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Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) is a disease commonly seen in dogs that is characterized by the reduction or absence of lacrimal secretions. It can be classified as qualitative or quantitative, and both categories are able to elicit conjunctival and corneal inflammation, ocular pain, progressive corneal disease, and vision impairment. This disease's treatment is based on reestablishing and maintaining ocular surface homeostasis. Patients may benefit from different therapeutic protocols, such as the use of lacrimomimetics, that increase lacrimal stability, helping to retain ocular humidity; lacrimostimulants, that promote lacrimal secretion; fatty acids, which play a role on meibum synthesis and block pro-inflammatory cytokine genic expression; blood products, based on promotion of epithelial growth factors; and stem cells, due to their self-renewing capabilities. Stable cases may benefit from the use of steroidal or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents on the control of clinical signs. Refractory cases may eventually benefit from surgical therapies, which include techniques for parotid duct transposition, gland transplants, and lacrimal puncta occlusion.

A ceratoconjuntivite seca (CCS) é uma doença comumente observada em cães caracterizada pela ausência ou redução das secreções lacrimais. Pode ser classificada como qualitativa ou quantitativa, sendo que ambas as categorias são capazes de desencadear inflamação da conjuntiva e da córnea, dor ocular, doença corneana progressiva e redução da visão. O tratamento desta doença é contínuo e se baseia no restabelecimento e manutenção da homeostase do sistema da superfície ocular. Os pacientes podem se beneficiar de diferentes protocolos terapêuticos, tais como o uso de lacrimomiméticos, que aumentam a estabilidade lacrimal ajudando na retenção da umidade ocular; lacrimoestimulantes para a promoção de secreção de lágrimas; ácidos graxos, que desempenham papel na síntese de meibum e bloqueiam a expressão gênica de citocinas pró-inflamatórias; produtos derivados do sangue, baseando-se nos fatores de crescimento de promoção epitelial; e células tronco, devido à sua capacidade de auto renovação. Em casos estáveis, o uso de anti-inflamatórios esteroidais ou não esteroidais pode ser benéfico no controle de sinais clínicos. Casos refratários ao tratamento podem eventualmente se beneficiar de terapias cirúrgicas, que incluem as técnicas de transposição de ducto parotídeo, transplantes glandulares e oclusão da puncta lacrimal.

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Background: Although Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) is most commonly seen in the epidermis, this malignant neoplasm can manifest in various other tissues. A wide range of factors may be related to the development of SCC in the cornea, with continuous exposure to ultraviolet radiation and chronic friction to the ocular surface being the most accepted theories. In addition to surgical procedures, the use of mitomycin C in the topical treatment of corneal SCC has shown good results in therapeutic management. Thus, the objective of the current work is to report the satisfactory response observed in the use of mitomycin C in a case of SCC in the cornea of a dog. Case: A 9-year-old male Pug dog was attended by the Veterinary Ophthalmology and Microsurgery Sector (SOMVET) of the University Veterinary Hospital (HVU) of the Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM) with Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) in the cornea of the left eye, which had recurred after a previous surgical intervention. Secretion and discomfort in the left eye were noted during clinical examination. In addition, both eyes presented pigmentary keratitis in the medial corner. Surgical excision of the neoplasm was performed using the surgical technique of anterior lamellar keratectomy. In the immediate postoperative period, topical therapy was started with eye drops based on mitomycin C at 0.02%, for a period of 28 consecutive days. The use of this chemotherapy drug in the topical form was intended to minimize the chances of recurrence of the clinical condition, since the patient is predisposed to this alteration. In addition, supportive therapy was implemented to improve patient comfort, consisting of the use of tobramycin-based eye drops (6 times a day, for 14 days), atropine 1% eye drops (BID, for 3 days), lubricating eye drops based on sodium hyaluronate (3 times a day, for continuous use), and immunomodulatory eye drops based on tacrolimus 0.02% (twice a day, for continuous use). The patient was evaluated 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after surgery, when good results were observed. One year after treatment, the dog was still showing no signs of recurrence of the treated clinical condition. Discussion: It is known that chronic friction on the surface of the cornea predisposes to the diagnosis of corneal SCC. Accordingly, in the clinical examination of the patient in this report, the presence of bilateral pigmentary keratitis was observed, an alteration that leads to a framework of chronic aggression to the cornea. Surgical treatment is recommended to remove the tumor mass in the ocular region. However, in cases of corneal SCC, the literature highlights that recurrence after surgical excision is a common factor. As the patient in this study arrived at the clinic with a history of recurrence, topical therapy with mitomycin C associated with surgical treatment was instituted. This chemotherapy drug has shown encouraging results in the treatment of some neoplasms, especially SCC. Its use in this case supported previous findings, pointing to a satisfactory result in which the patient had no recurrences after one year of follow-up. In addition, the concentration and frequency used of the active ingredient did not lead to adverse effects in the short or medium term.

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Background: Fibroepithelial polyps are benign tumors of mesenchymal and ectodermal origin. Regarding the localization related to the cutaneous region, they may affect the eyelid and periocular area. In veterinary medicine, polyps located in the urethra of dogs and monkeys, vagina of bitches and on the skin have been described. Fibroepithelial polyps may present as single to multiple nodules, exophytic to pedunculated, usually arising on a smooth surface of a common base. The aim of this paper is to describe the ocular and histopathological changes of a corneal fibroepithelial polyp of recurrent character in a dog. Case: A 20-year-old Lhasa Apso dog, with a history of progressive corneal neoformation in the right eye for 4 months. Patient was submitted to routine ophthalmic evaluation. At biomicroscopy, a discrete mucopurulent discharge was observed in the nasal corner, a nodule in the lower eyelid (± 3 mm), moderate conjunctival hyperemia, vascularization and corneal edema between 12 and 5 h, presence of a pinkish proliferative mass in 3 h, affecting the anterior stroma and opacity of the lens, Schirmer's Tear Test (STT) 20 mm/min and intraocular pressure (IOP) 10 mm/Hg. In the left eye, the STT and IOP were within normal range (17 mm/min and 11 mg/Hg, respectively) and at biomicroscopy only lens opacity was observed. Given the presence of the neoformation in the cornea, the patient underwent lamellar keratectomy to excise the mass and third eyelid flap. The tissue was then submitted to histopathology. The histopathological examination showed a proliferation of fibrous component with areas presenting reactive fibroblasts, with acidophilic cytoplasm and with little volume and slight neovascularization, presence of hyperplasia of the lining epithelium and cells with round to oval nuclei, with inconspicuous nucleoli, compatible with fibroepithelial polyp, without evidence of malignancy. After 18 months, the patient presented recurrence of the condition with a history of slow evolution (about ten months). The ophthalmic evaluation showed lesions very similar to the initial one, describing a recurrence of the lesion. Discussion: Corneal neoplasms are uncommon in dogs. The clinical findings in patients with ocular neoplasms include irregular to nodular masses, gray to reddish in color, and typically associated with a vascular supply. These features are related to the type of tumor and its degree of evolution. There are reports in the literature of ocular neoplasms such as squamous cell carcinoma, papilloma, melanocytoma, fibrosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma, melanoma, lymphoma. Related to fibroepithelial polyp with ocular involvement, there are rare reports in human literature and none in veterinary medicine. There is a human description of the presence of a polyp affecting the cornea associated with a corneal dermoid and e other cases of polyps of conjunctival origin. As far as treatment is concerned, the polyp should be surgically removed because of the possibility of recurrence, tissue metaplasia, or even transformation into a malignant tumor, as seen in the case reported here, in which even with surgical removal there was recurrence and metaplasia of the cells. Based on the histopathological findings, it can be concluded that this is a fibroepithelial polyp with a recidivating characteristic, not well described in the veterinary literature, with an atypical presentation affecting the cornea.

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Background: Hemangiosarcoma is a malignant vascular tumor commonly described in veterinary ophthalmology as emerging at the margin of the third eyelid and bulbar conjunctiva. The primary corneal attachment of the tumor is considered rare, as the cornea is an avascular structure, but there are sparse reports of primary occurrences in the cornea of dogs, cats, and horses. No reports were found in wild animals. The Tapirus terrestris, commonly known as Tapir, is a perissodactyl mammal that inhabits South America regions, being considered the largest terrestrial mammal of Brazil and one of the most popular animals in zoos in various countries. This paper aims to report the first case of primary corneal hemangiosarcoma in a 25-year-old female Tapir (Tapirus terrestris) held in captivity. Case: A 25-year-old Tapirus terrestris female presented an irregular mass in the right cornea, mucopurulent secretion, and inconclusive previous cytological evaluation. It also had a history of a milky cornea for many years, and in the last 12 months, a tissue growth was observed, as well as the occurrence of mucopurulent secretion. The menace response in the right eye was negative. In the ophthalmologic examination, a red-colored, lobed, hemorrhagic, and ulcerated mass occupying approximately 90% of the cornea was observed, and in the peripheral cornea, there was an intense discoloration. Due to the extension of the mass and visual loss, the transpalpebral enucleation was performed under general inhalation anesthesia. The histopathological analysis evidenced a vascular tumor restricted to the central peripheral cornea, composed of blood vessels of small and large caliber, showing polygonal endothelial cells with moderate atypia, anisocytosis, and anisocariasis, in addition to dense stroma and inflammatory cells. The mass occupied the anterior corneal stroma, and there was no involvement of bulbar conjunctiva, sclera, or intraocular structures. The immunohistochemical study revealed the positivity of neoplastic cells for CD31, and the proliferative index of the lesion was evaluated by the Ki-67 as inferior to 10%. Discussion: The histopathologic and immunohistochemical examinations evidenced a hypercellular lesion, and the diagnosis of primary corneal hemangiosarcoma (HSA) was possible due to the significant cellular atypia identified in the lesion. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first case of corneal hemangiosarcoma described in Tapirus terrestris. The HAS is a malignant neoplasm originating in the vascular endothelial cells. There is a significant correlation between the HSA and prolonged exposure to solar radiation. The tapir of this report lived in a high-altitude region with exposure to ultraviolet rays; therefore, it might be an important predisposing factor for the HSA emergence. The chosen treatment for vascular tumors according to the visual prognostic is the lamellar keratectomy; however, the transpalpebral enucleation was the elected treatment since the eye was not visual, the neoplasm had a great extension, the animal was in advanced age and lived in captivity, and it was difficult to handle the animal without sedation to perform adjuvant therapies. Since the mass corresponded to 90% of the cornea, total removal with free edges would not be possible as described in the literature, and, therefore, there was an increased risk of relapse. In the follow-up after 3 years of surgical excision, the animal remained free of metastasis, reinforcing the diagnosis of primary corneal hemangiosarcoma.

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O carcinoma de células escamosas é uma neoplasia maligna das células epidérmicas, considerado a segunda neoplasia mais comum nos olhos e anexos oculares de equinos. A ocorrência intensifica-se, principalmente, nos animais com regiões despigmentadas e desprovidas de pelos e sujeitas à radiação solar. As lesões podem se apresentar isoladas ou múltiplas, com tamanhos variados e ulceradas. O tratamento depende do tamanho, grau de invasão, equipamento disponível e condição financeira do proprietário. Como tratamento, tem sido utilisados a excisão cirúrgica, quimioterápicos de uso tópico e intralesional. O objetivo deste trabalho foi relatar um carcinoma de células escamosas na córnea de um equino. Foi encaminhado para a Clínica do Rancho um equino, macho, não castrado, 11 anos de idade, apresentando uma massa rósea na córnea do olho direito com evolução de quatro meses. Mediante suspeita clínica de carcinoma de células escamosas, foi indicada exérese cirúrgica da massa, seguida de avaliação histopatológica. O resultado do exame confirmou o diagnóstico da neoplasia. A terapia pós-cirúrgica consistiu na administração de colírios antibiótico, anti-inflamatório e atropina, além do anti-inflamatório flunixin meglumine. Como tratamento adjuvante foi feito o quimioterápico 5-Fluorouracil tópico durante 12 dias. Após dois meses do procedimento cirúrgico, o paciente não apresentava qualquer sinal de neoplasia no local, nem possíveis metástases em outras regiões. Diante do exposto, conclui se que o exame histopatológico é essencial para o diagnóstico definitivo da neoplasia e que a exérese cirúrgica associada com tratamento adjuvante a base do quimioterápico 5- fluorouracil foi eficaz para a erradicação do carcinoma de células escamosas.

Squamous cell carcinoma is a malignant neoplasm of the epidermal cells, being considered the second most common neoplasm in the eyes and ocular annexes of horses. The occurrence of the tumor intensifies mainly in animals that have depigmented and hairless regions subjected to solar radiation. Lesions may be isolated or multiple, with varying sizes and ulcerated. The treatment depends on the size, degree of invasion, equipment available and financial condition of the owner. As a treatment, besides surgical excision, topical and intralesional chemotherapeutic agents have been considered. The aim of this study was to report squamous cell carcinoma in the cornea of an equine. An 11-year-old, stallion horse, with a rosy mass in the right eye cornea that evolved for four months, was referred to the Rancho Clinic. Upon clinical suspicion of squamous cell carcinoma, surgical excision of the mass was indicated, followed by histopathological evaluation. The test result confirmed the diagnosis of the neoplasm. Postoperative therapy consisted of administration of antibiotic, anti-inflammatory and atropine eye drops, in addition to the anti-inflammatory flunixin meglumine. As adjuvant treatment was the topical 5-Fluorouracil chemotherapy for 12 days. Two months after the surgical procedure, the patient showed no signs of neoplasia at the site, nor possible metastases in other regions. Given the above, it is concluded that the histopathological examination is essential for the definitive diagnosis of the neoplasia and that surgical exeresis associated with adjuvant treatment based on 5-fluorouracil chemotherapy was effective for the eradication of squamous cell carcinoma.

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O carcinoma de células escamosas é uma neoplasia maligna das células epidérmicas, considerado a segunda neoplasia mais comum nos olhos e anexos oculares de equinos. A ocorrência intensifica-se, principalmente, nos animais com regiões despigmentadas e desprovidas de pelos e sujeitas à radiação solar. As lesões podem se apresentar isoladas ou múltiplas, com tamanhos variados e ulceradas. O tratamento depende do tamanho, grau de invasão, equipamento disponível e condição financeira do proprietário. Como tratamento, tem sido utilisados a excisão cirúrgica, quimioterápicos de uso tópico e intralesional. O objetivo deste trabalho foi relatar um carcinoma de células escamosas na córnea de um equino. Foi encaminhado para a Clínica do Rancho um equino, macho, não castrado, 11 anos de idade, apresentando uma massa rósea na córnea do olho direito com evolução de quatro meses. Mediante suspeita clínica de carcinoma de células escamosas, foi indicada exérese cirúrgica da massa, seguida de avaliação histopatológica. O resultado do exame confirmou o diagnóstico da neoplasia. A terapia pós-cirúrgica consistiu na administração de colírios antibiótico, anti-inflamatório e atropina, além do anti-inflamatório flunixin meglumine. Como tratamento adjuvante foi feito o quimioterápico 5-Fluorouracil tópico durante 12 dias. Após dois meses do procedimento cirúrgico, o paciente não apresentava qualquer sinal de neoplasia no local, nem possíveis metástases em outras regiões. Diante do exposto, conclui se que o exame histopatológico é essencial para o diagnóstico definitivo da neoplasia e que a exérese cirúrgica associada com tratamento adjuvante a base do quimioterápico 5- fluorouracil foi eficaz para a erradicação do carcinoma de células escamosas.(AU)

Squamous cell carcinoma is a malignant neoplasm of the epidermal cells, being considered the second most common neoplasm in the eyes and ocular annexes of horses. The occurrence of the tumor intensifies mainly in animals that have depigmented and hairless regions subjected to solar radiation. Lesions may be isolated or multiple, with varying sizes and ulcerated. The treatment depends on the size, degree of invasion, equipment available and financial condition of the owner. As a treatment, besides surgical excision, topical and intralesional chemotherapeutic agents have been considered. The aim of this study was to report squamous cell carcinoma in the cornea of an equine. An 11-year-old, stallion horse, with a rosy mass in the right eye cornea that evolved for four months, was referred to the Rancho Clinic. Upon clinical suspicion of squamous cell carcinoma, surgical excision of the mass was indicated, followed by histopathological evaluation. The test result confirmed the diagnosis of the neoplasm. Postoperative therapy consisted of administration of antibiotic, anti-inflammatory and atropine eye drops, in addition to the anti-inflammatory flunixin meglumine. As adjuvant treatment was the topical 5-Fluorouracil chemotherapy for 12 days. Two months after the surgical procedure, the patient showed no signs of neoplasia at the site, nor possible metastases in other regions. Given the above, it is concluded that the histopathological examination is essential for the definitive diagnosis of the neoplasia and that surgical exeresis associated with adjuvant treatment based on 5-fluorouracil chemotherapy was effective for the eradication of squamous cell carcinoma.(AU)

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The authors used microscopy and synchrotron-based small-angle X-ray scattering analysis (SAXS) to describe lesions macroscopically typical of tropical keratopathy ("Florida spots") from 6 cats on St Kitts. Microscopically, there were varying degrees of epithelial hyperplasia and thinning of the cornea (by 4% to 18%) due to loss of corneal stroma associated with dense accumulations of collagen in the superficial stroma. The collagen fibrils in lesions were wider and had more variable diameters (39.5 ± 5.0 nm, mean ± SD) than in normal corneas (25.9 ± 3.6 nm; P < .01). There were occasional vacuoles (<1 µm) in the corneal epithelial basement membrane but no evidence of inflammation, edema, stromal neovascularization, fibrosis, acid-fast organisms, or structures suggestive of a fungal organism. SAXS analysis showed collagen fibril diameters and variation in size were greater in stroma containing the lesions compared to normal corneas (48.8 ± 4.5 nm vs 35.5 ± 2.6; P < .05). The d-spacing of collagen in the stroma of lesions and normal corneas was the same, but the average orientation index of collagen in lesions was greater (0.428 ± 0.08 vs 0.285 ± 0.03; P < .05). A survey revealed Florida spots lesions were static over time and became less obvious in only 1 of 6 affected cats adopted on St Kitts and taken to areas in the US where lesions are not reported. An anterior stromal collagen disorder with various degrees of epithelial hyperplasia is the pathologic hallmark of lesions clinically identical to Florida spots in cats from St Kitts.

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The objective of this report is to describe a case of descementocele resulting from facial paralysis in a male equine of the Brazilian equine breed. The patient was admitted to the Veterinary Center of the Harafah Horse Riding Center, presenting a head trauma and difficulty in locomotion and balance. Through anamnesis and complementary tests, it was reported that the animal had Otitis media due to infection with Coagulase positive Staphylococcus. As a consequence of this disease the animal in question presented a facial paralysis of the left side and with this a paralysis in its eyelids, damaging the lubrication of the left eye of the animal, thus causing ulceration of the penultimate layer of the cornea, evidencing a Descementocele. In view of this, the horse was referred to a treatment with antibiotics and medication support, as a form of treatment. This report emphasizes the importance of a rapid and correct diagnosis of this disease, which was determinant for the establishment of appropriate treatment and recovery of the animal in question.

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The objective of this report is to describe a case of descementocele resulting from facial paralysis in a male equine of the Brazilian equine breed. The patient was admitted to the Veterinary Center of the Harafah Horse Riding Center, presenting a head trauma and difficulty in locomotion and balance. Through anamnesis and complementary tests, it was reported that the animal had Otitis media due to infection with Coagulase positive Staphylococcus. As a consequence of this disease the animal in question presented a facial paralysis of the left side and with this a paralysis in its eyelids, damaging the lubrication of the left eye of the animal, thus causing ulceration of the penultimate layer of the cornea, evidencing a Descementocele. In view of this, the horse was referred to a treatment with antibiotics and medication support, as a form of treatment. This report emphasizes the importance of a rapid and correct diagnosis of this disease, which was determinant for the establishment of appropriate treatment and recovery of the animal in question.(AU)

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Objetivou-se realizar a caracterização clínica e histopatológica de bulbos oculares de cães e gatos, removidos cirurgicamente por indicação clínica, no período entre 2005-2015. Foram realizados 101 procedimentos de remoção do bulbo ocular, 93 enucleações (92%) e 8 exenterações (8%). Os procedimentos foram realizados em 80 cães, (79% dos casos) e em 21 gatos (21% dos casos). Os cães submetidos à intervenção cirúrgica apresentavam perfurações oculares (n=31, 39%), glaucoma (n=19, 24%), protrusão ocular (n=13, 16%), diagnósticos sugestivos de neoplasia (n=10, 12,5%) e outros (n=3, 2,97%). Dentre os gatos os diagnósticos clínicos compreenderam perfuração ocular (n=9, 49%), glaucoma (n=3, 14,2%), microftalmia (n=3, 14,2%), sugestivo de neoplasia (n=2, 9,5%), protrusão ocular (n=2, 9,5%) e outros (n=2, 9,5%). Vinte e sete amostras de bulbos oculares foram submetidas para avaliação histopatológica, sendo 23 provenientes de cães e quatro de gatos. Dentre as amostras de origem canina, sete exibiram achados histopatológicos compatíveis com glaucoma, sete perfurações oculares, seis neoplasias intraoculares, duas panoftalmites e um quadro de Phthisis bulbi. Nos bulbos oculares de gatos foram diagnosticadas duas neoplasias intraoculares, uma microftalmia e uma perfuração ocular. Constatou-se que o glaucoma secundário, as neoplasias e as perfurações oculares estão entre as principais causas de enucleação em cães, e associadas a alterações primárias como a ceratoconjuntivite seca e as uveítes. Estas afecções, diferentemente das neoplasias, podem ter êxito terapêutico mediante diagnóstico e tratamento precoces, prevenindo a cegueira e a remoção do bulbo ocular.(AU)

This study aimed to carry out the clinical and histopathologic characterization of ocular bulbs from dogs and cats, surgical removed as clinical indication between 2005-2015. Hundred-one procedures were performed, 93 enucleations (92%) and 8 exenterantions (8%). The procedures were performed on 80 dogs (79% of cases) and 21 cats (21% of cases). The dogs underwent to surgery had ocular perfuration (n=31, 39%), glaucoma (n=19, 24%), ocular protrusion (n=13, 16%), diagnosis suggestive of neoplasia (n=10, 12, 5%) and other (n=3, 2.97%). Among the clinical diagnosis cats comprise ocular perforation (n=9, 49%), glaucoma (n=3, 14.2%), microphthalmia (n=3, 14.2%), suggestive of neoplasia (n=2, 9.5%), ocular protrusion (n=2, 9.5%) and other (n=2, 9.5%). Twenty-seven samples of ocular bulbs were sent for histopathologic evaluation in Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, being 23 from dogs and four cats. Among the samples of dogs, seven exhibited histopathologic findings compatible with glaucoma, seven ocular perforations, six had intraocular neoplasias, two panoftalmites and condition of Phthisis bulbi. The ocular bulbs of cats received the diagnosis of two intraocular neoplasias, one microphthalmia and ocular perforation. It was found that the secondary glaucoma and ocular perforations are among the leading causes of enucleation in dogs, and associated with primary disorders such as keratoconjunctivitis sicca and uveitis. These disorders, unlike neoplasia, may have therapeutic success through early diagnosis and treatment, preventing blindness and removal of the eyeball.(AU)

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