RESUMO
Morbidity and mortality from several diseases are increased on days of higher ambient air pollution. We carried out a daily time-series analysis with distributive lags to study the influence of short-term air pollution exposure on COVID-19 related hospitalization in Santiago, Chile between March 16 and August 31, 2020. Analyses were adjusted for temporal trends, ambient temperature, and relative humidity, and stratified by age and sex. 26,579 COVID-19 hospitalizations were recorded of which 24,501 were laboratory confirmed. The cumulative percent change in hospitalizations (95% confidence intervals) for an interquartile range increase in air pollutants were: 1.1 (0.2, 2.0) for carbon monoxide (CO), 0.30 (0.0, 0.50) for nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and 2.7 (1.9, 3.0) for particulate matter of diameter ≤ 2.5 microns (PM2.5). Associations with ozone (O3), particulate matter of diameter ≤ 10 microns (PM10) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) were not significant. The observed effect of PM2.5 was significantly greater for females and for those individuals ≥ 65 years old. This study provides evidence that daily increases in air pollution, especially PM2.5, result in a higher observed risk of hospitalization from COVID-19. Females and the elderly may be disproportionately affected.
Assuntos
Poluentes Atmosféricos , Poluição do Ar , COVID-19 , Hospitalização , Material Particulado , Humanos , COVID-19/epidemiologia , Chile/epidemiologia , Hospitalização/estatística & dados numéricos , Feminino , Masculino , Poluição do Ar/efeitos adversos , Poluição do Ar/análise , Idoso , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Material Particulado/efeitos adversos , Material Particulado/análise , Poluentes Atmosféricos/análise , Poluentes Atmosféricos/efeitos adversos , Exposição Ambiental/efeitos adversos , Adulto , Monóxido de Carbono/análise , SARS-CoV-2/isolamento & purificação , Dióxido de Nitrogênio/análise , Ozônio/análise , Dióxido de Enxofre/análise , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Sulfur dioxide (SO2), despite its ubiquitousness, there is relatively less epidemiological evidence regarding the health risks associated with SO2 compared to other pollutants, especially in low-income countries where there are high levels of SO2 emissions. In this study, we estimated the association between ambient SO2 exposure and daily mortality in Brazil over a period of 15 years (2003-2017). We used an extension of the two-stage time-series design in a time-series analytic approach with a distributed lag model. The study population consisted of 2,872,084 death records, with a higher proportion of male deaths observed across all-cause mortality (58%). The majority of the individuals were aged above 65 years. The mean SO2 concentration across the study period was 1.5 µg/m³ (range: 0.0 to 71.0). The national meta-analysis for the whole dataset (without stratification by sex and age) showed an uncertain association, in which a 10 µg/m3 increase in daily SO2 was associated with an RR of mortality of 1.015 (95%CI: 0.992; 1.037). Robust associations were observed only for the subgroup analysis of people 46-65 years old [RR = 1.050 (95%CI: 1.004; 1.096)] and men 46-65 years old [RR = 1.064 (95%CI: 1.005; 1.122)]. We found moderate heterogeneity in the national analysis, with an I2 of 21% for the subgroup of people 46-65 years old. Excess mortality fraction for people between 46 and 65 years old attributable to per 10 µg/m3 increase in SO2 was 2.93% (95% eCI: 0.29%-6.78%). These results highlight the need for targeted air pollution control policies to reduce the health burden of SO2 exposure in Brazil. Further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms behind the age-specific and regional effects of SO2 on mortality.
Assuntos
Poluentes Atmosféricos , Poluição do Ar , Poluentes Ambientais , Humanos , Masculino , Idoso , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Dióxido de Enxofre/análise , Poluentes Atmosféricos/toxicidade , Poluentes Atmosféricos/análise , Poluição do Ar/análise , Brasil/epidemiologia , Poluentes Ambientais/análise , Exposição Ambiental/análise , Material Particulado/análise , Dióxido de Nitrogênio/análise , China/epidemiologia , MortalidadeRESUMO
The purpose of the study is to further explore the combined effects of exercise and sulfur dioxide (SO2) exposure on the cardiovascular function as well as the underlying mechanisms. Rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: rest group (RG), exercise group (EG), SO2 pollution group (SG) and SO2 pollution + exercise group (SEG). Changes of aortic pressure and left ventricular pressure, Ang II concentration, ACE concentration and ACE activity in rats' myocardial tissue were observed. Compared with RG, the systolic blood pressure, pulse pressure, LVSP, +dp/dtmax and -dp/dtmax of EG increased significantly, diastolic blood pressure, resting heart rate and ACE activity decreased significantly; For rats of SG, 4 weeks SO2 exposure increased LVEDP, Ang II concentration, ACE concentration and ACE activity, decreased the +dp/dtmax and -dp/dtmax; For rats of SEG, the systolic blood pressure, pulse pressure, LVSP, +dp/dtmax and -dp/dtmax decreased significantly, HR, LVEDP, Ang II concentration, ACE concentration and ACE activity increased significantly. Results indicate that, the combination of aerobic exercise and SO2 exposure can aggravate the negative effects of SO2 inhalation on cardiovascular function. Renin-angiotensin system plays an important role in mediating the negative effect of SO2 inhalation.
Assuntos
Miocárdio , Dióxido de Enxofre , Animais , Pressão Sanguínea , Ratos , Dióxido de Enxofre/farmacologiaRESUMO
Prospection of yeasts from oenological environments can provide knowledge of new native strains that are capable of fermenting must and positively influence the composition and sensory characteristics of the wine. This work addressed the biotechnological characterization of indigenous yeasts of Tannat must, an emblematic and widespread vineyard of Uruguay. Fifty-three yeast isolates were morphologically characterized and further identified by amplification and sequencing of ITS and D1-D2 regions, grouping into a total of fifteen species. One isolate of each species was randomly chosen and evaluated for its technological traits. In presence of ethanol (6 to 16% v/v) and sulfur dioxide (40 mg/L), native Saccharomyces cerevisiae 3FS presented the best growth rates and minor lag phase. Regarding non-Saccharomyces strains, Starmerella bacillaris 3MS stood out for its behavior in vinification conditions, more closely related to S. cerevisiae strains. Saccharomyces cerevisiae 3FS, Starmerella bacillaris 3MS, and Saturnispora diversa 1FS conducted a successful fermentation process reaching a final ethanol concentration ≥ 10% v/v and presenting a killer and resistant phenotype, suggesting that they could be used as pure starter cultures, as well as in mixed culture fermentations. This preliminary screening and oenological characterization of indigenous Saccharomyces cerevisiae and non-Saccharomyces yeasts might be a useful tool to identify some strains as potential candidates for wine vinification.
Assuntos
Vitis , Vinho , Etanol , Fazendas , Fermentação , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genética , Saccharomycetales , Dióxido de Enxofre , Uruguai , Vitis/microbiologia , Vinho/análise , Vinho/microbiologia , Leveduras/genéticaRESUMO
A carga global de doenças associadas à exposição à poluição do ar tem um impacto enorme na saúde humana em todo o mundo: estima-se que a exposição à poluição do ar cause milhões de mortes e anos perdidos de vida saudável anualmente. Estima-se que a carga de doenças atribuíveis à poluição do ar já seja comparável a de outros importantes riscos globais à saúde, como alimentação não saudável e tabagismo, e reconhece-se que a poluição do ar é agora a maior ameaça ambiental à saúde humana. O principal objetivo dessas diretrizes globais atualizadas é oferecer padrões de qualidade do ar pensados para a saúde, expressos como concentrações a longo ou curto prazo, para seis importantes poluentes atmosféricos: MP2,5, MP10, ozônio, dióxido de nitrogênio, dióxido de enxofre e monóxido de carbono. Além disso, as diretrizes fornecem metas intermediárias para orientar os esforços de redução desses poluentes, bem como declarações de boas práticas para o gerenciamento de certos tipos de MP (carbono negro/carbono elementar, partículas ultrafinas e partículas originadas de tempestades de areia e poeira) . Essas diretrizes não são uma norma juridicamente vinculativa; no entanto, fornecem aos Estados Membros da OMS uma ferramenta baseada em evidências que podem usar para subsidiar legislação e políticas. Em última análise, o objetivo dessas diretrizes é ajudar a reduzir os níveis de poluentes atmosféricos a fim de diminuir a enorme carga de morbidade resultante da exposição à poluição atmosférica em todo o mundo.
Assuntos
Doenças Transmissíveis , Carbono , Monóxido de Carbono , Dióxido de Enxofre , Ozônio , Dióxido de Nitrogênio , Meio Ambiente , Poluentes Ambientais , Poluição do Ar , Poluição AmbientalRESUMO
Exogenous SO2 is toxic especially to the pulmonary and cardiovascular system, similar to nitric-oxide, carbon-monoxide, and hydrogen-sulfide. Endogenous SO2 is produced in many cell types. The SO2 content of the rat heart has been observed to substantially decrease during isoproterenol-induced hypertrophy. This study sought to determine whether an SO2 derivative could inhibit the prolongation of action potentials during the isoproterenol-induced hypertrophy of rat cardiomyocytes and explore the ionic currents. Alongside electrocardiogram recordings, the voltage and current-clamped measurements were conducted in the enzymatically isolated left ventricular cardiomyocytes of Wistar rats. The consistency of the results was evaluated by the novel mathematical electrophysiology model. Our results show that SO2 significantly blocked the prolongation of QT-interval and action potential duration. Furthermore, SO2 did not substantially affect the Na+ currents and did not improve the decreased steady-state and transient outward K+ currents, but it reverted the reduced L-type Ca2+ currents (I CaL) to the physiological levels. Altered inactivation of I CaL was remarkably recovered by SO2. Interestingly, SO2 significantly increased the Ca2+ transients in hypertrophic rat hearts. Our mathematical model also confirmed the mechanism of the SO2 effect. Our findings suggest that the shortening mechanism of SO2 is related to the Ca2+ dependent inactivation kinetics of the Ca2+ current.
Assuntos
Miócitos Cardíacos , Dióxido de Enxofre , Potenciais de Ação , Animais , Hipertrofia , Isoproterenol/toxicidade , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Dióxido de Enxofre/toxicidadeRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Previous studies have related sulfur dioxide (SO2) exposure to asthma exacerbations. We utilized the University of Pittsburgh Asthma Institute registry to study associations of asthma exacerbations between 2 geographically distinct populations of adults with asthma. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to examine whether asthma symptoms worsened following a significant fire event that destroyed pollution control equipment at the largest coke works in the United States. METHODS: Two groups of patients with asthma, namely, those residing within 10 miles of the coke works fire (the proximal group [n = 39]) and those residing beyond that range (the control group [n = 44]), were geocoded by residential address. Concentrations of ambient air SO2 were generated by using local University of Pittsburgh Asthma Institute registry air monitoring data. Factory emissions were also evaluated. Data from a patient historical acute exposure survey and in-person follow-up data were evaluated. Inferential statistics were used to compare the groups. RESULTS: In the immediate postfire period (6-8 weeks), the level of emissions of SO2 from the factory emissions increased to 25 times more than the typical level. Following the pollution control breach, the proximal cohort self-reported an increase in medication use (risk ratio = 1.76; 95% CI = 1.1-2.8; P < .01) and more exacerbations. In a small subset of the follow-up cohort of those who completed the acute exposure survey only, asthma control metrics improved. CONCLUSIONS: Real-world exposure to a marked increase in ambient levels of SO2 from a pollution control breach was associated with worsened asthma control in patients proximal to the event, with the worsened control improving following repair of the controls. Improved spatial resolution of air pollutant measurements would enable better examination of exposures and subsequent health impacts.
Assuntos
Poluentes Atmosféricos/imunologia , Poluição do Ar/efeitos adversos , Asma/imunologia , Exposição Ambiental/efeitos adversos , Estudos de Coortes , Coque , Poluição Ambiental/efeitos adversos , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Material Particulado/imunologia , Dióxido de Enxofre/imunologiaRESUMO
Oxygen exposure may trigger a series of changes that could be detrimental to the quality white wines. This study evaluated the combined effects of sulfur dioxide, glutathione and light exposure on the chemistry and sensory perception of bottled Sauvignon blanc. The wines were manually bottled into clear bottles, closed with low oxygen transfer rate stoppers, and stored for three months, either exposed or protected from light. The wines exposed to artificial light showed higher rates of sulfite loss and oxygen consumption, were significantly darker in color, exhibited significant changes in the concentration of phenolics and volatile compounds, were perceived as less fruity/floral, and had higher nuances of solvent, earthy and honey aromas than the ones protected from light. The treatments with higher amounts of initial sulfites and glutathione were able to delay some of these changes but were less significant than protecting the wines from artificial light.
Assuntos
Armazenamento de Alimentos/métodos , Glutationa/química , Luz , Dióxido de Enxofre/química , Vinho/análise , Antioxidantes/química , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Peso Molecular , Oxigênio/química , Fenóis/análise , Fenóis/química , Análise de Componente Principal , Taninos/análise , Taninos/química , Compostos Orgânicos Voláteis/análiseRESUMO
Genetic and environmental factors are thought to influence the activity of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), but relatively little is known about the effects of ambient air pollution. Using pollution data from air monitoring stations in the urban centers in Santiago Chile, along with daily patient hospitalization data from 2001 to 2012, an association between ambient air pollution and daily hospital admissions for SLE was tested using generalized linear models. Averaged over all regions pollutant mean 24 h concentrations were: 0.96 ppm carbon monoxide (CO), 64 ppb ozone (O3), 43 ppb nitrogen dioxide (NO2), 9 ppb sulphur dioxide (SO2), 29 µg/m3 particulate matter ≤ 2.5 µm in mean aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5), and 67 µg/m3 particulate matter ≤ 10 µm in diameter (PM10). The relative risk estimates in single pollutant models for an interquartile range (IQR) increase in pollutant were: RR = 1.34 (95% CI: 1.06-1.83) for SO2, RR = 1.60 (95% CI: 1.15-2.24) for CO, and RR = 1.41 (95% CI: 1.14-1.86) for PM2.5. In two-pollutant models, the significance of SO2 and PM2.5 persisted despite adjustments for each of the other measured pollutants. These findings suggest that acute increases in air pollution increase the risk of hospitalization with a primary diagnosis of SLE.
Assuntos
Poluentes Atmosféricos , Poluição do Ar , Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico , Ozônio , Poluentes Atmosféricos/análise , Poluentes Atmosféricos/toxicidade , Poluição do Ar/efeitos adversos , Poluição do Ar/análise , Chile/epidemiologia , Hospitalização , Humanos , Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico/induzido quimicamente , Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico/epidemiologia , Dióxido de Nitrogênio/análise , Ozônio/análise , Material Particulado/análise , Material Particulado/toxicidade , Dióxido de Enxofre/análise , Dióxido de Enxofre/toxicidadeRESUMO
The aim of this work was to evaluate different SO2-generating pads and liners to control gray mold in ventilated clamshell-packaged 'Rubi' table grapes grown under a two-cropping per year system. The treatments consisted of SO2-generating pads (slow release or dual release) and plastic liners with different perforations (microperforated; 2.0; 4.0 or 5.0 mm in diameter) and a control, only with the standard microperforated plastic liner. The packaged grapes were stored in a cold chamber at 1.0 ± 1.0 °C and 95% relative humidity. After 45 days, the grapes were removed from cold storage and placed, without liners and SO2-generating pads, for 3 days at room temperature (22.0 ± 1.0 °C). The evaluations occurred at 30 and 45 days after the beginning of cold storage, and the following variables were assessed: incidence of gray mold, mass loss, stem browning and shattered berries. At 3 days of shelf-life, the same variables were assessed, except mass loss. The completely randomized design was used as a statistical model with four replications, and each plot consisted of five bunches individually stored in ventilated clamshell-packaged. The dual release SO2-generating pads are efficient in controlling the gray mold in 'Rubi' table grapes regardless of the type of perforation of the plastic liners, with low mass loss and shattered berries, with good conservation of the freshness of the rachis. The disease was efficiently controlled in both annual crops. The slow-release SO2-generating pads, regardless of the type of perforation of the plastic liners, resulted in intermediate efficiency of gray mold control, with good physical quality of the bunches. Thus, the use of dual release SO2- generating pads is recommended to control gray mold in ventilated clamshell-packaged 'Rubi' table grapes.(AU)
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar diferentes folhas geradoras de SO2 e filmes plásticos perfurados, no controle do mofo cinzento em uvas de mesa 'Rubi' armazenadas individualmente em cumbucas plásticas ventiladas cultivadas sob dupla safra anual. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por folhas geradoras de SO2 (liberação lenta ou liberação dupla fase) e filmes plásticos com diferentes perfurações (microperfurado; 2,0; 4,0 ou 5,0 mm de diâmetro) e uma testemunha, somente com o filme plástico microperfurado. As uvas foram armazenadas em câmara refrigerada a 1,0 ± 1,0 °C e 95% de umidade relativa do ar. Após 45 dias, as uvas foram retiradas e mantidas sem os filmes plásticos e as folhas de SO2 por 3 dias em temperatura ambiente (22,0 ± 1,0 °C). As avaliações ocorreram aos 30 e 45 dias após o início do armazenamento refrigerado, quando foram analisadas as seguintes variáveis: incidência de mofo cinzento, perda de massa, escurecimento da ráquis e degrana de bagas. Aos 3 dias em temperatura ambiente, as mesmas variáveis foram novamente avaliadas, com exceção da perda de massa. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições por tratamento, sendo cada parcela composta por cinco cachos armazenados individualmente em cumbucas plásticas ventiladas. Verificou-se que a folha de liberação dupla fase de SO2 é eficiente no controle do mofo cinzento nas uvas de mesa 'Rubi', independente do tipo de perfuração do filme plástico, com baixa perda de massa e degrana, e boa conservação do frescor da ráquis. A doença foi controlada com eficiência nas duas safras anuais. A folha de liberação lenta de SO2, independente do tipo de perfuração do filme plástico, resultou em eficiência intermediária de controle do mofo cinzento, com boa qualidade física dos cachos. A folha de liberação dupla fase de SO2 é recomendada para o controle do mofo cinzento em uvas de mesa 'Rubi' embaladas em cumbucas plásticas ventiladas.(AU)