: 0.55, 1.56). Likewise, arachidonic fatty acid (ARA) intake modified the association between DDE and memory component: increased maternal DDE was associated with a significantly larger reduction in the memory component in children whose mothers had lower ARA intake (ßlog2DDEâ¯=â¯-1.31; 95% CI: -2.29, -0.32) than children whose mothers had higher ARA intake (ßlog2DDE-memoryâ¯=â¯0.17; 95% CI: -0.78, 1.11). CONCLUSIONS: Dietary intake of DHA and ARA during pregnancy may protect against child neurodevelopment damage associated with prenatal maternal DDE levels.
Assuntos
Desenvolvimento Infantil/efeitos dos fármacos , DDT/sangue , Exposição Dietética/estatística & dados numéricos , Poluentes Ambientais/sangue , Ácidos Graxos Insaturados/metabolismo , Exposição Materna/estatística & dados numéricos , Praguicidas/sangue , Adulto , Criança , Pré-Escolar , DDT/toxicidade , Dieta , Poluentes Ambientais/toxicidade , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , México , Mães , Praguicidas/toxicidade , Gravidez , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/epidemiologia , Estudos ProspectivosRESUMO
Concentrations of the pesticide DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) and its metabolite DDE (dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene), in the blood of Mexican Americans, were evaluated to determine their relationships with diabetes and diabetic nephropathy. The data were derived from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2004 (unweighted N = 1,411, population estimate = 13,760,609). The sample included teens, 12-19 years old, which accounted for 19.8% of the data. The time of the study overlapped the banning of DDT in Mexico in the year 2000, and those participants born in Mexico were exposed to DDT before they immigrated to the US. We sought to better understand the relationship of DDT with diabetes in a race/ethnicity group prone to develop diabetes and exposed to DDT. In this study, nephropathy was defined as urinary albumin to creatinine ratio >30 mg/g, representing microalbuminuria and macroalbuminuria, and total diabetes was defined as diagnosed and undiagnosed diabetes (glycohemoglobin, A1c ≥ 6.5%). The proportion with the isomer p,p'-DDT >0.086 ng/g (above the maximum limit of detection) was 13.3% for Mexican Americans born in the US, and 36.9% for those born in Mexico. Levels of p,p'-DDT >0.086 ng/g were associated with total diabetes with nephropathy (odds ratio = 4.42, 95% CI 2.23-8.76), and with total diabetes without nephropathy (odds ratio = 2.02, 95% CI 1.19-3.44). The third quartile of p,p'-DDE (2.99-7.67 ng/g) and the fourth quartile of p,p'-DDE (≥7.68 ng/g) were associated with diabetic nephropathy and had odds ratios of 5.32 (95% CI 1.05-26.87) and 14.95 (95% CI 2.96-75.48) compared to less than the median, respectively, whereas p,p'-DDE was not associated with total diabetes without nephropathy. The findings of this study differ from those of a prior investigation of the general adult US population in that there were more associations found with the Mexican Americans sample.
Assuntos
DDT/efeitos adversos , Nefropatias Diabéticas/induzido quimicamente , Nefropatias Diabéticas/epidemiologia , Americanos Mexicanos , Inquéritos Nutricionais , Praguicidas/efeitos adversos , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Criança , DDT/sangue , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/sangue , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/induzido quimicamente , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/epidemiologia , Nefropatias Diabéticas/sangue , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Razão de Chances , Praguicidas/sangue , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
This study examined the potential association of maternal serum levels of o,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDE with gestation time and with anthropometric measurements and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels of newborns in a Bolivian birth cohort. Two hundred mothers were consecutively recruited between January and March 2013 at the "Hospital de la Mujer Dr. Percy Boland" in Santa Cruz de la Sierra. Potential confounders were derived from an ad hoc questionnaire. o,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDE were quantified in cord serum by high-resolution gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Multivariable linear regression analyses were performed, with POP concentrations as independent variables and log-transformed newborn birth outcomes (newborn weight, gestational age, head circumference, birth height, ponderal index, and TSH levels) as dependent variables. o,p'-DDT was detected in 82.5% of samples at median concentration of 0.22ng/mL and p,p'-DDE in 86.5% of samples at median concentration of 1.01ng/mL. Opposite associations with birth weight were found for p,p'-DDE (ß=0.012, p=0.006) and o,p'-DDT (ß=-0.014, p=0.039), and these associations were stronger when both chemicals were entered in the same model. p,p'-DDE was negatively associated with gestation time (ß=-0.004, p=0.012), and o,p'-DDT was borderline negatively associated with newborn head circumference (ß=-0.004, p=0.054). We observed no relevant changes in the magnitude of the coefficients or in statistical significance after adjustment for newborn TSH levels. This study indicates a possible impact of prenatal exposure to o,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDE on newborn anthropometric measurements in a population showing evidence of recent exposure to the pesticide DDT.
Assuntos
Peso ao Nascer , DDT/sangue , Diclorodifenil Dicloroetileno/sangue , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal , Tireotropina/sangue , Adulto , Antropometria , Bolívia , Estudos de Coortes , Feminino , Sangue Fetal/química , Idade Gestacional , Humanos , Masculino , Gravidez , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Organochlorine pesticides, due to their hydrophobic nature and persistence, accumulate in tissues rich in lipids, which had been used as a biomarker for environmental pollution. In humans, organochlorine pesticides are continuously circulating and equilibrating among body compartments. The objective of the study was to evaluate the concentrations of organochlorine pesticides in blood serum and compare their levels to the total lipid contents in Veracruz, México inhabitants. Our hypothesis is that concentrations of organochlorine pesticides will increase just as lipid concentrations. Levels of organochlorine pesticides were divided in ascending tertils according to their total lipid content. The linear trend model applied surprisingly reveals that the average level of all organochlorine pesticides decreases as the lipid concentration increases. From one tertil to the next ß-HCH, it shows a decrease of -3.19 mg kg(-1) on lipid basis, pp.'DDE levels decrease by -3.70 mg kg(-1) on lipid basis and pp.'DDT levels decrease -1.13 mg kg(-1) on lipid basis. We conclude that the levels and the orderly sequence of organochlorine pesticide distributions in the blood serum maintain an inverse relationship to total lipid blood serum concentrations.
Assuntos
Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/sangue , Lipídeos/sangue , Praguicidas/sangue , DDT/sangue , Monitoramento Ambiental , Poluição Ambiental , Hexaclorocicloexano/sangue , Humanos , Modelos Lineares , MéxicoRESUMO
The aim of this study was to assess the levels of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) in the blood of children living in the southeastern region of Mexico. In this study, we found high levels of DDT and its principal metabolite (DDE) in the blood of children residing in the communities studied. The levels of total DDT found in our study ranged from 4,676.4 ng/g lipid to 64,245.2 ng/g lipid. All of the children in the study had detectable levels of DDT and/or DDE. In conclusion, our data indicate that children living within the study areas are exposed to high levels of DDT and DDE. Moreover, these results can be used as a trigger to revisit local policies on environmental exposures.
Assuntos
DDT/sangue , Diclorodifenil Dicloroetileno/sangue , Exposição Ambiental , Poluentes Ambientais/sangue , Inseticidas/sangue , Criança , Monitoramento Ambiental , Feminino , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Humanos , Masculino , MéxicoRESUMO
Studies in Mexico have demonstrated exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in people living in different sites through the country. However, studies evaluating exposure to POPs in people living in Mexico City (one of most contaminated places in the world) are scarce. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolite dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) in the blood as exposure biomarkers in people living in Mexico City. A total of 123 participants (blood donors aged 20-60 years) were recruited during 2010 in Mexico City. Quantitative analyses of blood samples were performed using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Levels of the assessed compounds ranged from non-detectable (Assuntos
Exposição Ambiental/análise
, Poluentes Ambientais/sangue
, Adulto
, DDT/sangue
, Diclorodifenil Dicloroetileno/sangue
, Exposição Ambiental/estatística & dados numéricos
, Feminino
, Éteres Difenil Halogenados/sangue
, Humanos
, Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/sangue
, Masculino
, México
, Pessoa de Meia-Idade
, Bifenilos Policlorados/sangue
, Adulto Jovem
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Several studies have investigated the effects of organochlorine (OC) pesticides on adverse reproductive outcomes. However, few previous studies explored their effects on sex hormones. OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between serum concentrations of OC pesticides and levels of sex hormones in adult population in a rural area in Brazil heavily contaminated with these pesticides. METHODS: A cross-sectional study with 304 men and 300 women was undertaken. Wet weight serum concentrations of 19 OC pesticides (dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane [DDT] and hexachlorocyclohexane [HCH], among others) were determined in all participants. Testosterone levels were obtained for men and estradiol, progesterone, prolactin, luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) for women. Associations between OC pesticides and sex hormones were evaluated using linear regression models. RESULTS: Prevalence of women with non-physiological hyperprolactinemia was 4%. After adjusting for serum lipids and confounders, heptachlor and o,p'-DDT concentrations in men were associated with lower testosterone levels, while peri- and postmenopausal women (N=77) showed inverse associations between LH and hexachlorobenzene (HCB), p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDD (dichloro-diphenyl-dichloroethane), endosulfan 1 and 2, aldrin and mirex, as well as between FSH and p,p'-DDD, endosulfan 1 and aldrin. Premenopausal women (N=210) did not show statistically significant associations between OC pesticides and sex hormones. CONCLUSIONS: Inverse associations between OC pesticide concentrations and testosterone in men and LH and FSH in peri-/postmenopausal women, together with the high proportion of women with elevated prolactin, suggest that these OC compounds may have triggered anti-androgenic effects in men and estrogenic effects in women in this population.