RESUMO
Canine leishmaniasis (CanL) is caused by the intracellular parasite Leishmania infantum. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ) exerts potent regulatory effects on the immune system in experimental model Leishmania infection, but this influence has not yet been studied in CanL. In this study, PGE2 and PGE2 receptor levels and the regulatory effect of PGE2 on arginase activity, NO2 , IL-10, IL-17, IFN-γ, TNF-α and parasite load were evaluated in cultures of splenic leucocytes obtained from dogs with CanL in the presence of agonists and inhibitors. Our results showed that splenic leucocytes from dogs with CanL had lower EP2 receptor levels than those of splenic leucocytes from healthy animals. We observed that NO2 levels decreased when the cells were treated with a PGE2 receptor agonist (EP1/EP2/EP3) or COX-2 inhibitor (NS-398) and that TNF-α, IL-17 and IFN-γ cytokine levels decreased when the cells were treated with a PGE2 receptor agonist (EP2) or PGE2 itself. The parasite load in splenic leucocyte cell cultures from dogs with CanL decreased after stimulation of the cells with PGE2 . We conclude that Leishmania infection of dogs modulates PGE2 receptors and speculate that the binding of PGE2 to its receptors may activate the microbicidal capacity of cells.
Assuntos
Citocinas/imunologia , Dinoprostona/metabolismo , Doenças do Cão/tratamento farmacológico , Leishmania infantum/imunologia , Leishmaniose/veterinária , Receptores de Prostaglandina E/metabolismo , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/farmacologia , Inibidores de Ciclo-Oxigenase 2/farmacologia , Dinoprostona/agonistas , Dinoprostona/antagonistas & inibidores , Doenças do Cão/imunologia , Doenças do Cão/parasitologia , Cães , Leishmaniose/tratamento farmacológico , Leishmaniose/imunologia , Óxido Nítrico/análise , Nitrobenzenos/farmacologia , Carga Parasitária , Receptores de Prostaglandina E/agonistas , Receptores de Prostaglandina E/fisiologia , Sulfonamidas/farmacologia , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/imunologiaRESUMO
This study investigated the effects of caffeine in the behavioral and inflammatory alterations caused by copper in zebrafish larvae, attempting to correlate these changes with the modulation of adenosine receptors. To perform a survival curve, 7dpf larvae were exposed to 10µM CuSO4, combined to different concentrations of caffeine (100µM, 500µM and 1mM) for up to 24h. The treatment with copper showed lower survival rates only when combined with 500µM and 1mM of caffeine. We selected 4 and 24h as treatment time-points. The behavior evaluation was done by analyzing the traveled distance, the number of entries in the center, and the length of permanence in the center and the periphery of the well. The exposure to 10µM CuSO4 plus 500µM caffeine at 4 and 24h changed the behavioral parameters. To study the inflammatory effects of caffeine, we assessed the PGE2 levels by using UHPLC-MS/MS, and TNF, COX-2, IL-6 and IL-10 gene expression by RT-qPCR. The expression of adenosine receptors was also evaluated with RT-qPCR. When combined to copper, caffeine altered inflammatory markers depending on the time of exposure. Adenosine receptors expression was significantly increased, especially after 4h exposure to copper and caffeine together or separately. Our results demonstrated that caffeine enhances the inflammation induced by copper by decreasing animal survival, altering inflammatory markers and promoting behavioral changes in zebrafish larvae. We also conclude that alterations in adenosine receptors are related to those effects.
Assuntos
Cafeína/efeitos adversos , Cobre/toxicidade , Larva/efeitos dos fármacos , Antagonistas de Receptores Purinérgicos P1/efeitos adversos , Receptores Purinérgicos P1/metabolismo , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidade , Peixe-Zebra/fisiologia , Animais , Comportamento Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Cafeína/agonistas , Cafeína/antagonistas & inibidores , Cobre/agonistas , Cobre/química , Sulfato de Cobre/administração & dosagem , Dinoprostona/agonistas , Dinoprostona/antagonistas & inibidores , Dinoprostona/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica no Desenvolvimento/efeitos dos fármacos , Mediadores da Inflamação/agonistas , Mediadores da Inflamação/metabolismo , Larva/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Larva/imunologia , Larva/metabolismo , Concentração Osmolar , Agonistas do Receptor Purinérgico P1/química , Agonistas do Receptor Purinérgico P1/toxicidade , Antagonistas de Receptores Purinérgicos P1/química , Receptores Purinérgicos P1/química , Receptores Purinérgicos P1/genética , Análise de Sobrevida , Poluentes Químicos da Água/agonistas , Poluentes Químicos da Água/antagonistas & inibidores , Peixe-Zebra/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Peixe-Zebra/imunologia , Proteínas de Peixe-Zebra/agonistas , Proteínas de Peixe-Zebra/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas de Peixe-Zebra/genética , Proteínas de Peixe-Zebra/metabolismoRESUMO
Bronchial hyperresponsiveness is a hallmark of asthma and many factors modulate bronchoconstriction episodes. A potential correlation of formaldehyde (FA) inhalation and asthma has been observed; however, the exact role of FA remains controversial. We investigated the effects of FA inhalation on Ovalbumin (OVA) sensitisation using a parameter of respiratory mechanics. The involvement of nitric oxide (NO) and cyclooxygenase-derived products were also evaluated. The rats were submitted, or not, to FA inhalation (1%, 90 min/day, 3 days) and were OVA-sensitised and challenged 14 days later. Our data showed that previous FA exposure in allergic rats reduced bronchial responsiveness, respiratory resistance (Rrs) and elastance (Ers) to methacholine. FA exposure in allergic rats also increased the iNOS gene expression and reduced COX-1. L-NAME treatment exacerbated the bronchial hyporesponsiveness and did not modify the Ers and Rrs, while Indomethacin partially reversed all of the parameters studied. The L-NAME and Indomethacin treatments reduced leukotriene B4 levels while they increased thromboxane B2 and prostaglandin E2. In conclusion, FA exposure prior to OVA sensitisation reduces the respiratory mechanics and the interaction of NO and PGE2 may be representing a compensatory mechanism in order to protect the lung from bronchoconstriction effects.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/uso terapêutico , Hiper-Reatividade Brônquica/tratamento farmacológico , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Eicosanoides/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Insuficiência Respiratória/prevenção & controle , Mucosa Respiratória/efeitos dos fármacos , Administração por Inalação , Resistência das Vias Respiratórias/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Hiper-Reatividade Brônquica/imunologia , Hiper-Reatividade Brônquica/metabolismo , Hiper-Reatividade Brônquica/fisiopatologia , Broncoconstritores/farmacologia , Ciclo-Oxigenase 1/genética , Ciclo-Oxigenase 1/metabolismo , Dinoprostona/agonistas , Dinoprostona/metabolismo , Formaldeído/administração & dosagem , Formaldeído/toxicidade , Regulação Enzimológica da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Leucotrieno B4/antagonistas & inibidores , Leucotrieno B4/metabolismo , Masculino , Proteínas de Membrana/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas de Membrana/genética , Proteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico Sintase Tipo II/biossíntese , Óxido Nítrico Sintase Tipo II/genética , Óxido Nítrico Sintase Tipo II/metabolismo , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Insuficiência Respiratória/etiologia , Mucosa Respiratória/imunologia , Mucosa Respiratória/metabolismo , Mucosa Respiratória/fisiopatologia , Tromboxano B2/agonistas , Tromboxano B2/metabolismoRESUMO
It is concluded from immunohistochemical that all four types of prostaglandin-E(2) (PGE(2)) (EP1, EP2, EP3 and EP4) receptors are associated with specific cell-types in primary rat retinal cultures. Analysis specifically of EP2 receptor immunoreactivity shows it to coexist with some neurones expressing Thy-1 and calbindin immunoreactivities as well as with vimentin-positive Müller cells. Moreover, exposure of cultures to the EP2 specific agonist butaprost (100 nM) for a period of 24h results in a generation of cAMP thus providing support for the functionality of EP2 receptors. Cell survival was significantly affected in cultures where the serum concentration was reduced from 10 to 1% for 24h. This was reflected by a reduction in the number of GABA-positive neurons and an elevation of released lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) into the culture medium. Moreover, a number of cells displayed a clear generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a staining for the breakdown of DNA by the TUNEL procedure as an indicator for apoptosis. These negative effects were attenuated when butaprost (100 nM) was present during the serum reduction and 30 min before the insult. The present studies provide evidence to show that all PGE(2) receptor types exist in the retina of rat pups, remain functional when the retinal cells are cultured and that specific activation of EP2 receptors with butaprost can attenuate a detrimental insult caused by insufficient serum that may occur in situ by reduced trophic support.