RESUMO
Ethanol consumption represents a significant public health problem, and excessive ethanol intake is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. The mechanisms underlying the effects of ethanol on the cardiovascular system are complex and not fully comprehended. The gut microbiota and their metabolites are indispensable symbionts essential for health and homeostasis and therefore, have emerged as potential contributors to ethanol-induced cardiovascular system dysfunction. By mechanisms that are not completely understood, the gut microbiota modulates the immune system and activates several signaling pathways that stimulate inflammatory responses, which in turn, contribute to the development and progression of CVD. This review summarizes preclinical and clinical evidence on the effects of ethanol in the gut microbiota and discusses the mechanisms by which ethanol-induced gut dysbiosis leads to the activation of the immune system and cardiovascular dysfunction. The cross talk between ethanol consumption and the gut microbiota and its implications are detailed. In summary, an imbalance in the symbiotic relationship between the host and the commensal microbiota in a holobiont, as seen with ethanol consumption, may contribute to CVD. Therefore, manipulating the gut microbiota, by using antibiotics, probiotics, prebiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation might prove a valuable opportunity to prevent/mitigate the deleterious effects of ethanol and improve cardiovascular health and risk prevention.
Assuntos
Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/fisiopatologia , Doenças Cardiovasculares/fisiopatologia , Disbiose/fisiopatologia , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/imunologia , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Anti-Infecciosos Locais , Doenças Cardiovasculares/imunologia , Doenças Cardiovasculares/terapia , Disbiose/imunologia , Disbiose/terapia , Etanol , Transplante de Microbiota Fecal , Humanos , Prebióticos , Probióticos/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Brassicaceae are an outstanding source of bioactive compounds such as ascorbic acid, polyphenols, essential minerals, isothiocyanates and their precursors, glucosinolates (GSL). Recently, GSL gained great attention because of the health promoting properties of their hydrolysis products: isothiocyanates. Among them, sulforaphane (SFN) became the most attractive one owing to its remarkable health-promoting properties. SFN may prevent different types of cancer and has the ability to improve hypertensive states, to prevent type 2 diabetes-induced cardiomyopathy, and to protect against gastric ulcer. SFN may also help in schizophrenia treatment, and recently it was proposed that SFN has potential to help those who struggle with obesity. The mechanism underlying the health-promoting effect of SFN relates to its indirect action at cellular level by inducing antioxidant and Phase II detoxifying enzymes through the activation of transcription nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like (Nrf2). The effect of SFN on immune response is generating scientific interest, because of its bioavailability, which is much higher than other phytochemicals, and its capacity to induce Nrf2 target genes. Clinical trials suggest that sulforaphane produces favorable results in cases where pharmaceutical products fail. This article provides a revision about the relationship between sulforaphane and immune response in different diseases. Special attention is given to clinical trials related with immune system disorders.
Assuntos
Doenças Cardiovasculares/tratamento farmacológico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Sistema Imunitário/efeitos dos fármacos , Isotiocianatos/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Substâncias Protetoras/uso terapêutico , Esquizofrenia/tratamento farmacológico , Sulfóxidos/uso terapêutico , Animais , Doenças Cardiovasculares/imunologia , Doenças Cardiovasculares/patologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/imunologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/patologia , Humanos , Neoplasias/imunologia , Neoplasias/patologia , Esquizofrenia/imunologia , Esquizofrenia/patologiaRESUMO
Innate immune cells can develop exacerbated immunologic response and long-term inflammatory phenotype following brief exposure to endogenous or exogenous insults, which leads to an altered response towards a second challenge after the return to a nonactivated state. This phenomenon is known as trained immunity (TI). TI is not only important for host defense and vaccine response but also for chronic inflammations such as cardiovascular and metabolic diseases such as atherosclerosis. TI can occur in innate immune cells such as monocytes/macrophages, natural killer cells, endothelial cells (ECs), and nonimmune cells, such as fibroblast. In this brief review, we analyze the significance of TI in ECs, which are also considered as innate immune cells in addition to macrophages. TI can be induced by a variety of stimuli, including lipopolysaccharides, BCG (bacillus Calmette-Guerin), and oxLDL (oxidized low-density lipoprotein), which are defined as risk factors for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Furthermore, TI in ECs is functional for inflammation effectiveness and transition to chronic inflammation. Rewiring of cellular metabolism of the trained cells takes place during induction of TI, including increased glycolysis, glutaminolysis, increased accumulation of tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolites and acetyl-coenzyme A production, as well as increased mevalonate synthesis. Subsequently, this leads to epigenetic remodeling, resulting in important changes in chromatin architecture that enables increased gene transcription and enhanced proinflammatory immune response. However, TI pathways and inflammatory pathways are separated to ensure memory stays when inflammation undergoes resolution. Additionally, reactive oxygen species play context-dependent roles in TI. Therefore, TI plays significant roles in EC and macrophage pathology and chronic inflammation. However, further characterization of TI in ECs and macrophages would provide novel insights into cardiovascular disease pathogenesis and new therapeutic targets. Graphic Abstract: A graphic abstract is available for this article.
Assuntos
Células Endoteliais/imunologia , Macrófagos/imunologia , Animais , Doenças Cardiovasculares/etiologia , Doenças Cardiovasculares/imunologia , Citocinas/biossíntese , Metabolismo Energético , Epigênese Genética , Humanos , Imunidade Inata , Memória Imunológica , Infecções/etiologia , Infecções/imunologia , Inflamação/etiologia , Inflamação/imunologia , Doenças Metabólicas/etiologia , Doenças Metabólicas/imunologia , Redes e Vias Metabólicas/imunologia , Modelos Imunológicos , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/etiologia , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/imunologia , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) causes pulmonary and cardiovascular disorders and has become a worldwide emergency. Myocardial injury can be caused by direct or indirect damage, particularly mediated by a cytokine storm, a disordered immune response that can cause myocarditis, abnormal coagulation, arrhythmia, acute coronary syndrome, and myocardial infarction. The present review focuses on the mechanisms of this viral infection, cardiac biomarkers, consequences, and the possible therapeutic role of purinergic and adenosinergic signalling systems. In particular, we focus on the interaction of the extracellular nucleotide adenosine triphosphate (ATP) with its receptors P2X1, P2X4, P2X7, P2Y1, and P2Y2 and of adenosine (Ado) with A2A and A3 receptors, as well as their roles in host immune responses. We suggest that receptors of purinergic signalling could be ideal candidates for pharmacological targeting to protect against myocardial injury caused by a cytokine storm in COVID-19, in order to reduce systemic inflammatory damage to cells and tissues, preventing the progression of the disease by modulating the immune response and improving patient quality of life.
Assuntos
Trifosfato de Adenosina/metabolismo , COVID-19/imunologia , Doenças Cardiovasculares/virologia , Receptores Purinérgicos/metabolismo , SARS-CoV-2 , Agonistas do Receptor A2 de Adenosina/farmacologia , COVID-19/metabolismo , Doenças Cardiovasculares/imunologia , Doenças Cardiovasculares/fisiopatologia , Citocinas/metabolismo , Humanos , Isquemia Miocárdica/imunologia , Isquemia Miocárdica/fisiopatologia , Isquemia Miocárdica/virologia , Pandemias , Antagonistas Purinérgicos/farmacologia , Receptor A2A de Adenosina/metabolismo , Receptor A3 de Adenosina/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Transdução de Sinais/imunologia , Tratamento Farmacológico da COVID-19RESUMO
Cardiovascular diseases are a leading cause of death for adults worldwide. Published articles have shown that toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), a member of the toll-like receptor (TLR) family, is involved in several cardiovascular diseases and can be modulated by physical exercise. TLR4 is the most expressed TLR in cardiac tissue and is an essential mediator of the inflammatory and apoptosis processes in the heart, playing a pivotal role in the development of cardiovascular diseases. Physical exercise is recognized as a non-pharmacological strategy for the prevention and treatment of these diseases. In addition, physical exercise can modulate the TLR4 in the mice heart, and its absence attenuates apoptosis, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and inflammation. However, the relationship between TLR4 and physical exercise-induced cardiac adaptations has barely been explored. Thus, the objective of this brief review was to discuss studies describing how TLR4 influences cardiac responses to physical exercise and present a link between these responses and cardiovascular diseases, showing physical activity improves the cardiac function of individuals with cardiovascular diseases through the TLR4 modulation.
Assuntos
Doenças Cardiovasculares/imunologia , Estresse do Retículo Endoplasmático/imunologia , Exercício Físico , Receptor 4 Toll-Like/imunologia , Animais , Apoptose/imunologia , Humanos , Inflamação/imunologia , CamundongosRESUMO
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has been causing varying severities of illness. Some are asymptomatic and some develop severe disease leading to mortality across ages. This contrast triggered us explore the causes, with the background that a vaccine for effective immunization or a drug to tackle COVID-19 is not too close to reality. We have discussed strategies to combat COVID-19 through immune enhancement, using simple measures including nutritional supplements. Discussion: A literature search on mortality-related comorbid conditions was performed. For those conditions, we analyzed the pro-inflammatory cytokines, which could cause the draining of the immune reservoir. We also analyzed the immune markers necessary for the defense mechanism/immune surveillance against COVID-19, especially through simple means including immune enhancing nutritional supplement consumption, and we suggest strategies to combat COVID-19. Major comorbid conditions associated with increased mortality include cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes, being immunocompromised by cancer, and severe kidney disease with a senile immune system. Consumption of Aureobasidium pullulans strain (AFO-202) beta 1,3-1,6 glucan supported enhanced IL-8, sFAS macrophage activity, and NK cells' cytotoxicity, which are major defense mechanisms against viral infection. Conclusion: People with co-morbid conditions who are more prone to COVID-19-related deaths due to immune dysregulation are likely to benefit from consuming nutritional supplements that enhance the immune system. We recommend clinical studies to validate AFO-202 beta glucan in COVID-19 patients to prove its efficacy in overcoming a hyper-inflammation status, thus reducing the mortality, until a definite vaccine is made available.
Assuntos
Betacoronavirus , Doenças Cardiovasculares/epidemiologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/epidemiologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/imunologia , Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiologia , Suplementos Nutricionais , Neoplasias/epidemiologia , Pneumonia Viral/epidemiologia , Pneumonia Viral/imunologia , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/epidemiologia , Actinobacteria/química , Biomarcadores/sangue , COVID-19 , Doenças Cardiovasculares/imunologia , Comorbidade , Infecções por Coronavirus/dietoterapia , Infecções por Coronavirus/mortalidade , Citocinas/sangue , Diabetes Mellitus/imunologia , Humanos , Hospedeiro Imunocomprometido , Neoplasias/imunologia , Pandemias , Pneumonia Viral/dietoterapia , Pneumonia Viral/mortalidade , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/imunologia , SARS-CoV-2 , beta-Glucanas/farmacologia , beta-Glucanas/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
The targeting of proinflammatory pathways has a prophylactic and therapeutic potential on atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (CVD). An alternative/complementary strategy is the promotion of endogenous atheroprotective mechanisms that are impaired during atherosclerosis progression, such as the activity of tolerogenic dendritic cells (tolDC) and regulatory T cells (Treg). There is a need to develop novel low cost, safe and effective tolDC/Treg-inducing formulations that are atheroprotective and that can be of easy translation into clinical settings. We found that apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE-/-) mice treated with a low-dose combined formulation of Vitamin D and Dexamethasone (VitD/Dexa), delivered repetitively and subcutaneously (sc) promoted interleukin-10 (IL-10) production by dendritic cells and other antigen presenting cells in the lymph nodes draining the site of injection and the spleens. Expectedly, the treatment also increased the numbers of IL-10-producing CD4+ T cells. Concomitantly, the frequency of IFNγ-producing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the spleen, and the IFNγ response of splenocytes to polyclonal stimulation ex vivo were lower after VitD/Dexa treatment, indicating a reduced proatherogenic Th1 response. Interestingly, VitD/Dexa-treated mice had smaller atherosclerotic lesions, with reduced lipid content and lower inflammatory infiltrate of macrophages and T cells in the aortic root. No hypolipidemic or antioxidant effect could be detected, suggesting that a dominantly immunomodulatory mechanism of atheroprotection was engaged under the low-dose sc VitD/Dexa conditions used. Finally, no evidence of clinical, biochemical or immune toxicity was observed in treated ApoE-/- mice and, most importantly, C57BL/6 mice latently infected with Leishmania parasites and treated with an identical VitD/Dexa dose/scheme showed no clinical or microbiological signs of disease reactivation, suggesting the absence of general immunosuppression. Altogether, these results indicate that a non-toxic, non-immunosuppressive, low-dose of VitD/Dexa, administered subcutaneously and repetitively, exerts atheroprotective effects in dyslipidemic mice, apparently due to the induction of an IL-10-producing network of lymphoid and myeloid immune cells. These well known, widely available, and inexpensive small molecules can be easily co-formulated into a simple and accessible agent with a potential use as a prophylactic or therapeutic immune intervention for CVD and other chronic inflammatory diseases.
Assuntos
Aterosclerose/prevenção & controle , Doenças Cardiovasculares/imunologia , Doenças Cardiovasculares/terapia , Dexametasona/farmacologia , Interleucina-10/metabolismo , Vitamina D/farmacologia , Animais , Apolipoproteínas E/deficiência , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/metabolismo , Doenças Cardiovasculares/metabolismo , Interferon gama/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Linfócitos T Reguladores/metabolismoRESUMO
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: An increasing body of evidence indicates that persons living with HIV (PLWH) display dysfunctional immunometabolism. Here, we provide an updated review of this topic and its relationship to HIV-associated immune stimuli and age-related disease. RECENT FINDINGS: HIV infection alters immunometabolism by increasing reliance on aerobic glycolysis for energy and productive infection and repurposing oxidative phosphorylation machinery for immune cell proliferation and survival. Recent studies in PLWH with diabetes mellitus or cardiovascular disease have identified an association with elevated T cell and monocyte glucose metabolism, respectively. Immunometabolic dysfunction has also been observed in PLWH in frailty and additional studies suggest a role for immunometabolism in non-AIDS defining cancers and neurocognitive disease. There is a plethora of HIV-associated immune stimuli that could drive immunometabolic dysfunction and age-related disease in PLWH, but studies directly examining their relationship are lacking. Immunometabolic dysfunction is characteristic of HIV infection and is a potential link between HIV-associated stimuli and age-related comorbidities.
Assuntos
Infecções por HIV/imunologia , Infecções por HIV/patologia , Monócitos/metabolismo , Linfócitos T/metabolismo , Doenças Cardiovasculares/imunologia , Comorbidade , Diabetes Mellitus/imunologia , Glicólise/fisiologia , Infecções por HIV/complicações , Humanos , Inflamação/patologia , Monócitos/imunologia , Neoplasias/imunologia , Fosforilação Oxidativa , Linfócitos T/imunologiaRESUMO
Recent advances in the field of mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and its ligand aldosterone expanded the role of this hormone and its receptor far beyond their initial function as a regulator of Na+ and K+ homeostasis in epithelial cells. The symposium "New Roles of Aldosterone and Mineralocorticoid Receptors in Cardiovascular Disease: Translational and Sex-Specific Effects" presented at the 38th World Congress of the International Union of Physiological Sciences (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) highlighted the contribution of extrarenal MRs to cardiovascular disease. This symposium showcased how MRs expressed in endothelial, vascular smooth muscle, and immune cells plays a critical role in the development of vascular disease associated with aging, obesity, and chronic aldosterone stimulation and demonstrated that MR antagonism prevents the acute renal dysfunction and tubular injury induced by ischemia-reperfusion injury. It was also shown that the adipocyte-derived hormone leptin is a new direct regulator of aldosterone secretion and that leptin-mediated aldosterone production is a major contributor to obesity-associated hypertension in women. Sex differences in the role of aldosterone and of endothelial MR in the cardiovascular outcomes of obesity were highlighted. This review summarizes these important emerging concepts regarding the contribution of aldosterone and cell-specific MR to cardiovascular disease in male and female subjects and further supports sex-specific benefits of MR antagonist drugs to be tested in additional populations.
Assuntos
Aldosterona/metabolismo , Doenças Cardiovasculares/metabolismo , Sistema Cardiovascular/metabolismo , Rim/metabolismo , Receptores de Mineralocorticoides/metabolismo , Pesquisa Translacional Biomédica , Fatores Etários , Animais , Doenças Cardiovasculares/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças Cardiovasculares/imunologia , Doenças Cardiovasculares/fisiopatologia , Sistema Cardiovascular/efeitos dos fármacos , Sistema Cardiovascular/imunologia , Sistema Cardiovascular/fisiopatologia , Congressos como Assunto , Feminino , Humanos , Rim/efeitos dos fármacos , Rim/fisiopatologia , Ligantes , Masculino , Antagonistas de Receptores de Mineralocorticoides/uso terapêutico , Receptores de Mineralocorticoides/efeitos dos fármacos , Fatores Sexuais , Transdução de SinaisRESUMO
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are lymphocytes lacking antigen recognition receptors and become activated in response to cytokines and through microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP) receptors. ILCs are found mainly in mucosal tissues and participate in the immune response against infections and in chronic inflammatory conditions. ILCs are divided in ILC-1, ILC-2 and ILC-3, and these cells have analogue functions to those of immune adaptive response lymphocytes Th1, Th2 and Th17. ILC-1 express T-bet, produce IFNγ, protect against infections with intracellular microorganisms and are related to inflammatory bowel disease immunopathology. ILC-2 express GATA3, produce IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 and amphiregulin, protect against parasitic infections and are related to allergy and obesity immunopathology. ILC-3 express ROR(γt), produce IL-17 and IL-22, protect against fungal infections and contribute to tolerance to intestinal microbiota and intestinal repair. They are related to inflammatory bowel disease and psoriasis immunopathology. In general terms, ILCs maintain homeostasis and coadjuvate in the protection against infections.
Las células linfoides innatas (ILC) son linfocitos que carecen de receptores de reconocimiento de antígenos y se activan en respuesta a citocinas y a través de receptores de patrones moleculares asociados a microorganismos (MAMP). Las ILC se localizan preferentemente en las mucosas, y participan en la respuesta inmune contra infecciones y en enfermedades inflamatorias crónicas. Las ILC se dividen en ILC-1, ILC-2 e ILC-3, y estas células tienen funciones análogas a las de los linfocitos Th1, Th2 y Th17 de la respuesta inmune adaptativa. Las ILC-1 expresan T-bet, producen IFNγ, protegen contra infecciones con microorganismos intracelulares y están relacionados con la inmunopatología de la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal. Las ILC-2 expresan GATA3, producen IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 y anfirregulina, protegen contra infecciones parasitarias y se relacionan con la inmunopatología de la alergia y la obesidad. Las ILC-3 expresan RORγt, producen IL-17 e IL-22, protegen contra infecciones con hongos y participan en la tolerancia a la microbiota intestinal y en la reparación intestinal. Se relacionan con la inmunopatología de la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal y la psoriasis. En términos generales, las ILC mantienen la homeostasis y coadyuvan en la protección contra las infecciones.