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Accurate transverse deformation measurements are required for the estimation of the Poisson function and volume ratio. In this study, pure silicone and soft composite specimens were subjected to uniaxial tension, and the digital image correlation method was used to measure longitudinal and in- and out-of-plane transverse stretches. To minimize the effects of measurement errors on parameter estimation, the measured transverse stretches were defined in terms of the longitudinal stretch using a new formulation based on Poisson's ratios and two stretch-dependent parameters. From this formulation, Poisson functions and volume ratio for soft materials under large deformations were obtained. The results showed that pure silicone can be considered isotropic and nearly incompressible under large deformations, as expected. In contrast, Poisson's ratio of silicone reinforced with extensible fabric can exceed classical bounds, including negative value (auxetic behavior). The incompressibility assumption can be employed for describing the stress-stretch curve of pure silicone, while volume ratios are required for soft composites. Data of human skin, aortic wall, and annulus fibrosus from the literature were selected and analyzed. Except for the aortic wall, which can be considered nearly incompressible, the studied soft tissues must be regarded as compressible. All tissues presented anisotropic behavior.

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The aim of this study was to develop a methodology for estimating cancer incidence in Brazil and its regions. Using data from population-based cancer registries (RCBP, acronym in Portuguese) and the Brazilian Mortality Information System (SIM, acronym in Portuguese), annual incidence/mortality (I/M) ratios were calculated by type of cancer, age group and sex in each RCBP. Poisson longitudinal multilevel models were applied to estimate the I/M ratios by region in 2018. The estimate of new cancer cases in 2018 was calculated by applying the estimated I/M ratios to the number of SIM-corrected deaths that occurred that year. North and Northeast concentrated the lowest I/M ratios. Pancreatic, lung, liver and esophageal cancers had the lowest I/M ratios, whereas the highest were estimated for thyroid, testicular, prostate and female breast cancers. For 2018, 506,462 new cancer cases were estimated in Brazil. Female breast and prostate were the two main types of cancer in all regions. In the North and Northeast, cervical and stomach cancers stood out. Differences in the I/M ratios between regions were observed and may be related to socioeconomic development and access to health services.

O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver metodologia para estimar a incidência de câncer no Brasil e regiões. A partir de dados dos registros de câncer de base populacional (RCBP) e do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM) foram calculadas razões de incidência e mortalidade (I/M) anuais, tipo de câncer, faixa etária e sexo em cada RCBP. Para estimar as razões I/M por região em 2018, foram aplicados modelos multiníveis longitudinais de Poisson. A estimativa de casos novos de câncer, em 2018, foi calculada aplicando-se as razões I/M estimadas ao número de óbitos corrigidos do SIM ocorridos naquele ano. Norte e Nordeste concentraram as menores razões I/M. Os cânceres de pâncreas, pulmão, fígado e esôfago tiveram as menores razões I/M, enquanto as maiores razões I/M foram estimadas para câncer de tireoide, testículo, próstata e mama feminina. Para 2018, foram estimados 506.462 casos novos de câncer no Brasil. Mama feminina e próstata foram os dois principais tipos de câncer em todas as regiões. No Norte e no Nordeste, destacaram-se os cânceres do colo do útero e de estômago. Diferenças nas razões I/M entre as regiões foram observadas e podem estar relacionadas ao desenvolvimento socioeconômico e ao acesso a serviços de saúde.

El objetivo de este estudio fue desarrollar una metodología para estimar la incidencia de cáncer en Brasil y sus regiones. A partir de datos de los registros de cáncer de base poblacional (RCBP) y el Sistema de Informaciones de Mortalidad (SIM), se calcularon las tasas anuales de incidencia y mortalidad (I/M), tipo de cáncer, grupo de edad y sexo en cada RCBP. Para estimar las tasas de I/M por región en 2018, se aplicaron modelos multinivel longitudinales de Poisson. Los nuevos casos de cáncer en 2018 se estimaron mediante la aplicación de las tasas I/M que se esperan para el número de muertes corregidas de SIM que habían ocurrido ese año. Las regiones Norte y Nordeste concentraron las más bajas tasas de I/M. Los cánceres de páncreas, pulmón, hígado y esófago tuvieron las más bajas tasas de I/M, mientras que las más altas tasas de I/M se estimaron para los cánceres de tiroides, testículos, próstata y mama femenina. Para 2018, se estimaron 506.462 nuevos casos de cáncer en Brasil. La mama femenina y la próstata representaron técnicas de estimación y configuraron ser los tipos principales de cáncer en todas las regiones. En el Norte y el Nordeste se destacaron los cánceres de cuello uterino y estómago. Se observaron diferencias en las tasas de I/M entre regiones, las cuales pueden estar relacionadas con el desarrollo socioeconómico y el acceso a los servicios de salud.

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This study aimed to assess the association between underlying dentin shadows (UDS) and oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) among 15-19-year-old adolescents from southern Brazil. This population-based cross-sectional study included a representative sample of 1,197 15-19-year-old adolescents attending 31 public and private schools from Santa Maria, Brazil. The Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14) was used to evaluate the OHRQoL, and clinical examinations were performed by two calibrated examiners (intra/interexaminer kappa values for caries examination ≥ 0.80) to diagnose UDS (ICDAS code 4 caries lesions). Sociodemographic information and clinical characteristics (overall caries experience, traumatic dental injury, malocclusion, and gingivitis) were also collected as adjusting variables. Multilevel Poisson regression models were used to assess the association between UDS and OHRQoL. Rate ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated. The UDS prevalence was 8.8% (n = 106 adolescents). In the adjusted models, adolescents with UDS had poorer OHRQoL than those without UDS, and the strength of the association was dependent on the number of lesions per individual. Individuals with 1-2 UDS had a mean OHIP-14 score 8% higher (RR = 1.08; 95%CI: 1.01-1.17) than adolescents without UDS, while those with 3-4 UDS had a mean score 35% higher (RR = 1.35; 95%CI: 1.12-1.63). This negative association was related to physical disability, psychological disability, social disability, and handicap domains. This study showed that UDS was associated negatively with OHRQoL among 15-19-year-old adolescents from southern Brazil. The negative effect of UDS on OHRQoL emphasizes the importance of addressing issues regarding OHRQoL even in the posterior teeth of adolescents.

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The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of dissatisfaction with dental appearance among 24-year-old Brazilian adults and the associated factors in life course. A subsample (n = 720) of the 1982 Pelotas Birth Cohort in southern Brazil was investigated at the ages of 15 and 24 years using clinical (caries and periodontal) examinations and interviews. The outcome was dissatisfaction with dental appearance at the age of 24 years. Covariate variables included socioeconomic factors, oral health, and dissatisfaction with general appearance collected during different periods of life. Poisson regression models with robust variance were applied. The prevalence of dissatisfaction with dental appearance was 43.5% (95%CI: 39.8-47.1). Individuals with downward income mobility (PR = 1.22, 95%CI: 1.07-1.79) and those always poor (PR = 1.21, 95%CI: 1.00-1.57) presented a higher prevalence of dissatisfaction with their dental appearance even after oral health variables and dissatisfaction with general appearance were controlled for. Moderate/severe malocclusion at 15 years (PR = 1.34, 95%CI: 1.13-1.59), highest experience of untreated dental caries at 24 years (PR = 1.82, 95%CI: 1.46-2.27), and dental pain experience at 24 years (PR = 1.29, 95%CI: 1.22-1.75) were associated with the outcome. Also, the prevalence of dissatisfaction with dental appearance was 20% higher (PR = 1.20, 95%CI: 1.01-1.43) among those dissatisfied with their general appearance. Our findings demonstrated a high prevalence of dissatisfaction with dental appearance among young adults. Lifetime economic disadvantage and dental problems (malocclusion at 15 years, untreated dental caries at 24 years, and dental pain at 24 years) were associated with dissatisfaction with dental appearance among young adults.

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This analytical cross-sectional study aimed to analyze the access of patients with special needs (PSN) in Brazilian municipalities to hospital dental care of the Unified Health System (Sistema Único de Saúde - SUS), based on data from the Hospital Information System of the Unified Health System (Sistema de Informações Hospitalares do SUS- SIH/SUS - SIH), from 2010 to 2018. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test was performed; the Poisson regression was used to verify factors associated with the variable total number of hospitalization authorizations with the main procedure of dental treatment for PSN ("Total de Autorizações de Internação Hospitalar" - AIH), the Spearman correlation test with a significance level of 5% was used to characterize the relationships between the Municipal Human Development Index per municipality - (Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano Municipal - HDI) and the Oral Health Coverage in the Family Health Strategy by municipality (Cobertura de saúde bucal na estratégia saúde da família por município - SBSF Coverage), and the relationship of the AIH with SBSF Coverage. A total of 127,691 procedures were performed, of which 71,517 (56%) were clinical procedures, such as restorations, endodontic treatments, supra and subgingival scaling, among others. Municipalities in the Midwest (PR=5.117) and Southeast (RP = 4.443) regions had more precedures than the others. A weak correlation was found between AIH and SBSF Coverage (r = -0.2, p < 0.001) and HDI and SBSF Coverage (r = -0.074, p < 0.001). Population size, region, health coverage, oral hygiene, and number of dentists in hospitals affected the availability of dental procedures in PSN.

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Count traits are usually explored in livestock breeding programs, and they usually do not fit into normal distribution, requiring alternatives to adjust the phenotype to estimate accurate genetic parameters and breeding values. Alternatively, distribution such as Poisson can be used to evaluate count traits. This study aimed to compare and discuss the genetic evaluation for oocyte and embryo counts considering Gaussian (untransformed variable - LIN; transformed by logarithm - LOG; transformed by Anscombe - ANS) and Poisson (POI) distributions. The data comprised 11,343 total oocytes (TO), viable oocytes (VO), cleaved embryos (CE), and viable embryo (VE) records of ovum pick-up from 1740 Dairy Gir heifers and cows. The genetic parameters and breeding values were estimated by the MCMCglmm package of the R software. The posterior means of heritability varied from 0.40 (LIN) to 0.49 (POI) for TO, 0.39 (LIN) to 0.49 (POI) for VO, 0.30 (LOG) to 0.41 (POI) for cleaved embryos, and 0.19 (LIN) to 0.32 (POI) for viable embryos. The posterior means of repeatability varied from 0.56 (LIN) to 0.65 (POI) for TO, 0.53 (LOG) to 0.63 (POI) for VO, 0.44 (LOG) to 0.60 (POI) for CE, and 0.36 (LOG) to 0.56 (POI) for VE. Deviance information criterion and mean squared residuals indicated that POI model should be used for the genetic evaluation of embryo and oocyte count traits. Spearman's rank correlation between estimated breeding value (EBV) for embryo and oocyte count traits computed by POI, LOG, and ANS models was high (ranging from 0.77 to 0.99), indicating little reranking among the best animals. The POI model is the most adequate for genetic evaluation, resulting in more reliable EBV of oocyte and embryo count traits for Dairy Gir cattle.

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Introdução: Espera-se, com o aumento da expectativa de vida, cada vez mais pessoas idosas domiciliadas e acamadas. Neste contexto, o meio ambiente bucal também sofre consequências, pois, como a Candida albicans e muitas outras espécies de Candida fazem parte da microbiota suplementar, quando o sistema imunológico do hospedeiro está comprometido, esses fungos podem causar candidose. Objetivo: Analisar a prevalência de Candida sp. em meio ambiente bucal e fatores associados em pessoas idosas acamadas e domiciliadas. Metodologia: Uma amostra de 397 pessoas idosas foi avaliada, no município de Natal/RN, no período de agosto a novembro de 2023, as quais foram examinadas clinicamente e realizada a coleta e análise de amostras de saliva para diagnóstico da presença das leveduras. A análise dos dados foi feita a partir da presença ou ausência das espécies de Candida sp., e os fatores associados foram determinados através do teste Quiquadrado e regressão robusta de Poisson para um nível de confiança de 95%. Resultados: A Candida sp. esteve presente em 63,1% dos indivíduos da amostra (IC 95% 57,3-68,9), destacando as espécies C. albicans em 44,5%, C. tropicalis em 19%, C. krusei em 17,5% e C. glabrata em 12,5%. As variáveis que tiveram associação com a presença de Candida sp. foram a candidose (RP = 1,32), falta de visita frequente do agente comunitário de saúde (RP = 1,13) e polifarmácia (RP= 1,14). Conclusão: A prevalência de Candida sp. no meio ambiente bucal de pessoas idosas acamadas e domiciliadas foi elevada e o uso em excesso de medicamentos, a falta de cuidado por parte do sistema de saúde e a manifestação clínica da presença em excesso da levedura Candida sp., especialmente a Candida albicans, foram determinantes para a presença desta levedura no meio ambiente bucal destas pessoas idosas (AU).

Introduction: With increasing life expectancy, it is expected that more and more elderly people will be housebound and bedridden. In this context, the oral environment also suffers consequences, since, as Candida albicans and many other Candida species are part of the supplementary microbiota, when the host's immune system is compromised, these fungi can cause candidosis. Objective: To analyze the prevalence of Candida sp. and associated factors in bedridden and homebound elderly people. Methodology: A sample of 397 elderly people was evaluated, who were clinically examined and saliva samples were collected and analyzed to diagnose the presence of yeast. Data analysis was carried out based on the presence or absence of Candida sp. species, and associated factors were determined using the Chi-square test and robust Poisson regression for a confidence level of 95%. Results: Candida sp. was present in 63.1% volunteers (95% CI 57.3-68.9), highlighting the species C. albicans in 44.5%, C. tropicalis in 19%, C. krusei in 17.5% and C .glabrata in 12.5%. The variables that were associated with the presence of Candida sp. were candidosis (RP = 1.32), lack of frequent visits by the community health agent (RP = 1.13) and polypharmacy (RP = 1.14). Conclusion: The prevalence of Candida sp. in the oral environment of bedridden and homebound elderly people was high and that the excessive use of medications, the lack of care on the part of the health system and the clinical manifestation of the excess presence of the yeast Candida sp., especially the Candida albicans, were decisive for the presence of this yeast in the oral environment of these elderly people (AU).

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ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with dental caries in Brazilian preschool children aged 2 to 5 years. Material and Methods: The following independent variables were evaluated: dental caries, dental trauma, and malocclusions. Data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney test and Poisson regression (p<0.05). Results: The prevalence of dental caries in preschoolers was 55.1%. Child age, family income, maternal education, and tooth color alteration from trauma were significantly associated with dental caries (p<0.05). The final adjusted multivariate model showed a significant association between maternal education and dental caries; children of mothers with low education were 1.89 times more likely to have caries (PR: 1.89; 95%CI: 1.40-2.55) (p<0.01). Children with tooth color change from trauma were more likely to have dental caries (PR: 1.69; 95%CI: 1.22-2.34 (p=0.001). Conclusion: Child age, family income, maternal education, tooth discoloration and discoloration color are risk factors for the development of caries disease in children. Also, children of mothers with low educational levels have a higher chance of developing dental caries.

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Objetivo: analisar a associação entre as características de idosos e cuidadores e seus impactos na sobrecarga dos cuidadores. Método: em 2021, foram avaliados 50 pares de cuidadores informais e idosos pelo perfil sociodemográfico, de saúde, Escala Hospitalar de Ansiedade e Depressão (HADS), Entrevista de Sobrecarga de Zarit-Brief (ZBI-12) e informações sobre grau de dependência dos idosos para atividades básicas e instrumentais (ABVD e AIVD). Modelos de regressão avaliaram os escores ZBI-12 e HADS em função das características dos cuidadores e idosos assistidos. O protocolo de pesquisa foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa. Resultados: alta morbidade e dependência para ABVD foram significativamente associadas a maiores níveis de sobrecarga do cuidador. Essas características perderam significância quando ajustado o modelo por idade do cuidador, tempo que presta o cuidado e convivência com o idoso. Conclusão: esses resultados revelam a necessidade de intervenções para garantir suporte aos cuidadores quanto a diminuição da sobrecarga relacionada ao cuidado(AU)

Objective: to analyze the association between the characteristics of elderly people and caregivers and their impact on caregiver burden. Method: in 2021, 50 pairs of informal caregivers and their elderly were evaluated through the sociodemographic and health profile, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Zarit-Brief Burden Interview (ZBI-12), and information on the degree of dependence of the elderly for basic and instrumental activities (BADL and IADL). Regression models evaluated ZBI-12 and HADS scores as a function of characteristics of caregivers and assisted elderly. The research protocol was approved by the Research Ethics Committee. Results: high morbidity and BADL dependence were significantly associated with higher levels of caregiver burden. These characteristics lost significance when we adjusted the model for the caregiver's age, time that provides care, and living with the elderly. Conclusion: these results reveal the need for interventions to guarantee support for caregivers in terms of reducing the burden related to the care(AU)

Objetivo: analizar la asociación entre las características de ancianos y sus cuidadores y el correspondiente impacto en la sobrecarga de los cuidadores. Método: en 2021, se evaluaron 50 pares de cuidadores informales y sus ancianos a través del perfil sociodemográfico, de salud, Escala de Ansiedad y Depresión Hospitalaria (HADS), Escala de Zarit Reducida para la Sobrecarga (ZBI-12) e información sobre el grado de dependencia de los ancianos respecto a actividades básicas e instrumentales (ABVD y AIVD). Modelos de regresión evaluaron las puntuaciones de ZBI-12 y HADS en función de las características de los cuidadores y ancianos asistidos. El Comité de Ética en Investigación aprobó protocolo de investigación. Resultados: la alta morbilidad y la dependencia de BADL se asociaron significativamente con niveles más altos de sobrecarga del cuidador. Estas características perdieron su importancia cuando ajustamos el modelo por la edad del cuidador, tiempo que proporciona cuidados y convivencia con los ancianos. Conclusión: estos resultados revelan la necesidad de intervenciones para garantizar apoyo a los cuidadores para reducir la sobrecarga relacionada con el cuidado(AU)

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O sexo é um importante fator a ser considerado na compreensão da dependência de cuidados na velhice. Objetivo:Verificar fatores associados à dependência, dentro e fora de casa, em pessoas idosas com 75 anos ou mais, com ênfase na diferença entre os sexos. Metodologia:Pesquisa transversal com dados do estudo FIBRA. A capacidade funcional nas Atividades Instrumentais de Vida Diária (AIVD) foi dividida em atividades realizadas dentro de casa (uso do telefone, manejo da medicação, tarefas domésticas e preparo da refeição) e atividades realizadas fora de casa (fazer compras, utilizar transporte e manejo do dinheiro). As variáveis independentes incluíram aspectos sociodemográficas e de saúde. Foram estimadas razões de prevalência por meio de modelos de regressão múltipla de Poisson a fim de verificar as variáveis associadas com dependência dentro e fora de casa. Resultados:A amostra foi composta por 804 idosos. Dentro de casa, não houve fatores associados à dependência para o sexo masculino. Enquanto para o sexo feminino, os fatores associados foram fragilidade (RP = 1,99; 95%IC: 1,26-3,15) e 80 anos e mais (RP = 1,41; 95%IC: 1,05-1,89). Quanto à dependência fora de casa, a fragilidade destacou-se como um fator associado a ambos os sexos, masculino (RP = 2,80 95%IC: 1,17-6,64) e feminino (RP = 1,98 95%IC: 1,24-3,17). Conclusões:Para o sexo feminino, a idade avançada e a fragilidade foram os fatores de maior associação com dependência, tanto para o ambiente dentro quanto fora de casa. Para o sexo masculino, a fragilidade foi o único e grande determinante de dependência nas atividades fora de casa, apresentando prevalência maior do que a encontrada na amostra do sexo feminino (AU).

Sexis an important factor to be considered tocomprehendoldage care dependencyObjective:Verify associated factors to dependency, in and out of home, in persons with 75 years or more, with emphasis on sexdifferences. Methodology:Cross-sectional research with data from the FIBRA Study. The functional dependence in Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) was divided in activities performed inside home (using telephone, managing medicine, housework and meal preparation) and activities performed outside home (shopping, transportation and managing finances).The independent variable included health and sociodemographic aspects. Estimates on prevalence ratios were made using multiple Poisson regression models to verify the many variables associated with dependency inside and outside home. Results:The sample was composed of 804 older people. Inside home there were not any factors associated with dependency in the males. However, in the females the associated factors were frailty (PR = 1.99; 95%CI: 1.26-3.15) and 80 and older (PR = 1.41; 95%CI: 1.05-1.89). As to dependency outside home, frailty was a factor that stood out in both sexes, male (PR = 2.80 95%CI: 1.17-6.64) and female (PR = 1.98 95%CI: 1.24-3.17). Conclusions:To women, older age and frailty were the strongest factors of dependency, to both inside and outside home. To men, frailty was the strongest and single dependency factor for dependency in outside activities, showing a higher prevalence than that of the female sex (AU).

El sexo es un factor importante queconsiderar en la comprensión de la dependencia del cuidado en la vejez. Objetivo:Verificar los factores vinculados a la dependencia, dentro y fuera del hogar, en ancianos de 75 años o más, con énfasis en la diferencia entre los sexos. Metodología:Investigación transversal con datos del estudio FIBRA. La capacidad funcional en las Actividades Instrumentales de la Vida Diaria (AIVD) se dividió en actividades realizadas dentro del hogar (uso del teléfono, administración de medicamentos, tareas domésticas y preparación de comidas) y actividades realizadas fuera del hogar (hacer compras, uso del transporte y manejo del dinero). Las variables independientes incluyeron aspectos sociodemográficos y de salud. Las razones de prevalencia se estimaron utilizando modelos de regresión múltiple de Poisson con el fin de verificarlas variables vinculadas con la dependencia dentro y fuera del hogar. Resultados:El muestreofue constituidopor 804 ancianos. Dentro del hogar, no hubo factores asociados con la dependencia de los hombres. Mientras que, para las mujeres, los factores asociados fueron fragilidad (RP = 1,99; IC95%: 1,26-3,15) y 80 años y más (RP = 1,41; IC95%: 1,05-1,89). En cuanto a la dependencia fuera del hogar, la fragilidad se destacó como un factor asociado a ambos sexos, masculino (RP = 2,80 IC95%: 1,17-6,64) y femenino (RP = 1,98 IC95%: 1,24-3,17). Conclusiones: Para el sexo femenino, la edad avanzada y la fragilidad fueron los factores más vinculados a la dependencia, tanto para el ambiente dentro como fuera del hogar. Para los varones, la fragilidad fue el único determinante importante de dependencia en actividades fuera del hogar, con una prevalencia mayor que la encontrada en elmuestreofemenino (AU).

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