RESUMO
The key objective in the hemodynamic treatment of septic shock is the optimization of tissue perfusion and oxygenation. This is usually achieved by the utilization of fluids, vasopressors, and inotropes. Dobutamine is the inotrope most commonly recommended and used for this purpose. Despite the fact that dobutamine was introduced almost half a century ago in the treatment of septic shock, and there is widespread use of the drug, several aspects of its pharmacodynamics remain poorly understood. In normal subjects, dobutamine increases contractility and lacks a direct effect on vascular tone. This results in augmented cardiac output and blood pressure, with reflex reduction in systemic vascular resistance. In septic shock, some experimental and clinical research suggest beneficial effects on systemic and regional perfusion. Nevertheless, other studies found heterogeneous and unpredictable effects with frequent side effects. In this narrative review, we discuss the pharmacodynamic characteristics of dobutamine and its physiologic actions in different settings, with special reference to septic shock. We discuss studies showing that dobutamine frequently induces tachycardia and vasodilation, without positive actions on contractility. Since untoward effects are often found and therapeutic benefits are occasional, its profile of efficacy and safety seems low. Therefore, we recommend that the use of dobutamine in septic shock should be cautious. Before a final decision about its prescription, efficacy, and tolerance should be evaluated throughout a short period with narrow monitoring of its wanted and side effects.
Assuntos
Cardiotônicos , Dobutamina , Choque Séptico , Humanos , Débito Cardíaco/efeitos dos fármacos , Cardiotônicos/uso terapêutico , Cardiotônicos/farmacologia , Dobutamina/uso terapêutico , Dobutamina/farmacologia , Hemodinâmica/efeitos dos fármacos , Choque Séptico/tratamento farmacológico , Choque Séptico/fisiopatologia , AnimaisRESUMO
Introducción: La insuficiencia adrenal hipotálamo hipofisaria usualmente se manifiesta secundaria a tumores y, cuando resulta congénita se asocia, con frecuencia, con otras deficiencias hormonales. La crisis adrenal suele presentarse en su debut y puede resultar potencialmente mortal. Objetivo: Examinar el caso de una paciente con insuficiencia adrenal central que debutó con una crisis adrenal congénita. Presentación del caso: Recién nacida a término, padres no consanguíneos, hospitalizada a los 9 días de vida por clínica de una semana con múltiples episodios eméticos y apnea. Ingresó con deshidratación severa, hipotensa y estuporosa. Además, se encontró acidosis metabólica severa, hipoglucemia persistente, hiponatremia e insuficiencia prerrenal. Ante la no mejoría de su estado hemodinámico, a pesar del uso de cristaloides y vasopresores, finalmente mejoró con la administración de dosis altas de hidrocortisona. El diagnóstico de deficiencia de cortisol de origen central se realizó con un test dinámico de insulina y la resonancia magnética nuclear hipofisaria. Conclusiones: La crisis adrenal se debe tener presente como diagnóstico diferencial en episodios agudos con inestabilidad hemodinámica persistente e hipoglucemia de difícil manejo. Adicionalmente, hay que considerar que existen otras causas menos comunes de insuficiencia adrenal en neonatos como la hipoplasia hipofisaria(AU)
Introduction: Hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal insufficiency usually manifests secondary to tumors and, when congenital, is often associated with other hormonal deficiencies. Adrenal crisis usually occurs at its onset and can be life threatening. Objective: To review the case of a patient with central adrenal insufficiency who had an onset with a congenital adrenal crisis. Case presentation: Term newborn, non-consanguineous parents, hospitalized at 9 days of life for a week-long clinical presentation with multiple emetic episodes and apnea. She was admitted with severe dehydration, hypotensive and stuporous. In addition, severe metabolic acidosis, persistent hypoglycemia, hyponatremia and prerenal failure were found. Given the lack of improvement of her hemodynamic status, despite the use of crystalloids and vasopressors, she finally improved with the administration of high doses of hydrocortisone. The diagnosis of cortisol deficiency of central origin was made with a dynamic insulin test and pituitary nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. Conclusions: Adrenal crisis should be kept in mind as a differential diagnosis in acute episodes with persistent hemodynamic instability and difficult-to-manage hypoglycemia. Additionally, other less common causes of adrenal insufficiency in neonates, such as pituitary hypoplasia, should be considered(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Recém-Nascido , Ceftriaxona/uso terapêutico , Hidrocortisona/uso terapêutico , Insuficiência Adrenal/etiologia , Milrinona/uso terapêutico , Dobutamina/uso terapêutico , Vasoconstritores/uso terapêutico , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva PediátricaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Vasopressors increase arterial pressure but they may have deleterious effects on mesenteric blood flow. We aimed to evaluate the response of gut biomarkers and superior mesenteric blood flow to different vasopressors with and without dobutamine. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty New Zealand rabbits were included and randomly allocated to 5 groups: group A - sham group; group B - norepinephrine; group C - norepinephrine plus dobutamine; group D - vasopressin; and group E - vasopressin plus dobutamine. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) target was greater than 60 mmHg. Endotoxic shock was induced by intra-venous injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in four of the five groups. Aortic blood flow (Qao), superior mesenteric artery flow (QSMA) and lactate were measured after LPS injection. Enterocyte damage was evaluated by measurements of serum citrulline and intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (I-FABP) after 4 h. RESULTS: The largest reduction in Qao occurred in group D (64 ± 17.3 to 38 ± 7.5 mL min-1; P = 0.04). QSMA also declined significantly in groups D and E and remained lower than in the other groups over 4 h (group D - baseline: 65 ± 31; 1 h: 37 ± 10; 2 h: 38 ± 10; 3 h: 46 ± 26; and 4 h: 48 ± 15 mL min-1; P < 0.005; group E - baseline: 73 ± 14; 1 h: 28 ± 4.0; 2 h: 37 ± 6.4; 3 h: 40 ± 11; and 4 h: 48 ± 11; P < 0.005; all in mL min-1). Serum citrulline was significantly lower in groups D (P = 0.014) and E (P = 0.019) in comparison to group A. The fluid administration regimen was similar in all groups. CONCLUSIONS: Vasopressin seems to negatively impact gut enterocyte function during endotoxic shock despite the association of an inodilator and adequate fluid replacement.
Assuntos
Dobutamina , Choque Séptico , Animais , Citrulina , Dobutamina/farmacologia , Dobutamina/uso terapêutico , Hemodinâmica , Humanos , Lipopolissacarídeos/farmacologia , Norepinefrina/farmacologia , Coelhos , Choque Séptico/tratamento farmacológico , Vasoconstritores/farmacologia , Vasopressinas/farmacologiaRESUMO
A insuficiência cardíaca aguda é a principal causa de hospitalização em pacientes acima de 65 anos, além de possuir altos índices de mortalidade hospitalar. Na sua abordagem terapêutica é mandatório um diagnóstico rápido e pronta caracterização do perfil hemodinâmico, baseando-se nos sinais clínicos de congestão e baixo débito cardíaco, para que possamos instituir a terapêutica com drogas endovenosas para alívio rápido dos sintomas, restabelecer a perfusão adequada dos órgãos e reduzir o risco de morte. As drogas a serem administradas de forma isolada ou em combinação são representadas pela furosemida endovenosa em infusão intermitente e contínua, dependendo do grau de congestão pulmonar e/ou sistêmica, as drogas vasodilatadoras e os agentes inotrópicos. As drogas vasodilatadoras, como o nitroprussiato de sódio e a nitroglicerina via endovenosa são, frequentemente, adicionadas aos diuréticos para o tratamento da insuficiência cardíaca aguda com perfil hemodinâmico B, promovendo estabilidade hemodinâmica mais rápida e pronto alívio da dispneia. O nitroprussiato de sódio é preferível nos pacientes com IC perfil B com níveis elevados de resistência vascular periférica e grave congestão pulmonar. Já a nitroglicerina é preferível nos pacientes com cardiopatia isquêmica ou com insuficiência coronariana aguda associada à insuficiência cardíaca. Os agentes inotrópicos positivos estão indicados nos pacientes com IC aguda e evidências de baixo débito cardíaco (perfil hemodinâmico C), a fim de garantir a melhora da perfusão tissular mediante aumento do débito cardíaco, principalmente, nos pacientes hipotensos e com piora da função renal. A associação de inotrópicos com vasodilatadores deve ser considerada quando existe a combinação de baixo débito cardíaco e aumento significativo de resistência vascular pulmonar e ou sistêmica
Acute heart failure is the leading cause of hospitalization in patients over 65 years of age and is accompanied by high hospital mortality rates. In its therapeutic approach, rapid diagnosis and prompt characterization of the hemodynamic profile based on clinical signs of congestion and low cardiac output are mandatory so that we can provide intravenous drug therapy for rapid symptom relief to restore adequate organ perfusion and reduce the risk of death. Drugs to be used alone or in combination are represented by intravenous furosemide in intermittent infusion and continue to depend on the degree of pulmonary and/or systemic congestion, vasodilator drugs, and inotropic agents. Vasodilator drugs, such as sodium nitroprusside and intravenous nitroglycerin, are often added to diuretics for the treatment of acute cardiac insufficiency with hemodynamic profile B, promoting faster hemodynamic stability and prompt relief of dyspnea. Sodium nitroprusside is preferable in patients with hemodynamic profile B with high peripheral vascular resistance and severe pulmonary congestion. Nitroglycerin is preferable in patients with ischemic heart disease or acute coronary insufficiency associated with heart failure (HF). Positive inotropic agents are indicated in patients with acute HF and evidence of low cardiac output (hemodynamic profile C) to ensure improvement in tissue perfusion by increasing cardiac output, especially in patients with hypotension and worsening renal function. The association of inotropes and vasodilators should be considered when there is a combination of low cardiac output and significant increase in pulmonary and/or systemic vascular resistance
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Vasodilatadores/uso terapêutico , Doença Aguda , Insuficiência Cardíaca/terapia , Terapêutica , Cardiotônicos , Doenças Cardiovasculares , Diuréticos/uso terapêutico , Dobutamina/uso terapêutico , HemodinâmicaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Perioperative goal-directed hemodynamic therapy (GDHT) has been advocated in high-risk patients undergoing noncardiac surgery to reduce postoperative morbidity and mortality. We hypothesized that using cardiac index (CI)-guided GDHT in the postoperative period for patients undergoing high-risk surgery for cancer treatment would reduce 30-day mortality and postoperative complications. METHODS: A randomized, parallel-group, superiority trial was performed in a tertiary oncology hospital. All adult patients undergoing high-risk cancer surgery who required intensive care unit admission were randomly allocated to a CI-guided GDHT group or to a usual care group. In the GDHT group, postoperative therapy aimed at CI ≥ 2.5 L/min/m2 using fluids, inotropes and red blood cells during the first 8 postoperative hours. The primary outcome was a composite endpoint of 30-day all-cause mortality and severe postoperative complications during the hospital stay. A meta-analysis was also conducted including all randomized trials of postoperative GDHT published from 1966 to May 2017. RESULTS: A total of 128 patients (64 in each group) were randomized. The primary outcome occurred in 34 patients of the GDHT group and in 28 patients of the usual care group (53.1% vs 43.8%, absolute difference 9.4 (95% CI, - 7.8 to 25.8); p = 0.3). During the 8-h intervention period more patients in the GDHT group received dobutamine when compared to the usual care group (55% vs 16%, p < 0.001). A meta-analysis of nine randomized trials showed no differences in postoperative mortality (risk ratio 0.85, 95% CI 0.59-1.23; p = 0.4; p for heterogeneity = 0.7; I2 = 0%) and in the overall complications rate (risk ratio 0.88, 95% CI 0.71-1.08; p = 0.2; p for heterogeneity = 0.07; I2 = 48%), but a reduced hospital length of stay in the GDHT group (mean difference (MD) - 1.6; 95% CI - 2.75 to - 0.46; p = 0.006; p for heterogeneity = 0.002; I2 = 74%). CONCLUSIONS: CI-guided hemodynamic therapy in the first 8 postoperative hours does not reduce 30-day mortality and severe complications during hospital stay when compared to usual care in cancer patients undergoing high-risk surgery. TRIAL REGISTRATION: www.clinicaltrials.gov , NCT01946269 . Registered on 16 September 2013.
Assuntos
Objetivos , Hemodinâmica/efeitos dos fármacos , Neoplasias/cirurgia , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Dobutamina/farmacologia , Dobutamina/uso terapêutico , Feminino , Frequência Cardíaca/fisiologia , Hemodinâmica/fisiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Mortalidade/tendências , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Período Pós-Operatório , Risco , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To gather information for a future confirmatory trial of dobutamine (DB) for circulatory impairment (ie, low superior vena cava [SVC] flow). STUDY DESIGN: A total of 127 infants born at < 31 weeks gestational age were serially scanned from birth to 96 hours after birth. The infants were randomly assigned to 2 groups and were treated with DB (stepwise dose increase, 5-10-15-20 µg/kg/min) or placebo if they had an SVC flow < 41 mL/kg/min within the first 24 hours after birth. The primary outcome measures were the achievement and maintenance of an SVC flow ≥ 41 mL/kg/min. Secondary outcome measures were the short-term evolution of clinical and biochemical variables, near-infrared spectroscopy, cranial Doppler ultrasound, and clinical outcomes. RESULTS: SVC flow increased throughout the first 96 hours for the entire cohort. All of the randomized infants (n = 28) except 2 achieved and maintained an SVC flow ≥ 41 mL/kg/min after intervention; however, the infants treated with DB (n = 16) showed a higher heart rate and improved base excess compared with those treated with placebo (n = 12). Low SVC flow was associated with low gestational age (P = .02) and poor condition at birth (P = .02). Low SVC flow significantly increased the risk of severe ischemic events (OR, 13; 95% CI, 2.4-69.2; P < .01). CONCLUSION: This exploratory trial demonstrates a tendency toward improved short-term clinical and biochemical perfusion variable outcomes in infants with low SVC flow treated with DB. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01605279) and the European Clinical Trials Database (EurodraCT 2009-010901-35).
Assuntos
Agonistas de Receptores Adrenérgicos beta 1/uso terapêutico , Cardiotônicos/uso terapêutico , Dobutamina/uso terapêutico , Fluxo Sanguíneo Regional/efeitos dos fármacos , Veia Cava Superior/efeitos dos fármacos , Agonistas de Receptores Adrenérgicos beta 1/administração & dosagem , Velocidade do Fluxo Sanguíneo/efeitos dos fármacos , Velocidade do Fluxo Sanguíneo/fisiologia , Cardiotônicos/administração & dosagem , Dobutamina/administração & dosagem , Ecocardiografia Doppler , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Recém-Nascido Prematuro , Masculino , Projetos Piloto , Espanha , Espectroscopia de Luz Próxima ao Infravermelho , Resultado do Tratamento , Veia Cava Superior/fisiologiaRESUMO
This paper summarizes the pharmacologic properties of vasoactive medications used in the treatment of shock, including the inotropes and vasopressors. The clinical application of these therapies is discussed and recent studies describing their use and associated outcomes are also reported. Comprehension of hemodynamic principles and adrenergic and non-adrenergic receptor mechanisms are salient to the appropriate therapeutic utility of vasoactive medications for shock. Vasoactive medications can be classified based on their direct effects on vascular tone (vasoconstriction or vasodilation) and on the heart (presence or absence of positive inotropic effects). This classification highlights key similarities and differences with respect to pharmacology and hemodynamic effects. Vasopressors include pure vasoconstrictors (phenylephrine and vasopressin) and inoconstrictors (dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine). Each of these medications acts as vasopressors to increase mean arterial pressure by augmenting vascular tone. Inotropes include inodilators (dobutamine and milrinone) and the aforementioned inoconstrictors. These medications act as inotropes by enhancing cardiac output through enhanced contractility. The inodilators also reduce afterload from systemic vasodilation. The relative hemodynamic effect of each agent varies depending on the dose administered, but is particularly apparent with dopamine. Recent large-scale clinical trials have evaluated vasopressors and determined that norepinephrine may be preferred as a first-line therapy for a broad range of shock states, most notably septic shock. Consequently, careful selection of vasoactive medications based on desired pharmacologic effects that are matched to the patient's underlying pathophysiology of shock may optimize hemodynamics while reducing the potential for adverse effects.
Assuntos
Cardiotônicos/uso terapêutico , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva , Vasoconstritores/uso terapêutico , Cardiotônicos/efeitos adversos , Dobutamina/uso terapêutico , Hemodinâmica , Humanos , Milrinona/uso terapêutico , Receptores Adrenérgicos/fisiologia , Choque/tratamento farmacológico , Choque/fisiopatologia , Vasoconstritores/efeitos adversosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To determine trends in pharmacotherapy for neonatal hypotension in all infants and in extremely low birth weight (ELBW, birth weight 300-1000 g) infants. STUDY DESIGN: We queried the Pediatric Health Information System database for all infants ≤28 days with a diagnosis code for hypotension that were discharged between January 2001 and December 2012. Patients were excluded if they had complex congenital heart disease or cardiac surgery, sepsis or meningitis, or had extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. We determined trends in pharmacotherapy for hypotension in all infants and ELBW infants, an especially vulnerable group. RESULTS: A total of 8019 hypotensive infants met study criteria. The 2 most prescribed medications were dopamine (65.3%) and dobutamine (19.9%). For 1487 hypotensive ELBW infants, the 2 most prescribed medications were dopamine (83.4%) and hydrocortisone (33%). During the study period, the use of dobutamine decreased, and hydrocortisone and vasopressin use increased for all infants and for ELBW infants. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment of neonatal hypotension varies widely between institutions and individual practitioners, and pharmacotherapy for neonatal hypotension has changed over the past decade. Although dopamine and dobutamine were the most frequently used agents, their use has declined and the uses of hydrocortisone and vasopressin have increased.
Assuntos
Tratamento Farmacológico/métodos , Hipotensão/tratamento farmacológico , Pressão Sanguínea , Dobutamina/uso terapêutico , Dopamina/uso terapêutico , Oxigenação por Membrana Extracorpórea , Feminino , Humanos , Hidrocortisona/uso terapêutico , Recém-Nascido de Peso Extremamente Baixo ao Nascer , Recém-Nascido , Recém-Nascido Prematuro , Doenças do Prematuro/tratamento farmacológico , Masculino , Meningite/tratamento farmacológico , Pediatria/métodos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Centros de Atenção Terciária , Fatores de Tempo , Resultado do Tratamento , Vasopressinas/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Objetivou-se avaliar a eficiência do tratamento da hipotensão arterial com eletroacupuntura comparativamente à dobutamina em equinos. Foram avaliados seis cavalos adultos, saudáveis, mantidos em anestesia inalatória, com isofluorano, em ventilação mecânica. Após a estabilização da anestesia, foi induzida hipotensão arterial, através do incremento da concentração do isofluorano, iniciando-se um dos tratamentos: DOB: dobutamina (1,5µg kg-1 min-1, infusão contínua intravenosa); EA: estímulo elétrico no acuponto pericárdio 6 (PC6), bilateralmente; SHAM: estímulo elétrico em ponto falso de acupuntura. Foram mensurados: frequência cardíaca (FC), pressão arterial média (PAM), temperatura retal (T), concentração final expirada de isofluorano (ETiso), variáveis hemogasométricas, concentração sérica de aspartato aminotransferase (AST) e creatina fosfoquinase (CK), tempo e qualidade da recuperação pós-anestésica. Houve incremento na PAM de 50%, 36,6% e 7,5% nos tratamentos DOB, EA e SHAM, respectivamente. Não houve diferença entre os grupos nas variáveis hemogasométricas, FC, T, ETiso, CK, AST, tempo e qualidade de recuperação pós-anestésica. Conclui-se que o tratamento com dobutamina foi mais efetivo para o tratamento da hipotensão em cavalos sob anestesia inalatória quando comparado ao estímulo elétrico do acuponto PC6 ou ponto falso de acupuntura...
This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of electroacupuncture compared to the dobutamine treatment of hypotension in equines. Six adult horses were maintained in isoflurane anesthesia with mechanical ventilation. After anesthesia was established, the isoflurane concentration was raised until hypotension was achieved. After that the animals were treated with a constant rate of 1.5mg kg -1min-1 intravenous dobutamine (DOB), electroacupunture to pericardium 6 (PC-6) acupoint (EA) and false point treatment (SHAM). Heart rate (HH), median arterial blood pressure (MAP), rectal temperature (T), isoflurane end-tidal concentration, arterial blood gases, creatine kinase (CK), aspartate transaminase (AST), recovery time and quality of recovery were investigated. The MAP increased 50%, 36.5% and 7.5%% in DOB, EA and SHAM treatments, respectively. HH, T, arterial blood gases, CK, AST, recovery time and quality of recovery did not differ among treatments. It was concluded that the dobutamine treatment was more effective than EA and SHAM treatments for the reversion of isoflurane induced hypotension in horses...
Assuntos
Animais , Anestesia por Inalação/efeitos adversos , Cavalos/cirurgia , Dobutamina/uso terapêutico , Eletroacupuntura/veterinária , Hipotensão/terapia , Pontos de Acupuntura , Anestesia Geral/efeitos adversos , Isoflurano/administração & dosagemRESUMO
Objetivou-se avaliar a eficiência do tratamento da hipotensão arterial com eletroacupuntura comparativamente à dobutamina em equinos. Foram avaliados seis cavalos adultos, saudáveis, mantidos em anestesia inalatória, com isofluorano, em ventilação mecânica. Após a estabilização da anestesia, foi induzida hipotensão arterial, através do incremento da concentração do isofluorano, iniciando-se um dos tratamentos: DOB: dobutamina (1,5µg kg-1 min-1, infusão contínua intravenosa); EA: estímulo elétrico no acuponto pericárdio 6 (PC6), bilateralmente; SHAM: estímulo elétrico em ponto falso de acupuntura. Foram mensurados: frequência cardíaca (FC), pressão arterial média (PAM), temperatura retal (T), concentração final expirada de isofluorano (ETiso), variáveis hemogasométricas, concentração sérica de aspartato aminotransferase (AST) e creatina fosfoquinase (CK), tempo e qualidade da recuperação pós-anestésica. Houve incremento na PAM de 50%, 36,6% e 7,5% nos tratamentos DOB, EA e SHAM, respectivamente. Não houve diferença entre os grupos nas variáveis hemogasométricas, FC, T, ETiso, CK, AST, tempo e qualidade de recuperação pós-anestésica. Conclui-se que o tratamento com dobutamina foi mais efetivo para o tratamento da hipotensão em cavalos sob anestesia inalatória quando comparado ao estímulo elétrico do acuponto PC6 ou ponto falso de acupuntura.(AU)
This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of electroacupuncture compared to the dobutamine treatment of hypotension in equines. Six adult horses were maintained in isoflurane anesthesia with mechanical ventilation. After anesthesia was established, the isoflurane concentration was raised until hypotension was achieved. After that the animals were treated with a constant rate of 1.5mg kg -1min-1 intravenous dobutamine (DOB), electroacupunture to pericardium 6 (PC-6) acupoint (EA) and false point treatment (SHAM). Heart rate (HH), median arterial blood pressure (MAP), rectal temperature (T), isoflurane end-tidal concentration, arterial blood gases, creatine kinase (CK), aspartate transaminase (AST), recovery time and quality of recovery were investigated. The MAP increased 50%, 36.5% and 7.5%% in DOB, EA and SHAM treatments, respectively. HH, T, arterial blood gases, CK, AST, recovery time and quality of recovery did not differ among treatments. It was concluded that the dobutamine treatment was more effective than EA and SHAM treatments for the reversion of isoflurane induced hypotension in horses.(AU)