RESUMO
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Tagetes erecta L., known as marigold, belongs to the Asteraceae family and is mainly found in South America. Despite reports that T. erecta flowers are used in folk medicine to treat cardiovascular and renal diseases, there is no study regarding its diuretic effect. AIM: This study aimed to evaluate the chemical composition and the diuretic efficacy of the hydroethanolic extract from T. erecta (HETE) in normotensive (NTR) and hypertensive (SHR) rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The HETE was analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled to diode array detector and mass spectrometry (LC-DAD-MS). Female and male NTR and SHR received the treatment with vehicle, HETE (0.01 mg/kg, 0.1 mg/kg, and 1 mg/kg) or hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ; 5 mg/kg) orally. The urinary parameters were measured at the end of the 8-h experiment. RESULTS: From HETE, saccharides and triterpenes were the main annotated compounds, such as erythrodiol and ß-amyrin. The urine volume was significantly increased in the groups treated with HETE, in both male and female NTR and SHR rats, compared to the respective vehicle-treated groups. Regarding electrolytes elimination, the treatment with HETE did not reveal significant changes in the urine levels of K+ or Cl-, but it showed a natriuretic and Ca2+-sparing effects. The HETE beneficial result in reducing Ca2+ excretion was confirmed through the protective effect found in front of the urinary calcium oxalate precipitation and crystallization. The combination with HCTZ, a classic diuretic and saluretic medicine, significantly enhanced HETE-induced diuresis, natriuresis, and the Ca2+-sparing effect. On the other hand, the K+-sparing action was improved in the combination of HETE with amiloride, a standard K+-sparing diuretic. In contrast, the combination of HETE with atropine (a non-selective muscarinic receptor antagonist) and indomethacin (an inhibitor of the cyclooxygenase enzyme), promoted an important reduction in urinary volume, but interestingly the natriuretic effect was maintained. CONCLUSION: This study contributed to the preclinical validation of the diuretic efficacy of T. erecta, highlighting this species as promising for the development of new pharmacological strategies for the management of kidney disorders.
Assuntos
Diuréticos/farmacologia , Flores/química , Hipertensão/tratamento farmacológico , Natriurese/efeitos dos fármacos , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Tagetes/química , Animais , Pressão Sanguínea/efeitos dos fármacos , Diurese/efeitos dos fármacos , Diuréticos/química , Feminino , Masculino , Fitoterapia , Extratos Vegetais/química , Plantas Medicinais , Ratos , Ratos Endogâmicos SHR , Ratos WistarRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: This study investigated the prolonged diuretic and renal effects of 1,3,5,6- tetrahydroxyxanthone (THX) in rats. METHODS: Normotensive (NTR) and hypertensive rats (SHR) received orally the treatment with THX, hydrochlorothiazide or vehicle (VEH). Urine volume, urinary, plasma and kidney parameters were evaluated daily or at the end of 7 days of the experiment. KEY FINDINGS: The urinary volume of both NTR and SHR were significantly augmented with the THX treatment, an effect associated with increased levels of urinary Na+ and K+, besides a Ca2+-sparing effect. As well, THX decreased the quantity of monohydrate crystals in urines from NTR and SHR when compared with VEH-group. Regarding the renal analyses, the glutathione levels and the activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione S-transferase and myeloperoxidase in kidney homogenates of the SHR group were decreased. In contrast, the generation of lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH) and catalase activity was significantly increased. THX reduced the content of LOOH and increased nitrite levels in kidney homogenates obtained from SHR. Additionally, THX also augmented the levels of nitrite in the plasma from the SHR group. CONCLUSIONS: Therefore, THX can be highlighted as a natural diuretic agent with renal protective properties and antiurolithic action.
Assuntos
Diurese/efeitos dos fármacos , Diuréticos/farmacologia , Urolitíase/prevenção & controle , Xantonas/farmacologia , Animais , Pressão Sanguínea/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Hipertensão/tratamento farmacológico , Hipertensão/prevenção & controle , Rim/efeitos dos fármacos , Rim/fisiopatologia , Natriurese/efeitos dos fármacos , Óxido Nítrico , Ratos , Ratos Endogâmicos SHR , Ratos Wistar , Urinálise , Cálculos Urinários/metabolismo , Cálculos Urinários/prevenção & controle , Xantonas/químicaRESUMO
The diuretic effect of 3-demethyl-2-geranyl-4-prenylbellidypholine xanthone (DGP) and 1,5,8-trihydroxy-4',5'-dimethyl-2H-pyrano(2,3:3,2)-4-(3-methylbut-2-enyl) xanthone (TDP), two natural prenylated xanthones, was investigated in female normotensive (NTR) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). The rats received a single treatment with DGP, TDP, hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ), or vehicle (VEH) after an oral load of physiological saline. The effects of DGP and TDP in combination with diuretics of clinical use, as well as with L-NAME, atropine and indomethacin were also explored. The urinary parameters were measured at the end of the 8-h experiment. When orally given to rats, DGP was able to increase the urine volume, at doses of 0.03-0.3 mg/kg, associated with a K+-sparing effect. TDP, in turn, at doses of 0.03-0.3 mg/kg, induced diuresis and saluresis (i.e. augmented urinary levels of Na+ and Cl-) in NTR, while decreased the urinary content of Ca2+ in both NTR and SHR. The combination with HCTZ, but not with furosemide or amiloride, significantly enhanced DGP and TDP induced diuresis, which was accompanied by an increase of the electrolytes content in the urine. Instead, amiloride in combination with DGP or TDP enhanced urinary Na+ and Cl- and decreased K+ elimination. Furthermore, the effect of DGP and TDP were heightened after pretreatment with L-NAME. While atropine was able to prevent DGP-induced diuresis, the pretreatment with indomethacin precluded TDP-induced diuresis. Besides, TDP exerted protective effects against urinary calcium oxalate crystals formation. Taken together, our data revealed the diuretic effect of two xanthones in rats and their possible underlying mode of action.
Assuntos
Antidiuréticos/farmacologia , Anti-Hipertensivos/farmacologia , Diurese/efeitos dos fármacos , Hipertensão/tratamento farmacológico , Xantonas/farmacologia , Acetilcolina/metabolismo , Amilorida/farmacologia , Animais , Pressão Sanguínea/efeitos dos fármacos , Oxalato de Cálcio/urina , Cristalização , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Quimioterapia Combinada , Feminino , Hidroclorotiazida/farmacologia , Hipertensão/fisiopatologia , Hipertensão/urina , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Prenilação , Prostaglandinas/metabolismo , Ratos Endogâmicos SHR , Ratos Wistar , Receptores Muscarínicos/metabolismoRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate the diuretic efficacy of myricetin-3-O-α-rhamnoside (myricitrin), a common naturally occurring plant-derived flavonoid, obtained from Marlierea eugeniopsoides (D.Legrand & Kausel) D.Legrand leaves in rats. METHODS: For that, female Wistar rats were treated by oral route with the different treatments and kept in metaboloic cages for 8-h or 24-h experiment. The volume and urinary parameters were measured at the end of the period and compared between groups. KEY FINDINGS: When orally given to rats and compared to the vehicle-treated group, myricitrin (0.3 and 1 mg/kg) was able to stimulate rat diuresis, natriuresis and kaliuresis. The combination myricitrin plus hydrochlorothiazide, but not plus furosemide or amiloride, potentiated the urinary volume when compared to the effects of drugs alone. Besides, the 8-h renal effects of myricitrin were prevented in the presence of a cyclooxygenase inhibitor and a muscarinic receptor antagonist. However, all groups treated with myricitrin showed a significant reduction in Cl- excretion. In addition, a reduction in the urinary excretion of Cl- and HCO 3 - was detected on 24-h analysis, a result that showed to be associated with an increase of these anions in the blood samples from the myricitrin-treated group. Despite these alterations, no changes in urinary or blood pH were detected. CONCLUSIONS: Taking together, although the results of this study point to the diuretic potential of myricitrin, the reduction in urinary Cl- and HCO 3 - excretion should be considered in future approaches, as well as for therapeutic applicability.
Assuntos
Diuréticos/farmacologia , Flavonoides/farmacologia , Myrtaceae/química , Animais , Diurese/efeitos dos fármacos , Diuréticos/administração & dosagem , Diuréticos/isolamento & purificação , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Quimioterapia Combinada , Feminino , Flavonoides/administração & dosagem , Flavonoides/isolamento & purificação , Hidroclorotiazida/administração & dosagem , Hidroclorotiazida/farmacologia , Natriurese/efeitos dos fármacos , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the diuretic effect of 1,3,5,6-tetrahydroxyxanthone (THX), isolated from preparations of Garcinia achachairu Rusby (Clusiaceae) branches, in rats. Wistar normotensive (NTR) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) received a single oral treatment with THX, hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) or just vehicle (VEH). The effects of THX in combination with diuretics of clinical use, as well as with l-NAME, atropine, and indomethacin were also explored. Cumulative urine volume and urinary parameters were measured at the end of the 8-h or 24-h experiment. THX was able to stimulate 8-h and 24-h diuresis in both NTR and SHR, as well as urinary Na+ and K+ excretion, at a dose of 0.1â¯mg/kg; while 8-h urinary Cl- levels were only significantly increased in the group of animals treated with THX at the dose of 0.3â¯mg/kg. In addition, Ca2+ content was reduced in the 24-h urine of THX-treated NTR and SHR, like that obtained in the HCTZ (10â¯mg/kg) group. The combination with HCTZ or furosemide, but not with amiloride, significantly enhanced THX-induced diuresis. The diuretic effect with HCTZ plus THX treatment was accompanied by an increase of the urinary Na+, K+, and Cl- excretion. On the other hand, when given THX in combination with amiloride, there was a significant increase in Na+ and a decrease in K+ excretion, an effect characteristic of this class of diuretics. Moreover, the diuretic effect of THX was heightened after pretreatment with l-NAME, and its ability to induce diuresis was prevented neither in the presence of indomethacin nor in the presence of atropine. However, the pretreatment with atropine completely avoided the saluretic effect stimulated by THX, suggesting, at least in part, the role of muscarinic receptors in the renal effects of THX disclosed in this study.
Assuntos
Diurese/efeitos dos fármacos , Hipertensão/tratamento farmacológico , Xantonas/farmacologia , Animais , Atropina/farmacologia , Clusiaceae/química , Clusiaceae/metabolismo , Feminino , Hidroclorotiazida/farmacologia , NG-Nitroarginina Metil Éster/farmacologia , Potássio/urina , Ratos , Ratos Endogâmicos SHR , Ratos Wistar , Sódio/urina , Xantonas/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Talinum paniculatum (Jacq.) Gaertn. (Talinaceae), popularly known as "major gomes" and "erva gorda", is a non-conventional food plant extensively distributed throughout the Brazilian territory. In Brazilian folk medicine, this species is used as aphrodisiac, to treat gastrointestinal problems, and as a cardioprotective agent. However, there are no reports in the literature proving its cardiovascular effects. AIM: To perform a whole-ethnopharmacological investigation of the cardiorenal properties of the ethanol soluble fraction from T. paniculatum (ESTP) in Wistar rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS: First, plant samples were collected, properly identified and a morpho-anatomical characterization was carried out to provide quality control parameters. Then, ESTP was obtained and its chemical profile was determined by LC-DAD-MS. In addition, an acute toxicity assay was conducted in female Wistar rats in order to observe any toxic effects after one single administration. Finally, the diuretic and hypotensive potential of ESTP (30, 100 and 300â¯mg/kg) were investigated in male rats followed by the evaluation of its possible effects on peripheral vascular resistance. RESULTS: Chemical compounds identified from ESTP were chlorogenic acids, amino acids, nucleosides, O-glycosylated flavones and organic acids. No signs of toxicity as well as no changes in urine volume or electrolyte elimination were observed after ESTP acute treatment. On the other hand, prolonged treatment with all doses of ESTP significantly increased urine volume and electrolyte excretion (Na+, K+ and Cl-) without affecting blood pressure or heart rate. Apparently, these effects are involved with the activation of the small conductance calcium-activated potassium channels contributing to the increase of renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate. CONCLUSION: Data presented show important information about the ethnomedicinal properties of T. paniculatum. In addition, the study presents the ESTP as a possible herbal medicine, especially when a sustained diuretic effect is required.
Assuntos
Pressão Sanguínea/efeitos dos fármacos , Diurese/efeitos dos fármacos , Etnofarmacologia , Frequência Cardíaca/efeitos dos fármacos , Magnoliopsida/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Animais , Brasil , Cromatografia Líquida/métodos , Feminino , Masculino , Espectrometria de Massas/métodos , Fitoterapia , Extratos Vegetais/química , Folhas de Planta/química , Caules de Planta/anatomia & histologia , Plantas Medicinais , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
Although present in the leaves of Mimosa bimucronata (DC.) and many other medicinal plants commonly used to augment urinary volume excretion, the effects of gallic acid as a diuretic agent remain to be studied. Wistar rats were orally treated with vehicle, hydrochlorothiazide, or gallic acid. The effects of gallic acid in the presence of hydrochlorothiazide, furosemide, amiloride, L-NAME, atropine, and indomethacin were also investigated. Diuretic index, pH, conductivity, and electrolyte excretion were evaluated at the end of the experiment (after 8 or 24 h). Gallic acid induced diuretic and saluretic (Na+ and Cl-) effects, without interfering with K+ excretion, when orally given to female and male rats at a dose of 3 mg/kg. These effects were associated with increased creatinine and conductivity values while pH was unaffected by any of the treatments. Plasma Na+, K+, and Cl- levels were not affected by any of the acute treatments. The combination with hydrochlorothiazide or furosemide was unable to intensify the effects of gallic acid when compared with the response obtained with each drug alone. On the other hand, the treatment with amiloride plus gallic acid amplified both diuresis and saluresis, besides to a marked potassium-sparing effect. Its diuretic action was significantly prevented in the presence of indomethacin, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, but not with the pretreatments with L-NAME or atropine. Although several biological activities have already been described for gallic acid, this is the first study demonstrating its potential as a diuretic agent.
Assuntos
Diurese/efeitos dos fármacos , Diuréticos/farmacologia , Ácido Gálico/farmacologia , Mimosa , Amilorida/farmacologia , Animais , Cloretos/urina , Feminino , Furosemida/farmacologia , Hidroclorotiazida/farmacologia , Masculino , Folhas de Planta , Prostaglandinas/fisiologia , Ratos Wistar , Sódio/urinaRESUMO
Geranium seemannii Peyr is a perennial plant endemic to central Mexico that has been widely used for its diuretic effect, but the responsible compound of this effect is unknown as well as the mechanism by which the diuretic effect is achieved. Geraniin is one of the compounds isolated from this kind of geranium. This study was designed to determinate whether geraniin possesses diuretic activity and to elucidate the mechanism of action. Geraniin was extracted and purified from Geranium seemannii Peyr. Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: 1) Control, 2) 75 mg/kg of geraniin, 3) 20 mg/kg of furosemide, and 4) 10 mg/kg of hydrochlorothiazide. Each treatment was administered by gavage every 24 h for 7 days. The urinary excretion of electrolytes and the fractional excretion of sodium (FENa) were determined. To uncover the molecular target of geraniin, Xenopus laevis oocytes were microinjected with cRNAs encoding the Na+-Cl- cotransporter (NCC) and the Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter NKCC2 to functionally express these cotransporters. Geraniin significantly increased diuresis, natriuresis, and calciuresis to a similar extent as was observed in the furosemide-treated rats. Consistent with the furosemide-like effect, in X. laevis oocytes, geraniin significantly reduced the activity of NKCC2, with no effect on NCC activity. In contrast to furosemide, the effect of geraniin on NKCC2 was irreversible, apparently due to its inhibitory effect on heat shock protein 90. Our observations suggest that geraniin could have a potential role in the treatment of hypertension or edematous states.
Assuntos
Diurese/efeitos dos fármacos , Diuréticos/farmacologia , Glucosídeos/farmacologia , Taninos Hidrolisáveis/farmacologia , Rim/efeitos dos fármacos , Membro 1 da Família 12 de Carreador de Soluto/antagonistas & inibidores , Animais , Biomarcadores/urina , Cálcio/urina , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Furosemida/farmacologia , Proteínas de Choque Térmico HSP90/metabolismo , Rim/metabolismo , Masculino , Natriurese/efeitos dos fármacos , Ratos Wistar , Membro 1 da Família 12 de Carreador de Soluto/genética , Membro 1 da Família 12 de Carreador de Soluto/metabolismo , Fatores de Tempo , Xenopus laevisRESUMO
Infundibuloneurohypophysitis is a rare condition, which is part of the group of hypophysitis, of relatively recent description (1993). The main clinical manifestation is diabetes insipidus, whose natural evolution is towards chronicity. The differential diagnosis with other thickening of the hypophysial stem is very important, where the clinic, imaging, laboratory and eventually biopsy are a main support for a correct diagnosis. We present a clinical case that shows the usual picture of infundibuloneurohypophysitis, and illustrates the imaging evolution in a female patient, with diabetes insipidus as the main clinical manifestation
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Adulto , Doenças da Hipófise/complicações , Doenças da Hipófise/diagnóstico , Diabetes Insípido/etiologia , Doenças da Hipófise/diagnóstico por imagem , Poliúria/etiologia , Poliúria/tratamento farmacológico , Desamino Arginina Vasopressina/uso terapêutico , Diabetes Insípido/tratamento farmacológico , Diurese/efeitos dos fármacos , Antidiuréticos/uso terapêutico , Polidipsia/etiologia , Polidipsia/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
We evaluated the efficacy of the growth regulator triflumuron (TFM) in inducing mortality and disrupting both oviposition and egg hatching in Rhodnius prolixus adult females. TFM was administered via feeding, topically or by continuous contact with impregnated surfaces. Feeding resulted in mild biological effects compared with topical and impregnated surfaces. One day after treatment, the highest mortality levels were observed with topical surface and 30 days later both topical and impregnated surfaces induced higher mortalities than feeding. Oral treatment inhibited oviposition even at lower doses, and hatching of eggs deposited by treated females was similarly affected by the three delivery modes. Topical treatment of eggs deposited by nontreated females significantly reduced hatching. However, treatment per contact of eggs oviposited by untreated females did not disrupt eclosion. Additionally, oral treatment increased the number of immature oocytes per female, and topical treatment reduced the mean size of oocytes. TFM also affected carcass chitin content, diuresis, and innate immunity of treated insects. These results suggest that TFM acts as a potent growth inhibitor of R. prolixus adult females and has the potential to be used in integrated vector control programs against hematophagous triatomine species.