RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Testicular infiltration is infrequent in pediatric patients with leukemia and can be confused with other testicular conditions. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the presence of clinical and radiological features suggestive of testicular disease and its histological association with leukemia infiltration. METHOD: Retrospective and analytical observational study that included patients with diagnosis of leukemia who underwent biopsy for suspected testicular infiltration. The relationship with the variables analyzed were diagnosis, reason for taking the biopsy, ultrasound findings, stage of treatment, induration, increased volume and pain, with testicular infiltration. RESULTS: Eighteen patients were included; 11 of them with microlithiasis, of which one 1 reported infiltration (odds ratio: 0.075; p = 0.026), no association was found between ultrasound findings and the presence of infiltration. Clinical findings were significantly associated with positive biopsies. CONCLUSIONS: No risk association was found with the ultrasound findings such as microlithiasis and hypoechoic imaging. The clinically evident testicular disease (testicular enlargement and testicular induration) has a significant statistic association with the presence of leukemia infiltration.
ANTECEDENTES: La infiltración testicular en pacientes pediátricos con leucemia es infrecuente y puede ser confundida con otros padecimientos testiculares. OBJETIVO: Analizar la presencia de características clínicas y radiológicas sugestivas de enfermedad testicular y su asociación histológica con infiltración por leucemia. MÉTODO: Estudio observacional retrospectivo y analítico que incluyó a los pacientes con diagnóstico de leucemia sometidos a biopsia por sospecha de infiltración testicular. Se analizó la relación con las variables diagnóstico de base, motivo de toma de biopsia, hallazgos ultrasonográficos, etapa del tratamiento, induración, aumento de volumen y dolor, con infiltración a testículo. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 18 pacientes; de ellos, 11 con microlitiasis, de los cuales solo uno reportado con infiltración (odds ratio: 0.075; p = 0.026). No se encontró una asociación entre los hallazgos ultrasonográficos y la presencia de infiltración. Los hallazgos clínicos se asociaron significativamente con biopsias positivas. CONCLUSIONES: No se encontró una asociación de riesgo con los hallazgos por ultrasonido, como microlitiasis e imágenes hipoecogénicas. La enfermedad testicular clínicamente evidente (incremento de volumen e induración testicular) tiene una asociación estadísticamente significativa con la presencia de infiltración por leucemia.
Assuntos
Leucemia , Doenças Testiculares , Neoplasias Testiculares , Masculino , Humanos , Criança , Neoplasias Testiculares/diagnóstico por imagem , Estudos Retrospectivos , Doenças Testiculares/diagnóstico por imagem , Doenças Testiculares/complicações , Biópsia , Leucemia/diagnóstico por imagem , Leucemia/complicações , UltrassonografiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Rabbits are sensitive to dietary cholesterol and rapidly develop hypercholesterolemia, leading to prominent subfertility. Sterol regulatory element-binding protein isoform 2 drives the intracellular cholesterol pathway in many tissues, including the testicles. Its abnormal regulation could be the mainly responsible for the failure of suppressing cholesterol synthesis in a cholesterol-enriched environment, ultimately leading to testicular and seminal alterations. However, extra-virgin olive oil consumption has beneficial properties that promote lowering of cholesterol levels, including the recovery of seminal parameters altered under a high-fat diet. OBJECTIVES: Our goal was to investigate the effects of high-fat diet supplementation with extra-virgin olive oil at the molecular level on rabbit testes, by analyzing sterol regulatory element-binding protein isoform 2 protein and its corresponding downstream effectors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: During 12 months, male rabbits were fed a control diet, high-fat diet, or 6-month high-fat diet followed by 6-month high-fat diet plus extra-virgin olive oil. Serum lipids, testosterone levels, bodyweight, and seminal parameters were tested. The mRNA and protein levels of sterol regulatory element-binding protein isoform 2, 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, and low-density lipoprotein receptor were determined by semi-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting techniques. The expression pattern of sterol regulatory element-binding protein isoform 2 protein in the rabbit testicles was studied by indirect immunofluorescence. In addition, testicular cholesterol was detected and quantified by filipin staining and gas chromatography. RESULTS: The data showed that the addition of extra-virgin olive oil to high-fat diet reduced testicular cholesterol levels and recovered the expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein isoform 2, 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, and low-density lipoprotein receptor initially altered by the high-fat diet. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: The combination of high-fat diet with extra-virgin olive oil encourages testicular recovery by modifying the expression of the enzymes related to intracellular cholesterol management.
Assuntos
Dieta Hiperlipídica , Doenças Testiculares , Humanos , Animais , Masculino , Coelhos , Azeite de Oliva/farmacologia , Dieta Hiperlipídica/efeitos adversos , Colesterol , Lipoproteínas LDL , OxirredutasesRESUMO
46,XX testicular disorder of sex development is a rare syndrome characterized by an inconsistency between genotype and phenotype. Affected individuals present variant genitalia between male and ambiguous, non-functional testicles, non-obstructive azoospermia, generally accompanied by hypergonadotropic hypogonadism, a condition known for high levels of gonadotrophic hormones. In some cases, disorders of sexual development are diagnosed during puberty. However, a significant number of individuals show physical characteristics common to males that are not clinically suspicious. As a result, patients with the condition may remain undiagnosed. Many individuals with the condition are diagnosed as adults, due to infertility. The present study discusses the case of an individual who underwent karyotyping for sterility and was found to be a 46,XX male. Despite having a female karyotype, the presence of the sex-determining region Y gene explains the manifestation of masculine secondary sex characteristics. This report highlights the importance of genetic evaluation, considering that carriers may present significant complications resulting from the disorder. Based on correct diagnosis, it is possible to improve a carrier's quality of life through multidisciplinary approaches and help them achieve pregnancy through assisted reproductive technology treatments.
Assuntos
Infertilidade Masculina , Doenças Testiculares , Feminino , Genes sry , Pesquisa em Genética , Humanos , Infertilidade Masculina/diagnóstico , Infertilidade Masculina/genética , Masculino , Qualidade de Vida , Desenvolvimento Sexual , Doenças Testiculares/diagnóstico , Doenças Testiculares/genéticaRESUMO
SUMMARY: Adriamycin (ADR) is an anthracycline antibiotic used for treatment of many types of cancer. However, its applications may damage to healthy tissues. Chloroquine (CLQ) is an anti-inflammatory agent used in treatment of many inflammation associated diseases such as malaria and rheumatoid arthritis. Moreover, it is used in the treatment of pneumonia caused by COVID-19. The aim of this study is to determine possible therapeutic effects of Chloroquine on Adriamycin-induced testicular toxicity in rats. We investigated the effect of CLQ on testicular injury caused by ADR. Rats were divided into four groups: Control, ADR, CLQ, ADR+CLQ. After administrations, animals were sacrificed, and testis tissues were extracted from the animals for the further examinations. Histopathological changes in testis tissues were evaluated and TNF-α and IL-6 immunostaining were performed to determine the expression levels of these cytokines. TUNEL method were used for evaluation of apoptotic index. Moreover, serum testosterone levels were measured by ELISA assay. We observed that ADR group showed histopathological deterioration when compared to the Control group and CLQ treatment ameliorated this damage induced by Adriamycin.An increase in TNF-α and IL-6 immunoreactivities and in the number of apoptotic cells and a decrease in serum testosterone levels were determined in the ADR group compared to the Control and CLQ group. Furthermore, our examinations showed an improvement in testicular tissue in ADR+CLQ group in terms of these parameters when compared to the ADR group. We suggest that CLQ can be used as a protective agent to reduce the toxic effects of Adriamycin as a result of its anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties.
RESUMEN: La adriamicina (ADR) es un antibiótico de antraciclina que se usa para el tratamiento de muchos tipos de cáncer. Sin embargo, sus aplicaciones pueden dañar los tejidos sanos. La cloroquina (CLQ) es un agente antiinflamatorio que se utiliza en el tratamiento de enfermedades asociadas a la inflamación, tal como la malaria y la artritis reumatoide. También se utiliza en el tratamiento de la neumonía causada por COVID-19. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar los posibles efectos terapéuticos de la cloroquina sobre la toxicidad testicular inducida por adriamicina en ratas. Investigamos el efecto de CLQ sobre la lesión testicular causada por ADR. Las ratas se dividieron en cuatro grupos: Control, ADR, CLQ, ADR + CLQ. Después de las administraciones, se sacrificaron los animales y se extrajeron los testículos de los animales para los exámenes adicionales. Se evaluaron los cambios histopatológicos en los tejidos testiculares y se realizó la inmunotinción de TNF-α e IL-6 para determinar los niveles de expresión de estas citocinas. Se utilizó el método TUNEL para la evaluación del índice apoptótico. Además, los niveles de testosterona en suero se midieron mediante un ensayo ELISA. El grupo ADR mostró un deterioro histopatológico en comparación con el grupo Control y observamos que el tratamiento con CLQ mejoró el daño inducido por Adriamicina. Un aumento en las inmunorreactividades de TNF-α e IL-6 y en el número de células apoptóticas además de una disminución en los niveles séricos de testosterona se determinaron en el grupo de ADR en comparación con el grupo de control y CLQ. Además, nuestros exámenes mostraron una mejora en el tejido testicular en el grupo ADR + CLQ en términos de estos parámetros en comparación con el grupo ADR. Sugerimos que CLQ se puede utilizar como agente protector para reducir los efectos tóxicos de la Adriamicina, gracias a sus propiedades antiinflamatorias y antiapoptóticas.
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Ratos , Doenças Testiculares/induzido quimicamente , Doenças Testiculares/tratamento farmacológico , Doxorrubicina/efeitos adversos , Cloroquina/administração & dosagem , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Imuno-Histoquímica , Interleucina-6 , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa , Ratos Wistar , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Marcação In Situ das Extremidades Cortadas , Inflamação , Antibióticos Antineoplásicos/efeitos adversosRESUMO
SUMMARY: A large body of evidence supports the protective role of the flavonol antioxidant compound quercetin in mammals. We tested the hypothesis that quercetin can protect against the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis defect like a reduction in gonadotropins and testicular hormones and abnormal semen analysis induced by chronic unpredictable stress (CUS), possibly via the downregulation of oxidative stress (ROS) and p53-Bax-caspase-3 pathways. Rats were either exposed to a variety of unpredictable stressors daily before being sacrificed after 3 weeks (model group) or were treated with quercetin (50 mg/kg body weight/day) at the same time the CUS were induced (treated group). Harvested testicular tissues were stained with basic histological staining, and testis homogenates were assayed for the tumor suppressor p53, apoptosis regulator Bax, B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), caspase-3, malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). In addition, harvested epididymis tissues were used to assess semen analysis, and blood samples were assayed for the testicular hormone testosterone, the adrenal cortex hormone corticosterone, and the anterior pituitary gonadotropins, follicular stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). CUS induced profound testicular damage and significantly (p<0.05) induced p53, Bax, caspase-3, MDA, and corticosterone, which were significantly (p<0.05) inhibited by quercetin except corticosterone. Whereas, quercetin significantly (p<0.05) increased FSH, LH, testosterone, Bcl-2, GPx, and SOD levels that were inhibited by CUS. In addition, CUS induced oligozoospermia, asthenozoospermia, and teratozoospermia, which were significantly (p<0.05) protected by quercetin. Thus, Quercetin protects against CUS-induced HPG defects in rats, which is associated with the inhibition of ROS-p53-Bax-caspase-3 axis.
RESUMEN: El papel protector del compuesto antioxidante flavonol quercetina en los mamíferos ha sido ampliamente reportado. Probamos la hipótesis que la quercetina puede proteger contra el defecto del eje hipotálamo-hipofisiario- gonadal (HHG) como una reducción de gonadotropinas y hormonas testiculares y análisis de semen anormal inducido por estrés crónico impredecible (ECI), posiblemente a través de la regulación reducida del estrés oxidativo (REO) y las vías p53- Bax-caspasa-3. Las ratas fueron expuestas a una variedad de fac- tores estresantes impredecibles diariamente antes de ser sacrificadas después de 3 semanas (grupo modelo) o fueron tratadas con quercetina (50 mg / kg de peso corporal / día) al mismo tiempo que se indujo la ECI (grupo tratado). Los tejidos testiculares fueron teñidos con tinción histológica básica y los homogeneizados de testículo se analizaron para determinar el supresor de tumores p53, el regulador de apoptosis Bax, el linfoma de células B 2 (Bcl-2), la caspasa-3, el malondialdehído (MDA), la glutatión peroxidasa (GPx) y superóxido dismutasa (SOD). Además, se utilizaron tejidos del epidídimo recolectados para evaluar el análisis de semen y se analizaron muestras de sangre para determinar la hormona testicular testosterona, la hormona corticosterona de la corteza suprarrenal y las gonadotropinas de la hipófisis anterior, la hormona estimulante folicular (FSH) y la hormona luteinizante (LH). El ECI indujo daño testicular importante e indujo significativamente niveles de (p <0,05) p53, Bax, caspasa-3, MDA y corticosterona, que fueron inhibidos (p <0,05) por la quercetina. La quercetina aumentó significativamente (p <0,05) los niveles de FSH, LH, testosterona, Bcl-2, GPx y SOD que fueron inhibidos por ECI. Además, ECI indujo oligozoospermia, astenozoospermia y teratozoospermia, protegidos de manera significativa (p <0,05) por la quercetina. Por lo tanto, la quercetina protege contra los defectos de HHG inducidos por ECI en ratas, lo que está asociado con la inhibición del eje ROS-p53-Bax-caspasa-3.
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Ratos , Quercetina/administração & dosagem , Estresse Fisiológico , Doenças Testiculares/etiologia , Testículo/efeitos dos fármacos , Antioxidantes/administração & dosagem , Testículo/lesões , Doença Crônica , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/antagonistas & inibidores , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/antagonistas & inibidores , Ratos Wistar , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Proteína X Associada a bcl-2/antagonistas & inibidores , Caspase 3/efeitos dos fármacos , Eixo Hipotalâmico-Hipofisário-Gonadal/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
The insulin enhancing activity, histological analysis and, testicular degeneration by a VIVO-complex containing the 2,2'-(ethane-1,2-diylbis(azanediyl))diethanolate ligand, VOIV(C6H14N2O2-κ2N,κ2O), abbreviated VIVO(BHED), were investigated in diabetic male Wistar rats. The complex was administered by oral gavage of freshly prepared solutions of vanadium complex. Biological studies demonstrated that the vanadium complex normalized the elevated glucose levels in male Wistar rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes and these compounds also avoided common responses in diabetic animals such as weight loss and reduction in the size of the epididymis, prostate, testis and seminal gland. The 51V NMR and EPR studies showed the formation of VIVO(BHED) and the oxidation product [VVO2BHED]- with two possible decomposition pathways. In summary, these studies demonstrate that the VIVO(BHED) complex or its decomposition products show similar effects as insulin in decreasing elevated blood glucose levels.
Assuntos
Complexos de Coordenação , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/tratamento farmacológico , Diaminas , Hipoglicemiantes , Doenças Testiculares/tratamento farmacológico , Testículo , Vanádio , Animais , Atrofia , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/patologia , Diaminas/química , Diaminas/farmacologia , Hipoglicemiantes/química , Hipoglicemiantes/farmacologia , Masculino , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Doenças Testiculares/metabolismo , Doenças Testiculares/patologia , Testículo/metabolismo , Testículo/patologia , Vanádio/química , Vanádio/farmacologiaRESUMO
As injúrias vasculares afetam diretamente a produção e a qualidade das células espermáticas, portanto, o diagnóstico rápido dessas alterações é de extrema importância para evitar danos irreversíveis à reprodução. Desse modo, a ultrassonografia Doppler têm se mostrado um método eficaz no diagnóstico precoce de afecções reprodutivas relacionadas com distúrbios na perfusão sanguínea testicular. Além disso, possibilita o acompanhamento de tratamentos em curso, a fim de melhorar resultados terapêuticos e proporcionar melhor previsão de fertilidade aos garanhões. Em homens, já é um método empregado para diagnosticar distúrbios de fertilidade, entretanto, na veterinária os relatos ainda são escassos e o uso por andrologistas de equinos para este fim, é esporádico. O objetivo dessa revisão é apresentar os princípios da ultrassonografia Doppler e os benefícios para a andrologia de equinos, afim de ampliar o conhecimento a respeito da técnica e facilitar o diagnóstico de afecções durante exames reprodutivos de garanhões.(AU)
Vascular disturbance directly affects sperm production and quality, so the rapid diagnosis of these changes is extremely important to avoid irreversible damage to reproduction activity. Thereby, Doppler ultrasonography has been shown to be an effective method in the early diagnosis of reproductive disorders related to testicular blood perfusion. In addition, it's possible to monitor treatments in progress for the purpose of to improve therapeutic results and provide better prediction of fertility for stallions. In men, it is already a method used to diagnose fertility disorders, however, in the veterinarian routine the reports are still scarce and the use by equine andrologists for this purpose is sporadic. Thus, the aim of this review is to present the principles of Doppler ultrasonography and its benefits for the equine andrology, in order to expand knowledge about the technique and facilitate the diagnosis of diseases during reproductive examinations of stallions.(AU)
Las afecciones vasculares afectan directamente la producción y la calidad de las células espermáticas, por lo tanto, el diagnóstico temprano de estas alteraciones es de extrema importancia para evitar daños irreversibles en la reproducción. En este sentido, la ultrasonografía Doppler ha sido empleada como un método eficaz en el diagnóstico precoz de afecciones reproductivas relacionadas con disturbios en la perfusión sanguínea testícular. Además, este método posibilita el acompañamiento de tratamientos en curso, con el fin de mejorar resultados terapéuticos y obtener una predicción de la fertilidad de los garañones. En hombres, ya es um método empleado para el diagnóstico de disturbiosde la fertilidad, mientras, en veterinaria los relatos aún son escasos y el uso por andrólogos en el campo equino para este fin, es esporádico. El objetivo de esta revisión es presentar los principios de la ultrasonografía Doppler y las ventajas para la andrología equina, con la finalidad de ampliar los conocimientos sobre esta técnica y facilitar el diagnóstico de afecciones durante los examenes reproductivos de los garañones.(AU)