RESUMO
To determine the burden of disease among subjects at risk of developing stroke or dementia, brain health indexes (BHI) tend to rely on anatomical features. Recent definitions emphasize the need of a broader perspective that encompasses cardiovascular risk factors (CVRFS) and lifestyle components which can be considered partial contributors to optimal brain health. In this study, we aimed to establish the association and risk detected by a Brain Health Index and the risk of possible vascular dementia (PVD) using data from the Mexican Health and Aging Study (MHAS) 2012-2015. The MHAS is a longitudinal study of adults aged ≥ 50 years. We analyzed the data obtained between 2012 and 2015. CVRFS included in the index were diabetes mellitus, hypertension, myocardial infarction, depression, obesity, physical inactivity, and smoking history. A PVD diagnosis was established when scores in the Cross-Cultural Cognitive Examination were below reference norms and limitations in ≥1 instrumental activities of daily living and a history of stroke were present. A multinomial regression model was developed to determine the association between BHI scores and PVD. In 2015, 75 PVD cases were identified. Mean age was 67.1 ±13.2 years, 35.8% were female, and the mean educational level was 5.8 ±5.5 years. In cases with a higher score in the BHI, the model revealed a hazards ratio of 1.63 (95% CI: 1.63-1.64, p< 0.001) for PVD. In this longitudinal study, with the use of a feasible multifactorial BHI in the Mexican population, a greater score was associated with a 1.63-fold risk of developing PVD during the 3-year follow-up, while the risk for stroke was 1.75. This index could potentially be used to predict the risk of PVD in adults with modifiable CVRFS.
Assuntos
Demência Vascular , Humanos , Feminino , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Idoso , Demência Vascular/epidemiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Longitudinais , Fatores de Risco , Envelhecimento , Encéfalo/patologia , Idoso de 80 Anos ou maisRESUMO
This study aimed to investigate the association between the Life's Essential 8 (LE8) score and incident all-cause dementia (including Alzheimer's disease [AD] and vascular dementia) in UK Biobank. A total of 259,718 participants were included in this prospective study. Smoking, non-HDL cholesterol, blood pressure, body mass index, HbA1c, physical activity, diet, and sleep were used to create the Life's Essential 8 (LE8) score. Associations between the score (both continuous and as quartiles) and outcomes were investigated using adjusted Cox proportional hazard models. The potential impact fractions of 2 scenarios and the rate advancement periods were also calculated. Over a median follow-up of 10.6 years, 4958 participants were diagnosed with any dementia. Higher LE8 scores were associated with lower risk of all-cause and vascular dementia in an exponential decay pattern. Compared with individuals in the healthiest quartile, those in the least healthy quartile had a higher risk of all-cause dementia (HR: 1.50 [95% CI: 1.37-1.65] and vascular dementia (HR: 1.86 [1.44-2.42]). A targeted intervention that increased the score by 10-points among individuals in the lowest quartile could have prevented 6.8% of all-cause dementia cases. Individuals in the least healthy LE8 quartile might develop all-cause dementia 2.45 years earlier than their counterparts. In conclusion, individuals with higher LE8 scores had lower risk of all-cause and vascular dementia. Because of nonlinear associations, interventions targeted at the least healthy individuals might produce greater population-level benefits.
Assuntos
Demência Vascular , Humanos , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Demência Vascular/diagnóstico , Demência Vascular/epidemiologia , Demência Vascular/etiologia , Bancos de Espécimes BiológicosRESUMO
Objetivos: estabelecer diagnóstico diferencial das demências em ambulatório de geriatria no Distrito Federal, calculando-se sua prevalência por meio de exame clínico e avaliação multifuncional. Método: estudo longitudinal, retrospectivo, com amostra de pessoas com 60 anos ou mais residentes no Distrito Federal-Brasil, com déficit cognitivo caracterizado por Transtorno Neurocognitivo (TNC) Maior (demência), cadastradas durante os anos de 2010 a 2018. A coleta de dados foi realizada em prontuários para selecionar e avaliar o perfil do idoso com diagnóstico de TNC seguida de avaliação geriátrica ampla e avaliação multifuncional. A análise de dados foi realizada com o cálculo da prevalência, estatística descritiva e índice V de Cramer. Resultados: 158 indivíduos conseguiram concluir todas as avalições. 52,5% possuem de 80 a 89 anos, 62,5% são mulheres e 62,7% caucasianos, 50,6% viúvos e 47,5% analfabetos. A prevalência inicial de Doença de Alzheimer (DA) foi de 45,6%, reduzindo-se para 35,4% após um período de acompanhamento e a demência vascular (DV) foi de 34,2%, inicialmente, e 45,6% ao final. Utilizou-se o Coeficiente V de Cramer, em que se encontrou uma relação fraca de fatores de risco com os diagnósticos das demências apresentados. Conclusão: DV foi a mais prevalente na área estudada. Entende-se ser a maior frequência de DA esteja relacionada à avaliação superficial uma vez que esse tipo de demência é mundialmente mais frequente
Objetivos: estabelecer diagnóstico diferencial das demências em ambulatório de geriatria no Distrito Federal, calculando-se sua prevalência por meio de exame clínico e avaliação multifuncional. Método: estudo longitudinal, retrospectivo, com amostra de pessoas com 60 anos ou mais residentes no Distrito Federal-Brasil, com déficit cognitivo caracterizado por Transtorno Neurocognitivo (TNC) Maior (demência), cadastradas durante os anos de 2010 a 2018. A coleta de dados foi realizada em prontuários para selecionar e avaliar o perfil do idoso com diagnóstico de TNC seguida de avaliação geriátrica ampla e avaliação multifuncional. A análise de dados foi realizada com o cálculo da prevalência, estatística descritiva e índice V de Cramer. Resultados: 158 indivíduos conseguiram concluir todas as avalições. 52,5% possuem de 80 a 89 anos, 62,5% são mulheres e 62,7% caucasianos, 50,6% viúvos e 47,5% analfabetos. A prevalência inicial de Doença de Alzheimer (DA) foi de 45,6%, reduzindo-se para 35,4% após um período de acompanhamento e a demência vascular (DV) foi de 34,2%, inicialmente, e 45,6% ao final. Utilizou-se o Coeficiente V de Cramer, em que se encontrou uma relação fraca de fatores de risco com os diagnósticos das demências apresentados. Conclusão: DV foi a mais prevalente na área estudada. Entende-se ser a maior frequência de DA esteja relacionada à avaliação superficial uma vez que esse tipo de demência é mundialmente mais frequente
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Avaliação Geriátrica/métodos , Demência/diagnóstico , Demência/epidemiologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Demência Vascular/diagnóstico , Demência Vascular/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Estudos Longitudinais , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Estudos Ecológicos , Doença de Alzheimer/diagnóstico , Doença de Alzheimer/epidemiologia , Testes de Estado Mental e DemênciaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Vascular dementia is the second most common cause of dementia. Physical disability and cognitive impairment due to stroke are conditions that considerably affect quality of life. We estimated the prevalence and incidence of possible vascular dementia (PVD) in older adults using data from the Mexican Health and Aging Study (MHAS 2012 and 2015 waves). METHODS: The MHAS is a representative longitudinal cohort study of Mexican adults aged ≥50 years. Data from 14, 893 participants from the 2012 cohort and 14,154 from the 2015 cohort were analyzed to estimate the prevalence and incidence of PVD. Self-respondents with history of stroke were classified as PVD if scores in two or more cognitive domains in the Cross-Cultural Cognitive Examination were ≥ 1.5 standard deviations below the mean on reference norms and if limitations in ≥ 1 instrumental activities of daily living were present. For proxy respondents with history of stroke, we used a score ≥3.4 on the Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly. Crude and standardized rates of prevalent and incident PVD were estimated. RESULTS: Prevalence of PVD was 0.6% (95% CI, 0.5-0.8) (0.5 with age and sex- standardization). Rates increased with age reaching 2.0% among those aged 80 and older and decreased with educational attainment. After 3.0 years of follow-up, 87 new cases of PVD represented an overall incident rate of 2.2 (95% CI, 1.7-2.6) per 1,000 person-years (2.0 with age and sex- standardization). Incidence also increased with advancing age reaching an overall rate of 9.4 (95% CI, 6.3-13.6) per 1,000 person-years for participants aged >80 years. Hypertension and depressive symptoms were strong predictors of incident PVD. CONCLUSION: These data provide new estimates of PVD prevalence and incidence in the Mexican population. We found that PVD incidence increased with age. Males aged 80 years or older showed a greater incidence rate when compared to females, which is comparable to previous estimates from other studies.
Assuntos
Envelhecimento/fisiologia , Demência Vascular/epidemiologia , Qualidade de Vida , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/epidemiologia , Atividades Cotidianas , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Demência Vascular/diagnóstico , Demência Vascular/etiologia , Demência Vascular/fisiopatologia , Feminino , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Incidência , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Fatores Sexuais , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/complicaçõesRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular risk factors increase the risk of developing dementia, including Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. OBJECTIVE: Studying individuals with autosomal dominant mutations leading to the early onset of dementia, this study examines the effect of the global cardiovascular risk profile on early cognitive and neuroimaging features of Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. METHODS: We studied 85 non-demented and stroke-free individuals, including 20 subjects with Presenilin1 (PSEN1) E280A mutation leading to the early onset of autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease (ADAD), 20 subjects with NOTCH3 mutations leading to cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) and to the early onset of vascular dementia, and 45 non-affected family members (non-carriers). All subjects underwent clinical and neuropsychological evaluations and an MRI. The global cardiovascular risk profile was estimated using the office-based Framingham Cardiovascular Risk Profile (FCRP) score. RESULTS: In individuals with CADASIL, a higher FCRP score was associated with a reduced hippocampal volume (Bâ=â-0.06, pâ<â0.05) and an increased severity of cerebral microbleeds (Bâ=â0.13, pâ<â0.001), lacunes (Bâ=â0.30, pâ<â0.001), and perivascular space enlargement in the basal ganglia (Bâ=â0.50, pâ<â0.05). There was no significant association between the FCRP score and neuroimaging measures in ADAD or non-carrier subjects. While the FCRP score was related to performance in executive function in non-carrier subjects (Bâ=â0.06, pâ<â0.05), it was not significantly associated with cognitive performance in individuals with CADASIL or ADAD. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that individuals with CADASIL and other forms of vascular cognitive impairment might particularly benefit from early interventions aimed at controlling cardiovascular risks.
Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer , Encéfalo , Demência Vascular , Presenilina-1/genética , Receptor Notch3/genética , Doença de Alzheimer/diagnóstico , Doença de Alzheimer/epidemiologia , Doença de Alzheimer/genética , Doença de Alzheimer/prevenção & controle , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagem , Encéfalo/patologia , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Demência Vascular/diagnóstico , Demência Vascular/epidemiologia , Demência Vascular/genética , Demência Vascular/prevenção & controle , Diagnóstico Precoce , Família , Feminino , Fatores de Risco de Doenças Cardíacas , Humanos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética/métodos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Mutação , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Serviços Preventivos de Saúde/métodos , Fatores de Risco , Comportamento de Redução do RiscoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Clinicopathological studies are important in determining the brain lesions underlying dementia. Although almost 60% of individuals with dementia live in developing countries, few clinicopathological studies focus on these individuals. We investigated the frequency of neurodegenerative and vascular-related neuropathological lesions in 1,092 Brazilian admixed older adults, their correlation with cognitive and neuropsychiatric symptoms, and the accuracy of dementia subtype diagnosis. METHODS AND FINDINGS: In this cross-sectional study, we describe clinical and neuropathological variables related to cognitive impairment in 1,092 participants (mean age = 74 y, 49% male, 69% white, and mean education = 4 y). Cognitive function was investigated using the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) and the Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE); neuropsychiatric symptoms were evaluated using the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI). Associations between neuropathological lesions and cognitive impairment were investigated using ordinal logistic regression. We developed a neuropathological comorbidity (NPC) score and compared it to CDR, IQCODE, and NPI scores. We also described and compared the frequency of neuropathological diagnosis to clinical diagnosis of dementia subtype. Forty-four percent of the sample met criteria for neuropathological diagnosis. Among these participants, 50% had neuropathological diagnoses of Alzheimer disease (AD), and 35% of vascular dementia (VaD). Neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), hippocampal sclerosis, lacunar infarcts, hyaline atherosclerosis, siderocalcinosis, and Lewy body disease were independently associated with cognitive impairment. Higher NPC scores were associated with worse scores in the CDR sum of boxes (ß = 1.33, 95% CI 1.20-1.46), IQCODE (ß = 0.14, 95% CI 0.13-0.16), and NPI (ß = 1.74, 95% CI = 1.33-2.16). Compared to neuropathological diagnoses, clinical diagnosis had high sensitivity to AD and high specificity to dementia with Lewy body/Parkinson dementia. The major limitation of our study is the lack of clinical follow-up of participants during life. CONCLUSIONS: NFT deposition, vascular lesions, and high NPC scorewere associated with cognitive impairment in a unique Brazilian sample with low education. Our results confirm the high prevalence of neuropathological diagnosis in older adults and the mismatch between clinical and neuropathological diagnoses.
Assuntos
Demência/epidemiologia , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Doença de Alzheimer/epidemiologia , Doença de Alzheimer/patologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Cognição , Estudos Transversais , Demência/patologia , Demência Vascular/epidemiologia , Demência Vascular/patologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
The objective of the study was to compare the presence of comorbid medical conditions between patients with a vascular dementia (VaD) and a control group, from the Integrated Healthcare Information Services (IHCIS) database. VaD was defined by the International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) codes 290.40, 290.4, 290.41, 290.42, and, 290.43. An individual matching method was used to select the controls, which were matched to cases on a 15:1 ratio by age, gender, type of health plan, and pharmacy benefits. Alzheimer's disease, any other dementia or cognitive deficits associated were considered exclusion criteria. Among the IHCIS patients 60 years of age or older and full year of eligibility during 2010, there were 898 VaD patients, from which 63.6% were women. Concurrent presence of cerebrovascular disease, atherosclerosis, heart failure, and atrial fibrillation were found at 12.6, 4.6, 2.8, and 1.7 times higher in VaD patients, respectively. Compared to controls, VaD patients had more septicemia, injuries, lung diseases including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and urinary diseases (all with df = 897,1; p < 0.0001). The present study confirms that these four medical comorbidities are frequent complications of VaD and physicians should be alert to the presence of them in patients with VaD.
Assuntos
Doenças Cardiovasculares/diagnóstico , Doenças Cardiovasculares/epidemiologia , Demência Vascular/diagnóstico , Demência Vascular/epidemiologia , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Doença de Alzheimer/diagnóstico , Doença de Alzheimer/epidemiologia , Doença de Alzheimer/psicologia , Doenças Cardiovasculares/psicologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Transtornos Cerebrovasculares/diagnóstico , Transtornos Cerebrovasculares/epidemiologia , Transtornos Cerebrovasculares/psicologia , Comorbidade , Demência Vascular/psicologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Stroke is the major cause of vascular behavior and cognitive disorders worldwide. In developing countries, there is a dearth of information regarding the public health magnitude of stroke. The aim of the Fogarty-Mexico cohort was to assess the prevalence of vascular behavioral and cognitive disorders, ranging from mild vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) to vascular dementia (VaD), in a cohort of acute first-ever symptomatic stroke patients in Mexico. METHODS: A total of 165 consecutive, first-ever stroke patients admitted to the National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery in Mexico City, were included in the cohort. Patients were eligible if they had an ischemic stroke, primary intracerebral hemorrhage, or cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT). Stroke diagnosis required the presence of an acute focal deficit lasting more than 24 h, confirmed by a corresponding lesion on CT/MRI. Stroke severity was established with the NIH Stroke Scale. The pre-stroke functional status was determined by the IQCODE. Three months after the occurrence of stroke, 110 survivor patients returned for follow-up and were able to undergo functional outcome (modified Rankin scale, Barthel index), along with neurological, psychiatric, neuropsychological, laboratory, and imaging assessments. We compared depression, demographic, and clinical and imaging features between patients with and without dementia, and between patients with VCI and those with intact cognition. RESULTS: Of the 110 patients (62% men, mean age 56 ± 17.8, education 7.7 ± 5.2 years) 93 (84%) had ischemic strokes, 14 (13%) intracerebral hemorrhage, and 3 (3%) CVT. The main risk factors were hypertension (50%), smoking (40%), hypercholesterolemia (29%), hyperhomocysteinemia (24%), and diabetes (22%). Clinical and neuropsychological evaluations demonstrated post-stroke depression in 56%, VCI in 41%, and VaD in 12%; 17% of the latter had pre-stroke functional impairment (IQCODE >3.5). Cognitive deficits included executive function in 69%, verbal memory in 49%, language in 38%, perception in 36%, and attention in 38%. Executive dysfunction occurred in 36% of non-demented subjects, 65% of them with mild-moderate deficits in daily living activities. Female gender (p ≤ 0.054), older age (mean age 65.6 years vs. 49.3, p < 0.001), diabetes (p ≤ 0.004), illiteracy and lower education (p ≤ 0.001), and PSD (p = 0.03) were significantly higher in VCI-VaD compared with cognitively intact post-stroke subjects. We could not demonstrate an association with lesion site and distribution of the cognitive deficits. CONCLUSIONS: The Fogarty-Mexico cohort recruited relatively young acute stroke patients, compared with other Mexican stroke cohorts. PSD and VCI occurred frequently but prevalence of VaD (12%) was lower than expected. A high prevalence of treatable stroke risk factors suggests that preventive interventions are advisable.
Assuntos
Cognição , Disfunção Cognitiva/epidemiologia , Demência Vascular/epidemiologia , Depressão/epidemiologia , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/epidemiologia , Adulto , Idoso , Disfunção Cognitiva/diagnóstico , Disfunção Cognitiva/psicologia , Demência Vascular/diagnóstico , Demência Vascular/psicologia , Depressão/diagnóstico , Depressão/psicologia , Avaliação da Deficiência , Feminino , Humanos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Prevalência , Prognóstico , Estudos Prospectivos , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/diagnóstico , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/psicologia , Fatores de Tempo , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios XRESUMO
The prevalence of dementia varies substantially worldwide. This is partially attributed to the lack of methodological uniformity among studies, including diagnostic criteria and different mean population ages. However, even after considering these potential sources of bias, differences in age-adjusted dementia prevalence still exist among regions of the world. In Latin America, the prevalence of dementia is higher than expected for its level of population aging. This phenomenon occurs due to the combination of low average educational attainment and high vascular risk profile. Among developed countries, Japan seems to have the lowest prevalence of dementia. Studies that evaluated the immigration effect of the Japanese and blacks to USA evidenced that acculturation increases the relative proportion of AD cases compared to VaD. In the Middle East and Africa, the number of dementia cases will be expressive by 2040. In general, low educational background and other socioeconomic factors have been associated with high risk of obesity, sedentarism, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and metabolic syndrome, all of which also raise the risk of VaD and AD. Regulating these factors is critical to generate the commitment to make dementia a public health priority.
Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer/epidemiologia , Doenças Cardiovasculares/epidemiologia , Demência Vascular/epidemiologia , Síndrome Metabólica/epidemiologia , Obesidade/epidemiologia , Distribuição por Idade , Idoso , Comorbidade , Escolaridade , Feminino , Saúde Global , Humanos , Internacionalidade , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Distribuição por SexoRESUMO
Introducción: En el envejecimiento, las funciones cognoscitivas se caracterizan por un decremento y variabilidad en sus procesos, discernir si se trata de un envejecimiento normal o un deterioro patológico es clínicamente difícil; los límites no son precisos, además, intervienen variables como la edad, escolaridad y las diferencias poblacionales. Con el objetivo de caracterizar el perfil neuropsicológico de adultos mayores de 60 años con y sin deterioro cognoscitivo se estudió una muestra de 536 adultos mayores de 60 años con queja subjetiva o de familiares en los proceso de memoria, los cuales, fueron pacientes del Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán de la Ciudad de México, entre los años 2006 a 2010. Por consenso interdisciplinario de especialistas con énfasis en la evaluación neuropsicológica, se dividió la muestra en: Envejecimiento Normal (EN), Deterioro cognitivo Leve (DCL), Enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA), Demencia Vascular (DV) y Demencia Mixta (DM). Con puntajes Z se calculó estadística descriptiva y un ANOVA de medidas repetidas. Resultados: Se encontraron diferencias estadísticas en el rendimiento de la evaluación neuropsicológica entre los grupos. El 29 por ciento de la muestra fue EN que no presenta alteraciones objetivas de funciones cognoscitivas. El más alto porcentaje fue el 46 por ciento del grupo DCL, que mostraron alteraciones en memoria y atención. La EA con el 12 por ciento, presenta alteraciones severas en memoria, funciones ejecutivas y lenguaje. El 7 por ciento del grupo DV la atención, la visuoconstructivo, el cálculo y la coordinación motora fueron las funciones afectadas. Por su parte, en el perfil de DM que representa el 6 por ciento, mostro mayor severidad en las alteraciones cognoscitivas afectadas.
Introduction: During aging cognitive function processes may decrease and fluctuate. This makes the task of distinguishing between normal aging and pathological deterioration clinically difficult. Variables such as age, academic level and social demographics combine to impede an objective analysis. The goal of the study was to characterize the neuropsychological profile of Mexican senior citizens who expressed a subjective complaint regarding memory. Method: A sample of 536 people over the age of 60 was studied. Each had reported memory issues between2006 and 2010 at the Salvador Zubiran National Institute of Medical Science and Nutrition. For interdisciplinary consensus the sample was divided into: Normal Aging (NA), Slight Cognitive Deterioration (SCD), Alzheimer Disease (AL), Vascular Dementia (VA) and Mixed Dementia (MD). Z points were used to calculate ANOVA with repeated measurements. Results: The population yielded statistical differences stemming from neuropsychological evaluations. 29 percent of the sample were classified NA with no current objective alterations in cognitive functions. The largest group, 46 percent, were classified as SCD, manifesting some alterations in memory and attention. AL was found in 12 percent with severe alterations in memory, executive functions and language. A similar cognitive profile was shared with the 6 percent of the group with MD, with only difference in the severity of cognitive alterations. Those with a VA profile manifested affected functions for attention, visual construction, calculation and motor coordination.