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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between lacrimation and age in a homogeneous group of healthy beagle dogs during the first year of life. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Schirmer tear test I (STT I) was performed at an interval of 12-15 days in both eyes of 16 clinically healthy beagle dogs (eight males and eight females) from 94 to 361 days of age. Three different quadratic polynomial regression equations were estimated for the variation in lacrimation: (1) for the entire period (19 observations), (2) for observations 1-4 (days 94-136), and (3) for observations 5-19 (days 150-361). RESULTS: By fitting quadratic regression equations to different phases of tear production during the dog's first year of life, it was possible to see that with each day of life, lacrimation increased 0.08 times (8%). From days 94 to 136, however, lacrimal production fell 1.1 times with each day of life. From day 150 to 361, production increased by 0.02 (2%) each day of life. In addition, there was a positive significant and moderate linear correlation between body weight and STT I values (p = .01). CONCLUSION: In dogs, during the first year of life, STT I data distribution is parabolic in shape. Age significantly affected tear production. STT I decreased at approximately 108-121 days of age and increased thereafter. Body weight was a significant factor for STT I in young dogs. The establishment of this normal pattern of lacrimation is important for both clinical practitioners and laboratory studies.

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Background: Nasolacrimal duct tumors are divided into primary and secondary, with primary tumors being rare in all species. Secondary involvement of the lacrimal sac and duct can occur from any skin lesion involving the eyelid and/or conjunctiva and from any neoplastic process involving the paranasal sinuses. Lacrimal sac metastatic lesions may originate from any distant site and include carcinomas or melanomas, with squamous cell carcinoma being the most common type. The objectives of the present report were to describe a case of squamous cell carcinoma in the nasolacrimal duct and to emphasize the importance of a good ophthalmic evaluation. Case: A 16-year-old spayed bitch white poodle was presented to the veterinary clinic. The owner complained that the animal had epiphora and mucoid secretion in the right eye, eyelid hyperemia in both eyes, and sporadic sneezing with blood. On ophthalmic examination, the animal was initially diagnosed with nasolacrimal duct obstruction and right eye (OD) blepharitis and OU uveitis. Fourteen days after the first evaluation, the nasolacrimal duct region increased, with the presence of bloody secretion. Biomicroscopy showed nodules inside the lacrimal duct, in the punctum region. The animal was sedated to obtain a fragment of the nodule for histopathological analysis, and a subsequent oral cavity evaluation identified a nodule in the transition region between the 4th premolar and 1st molar, which was sent for cytology. Cytology of the medial corner region of the RE showed epithelial and mesenchymal cells with malignancy characteristics, and the biopsy was suggestive of malignant epithelial neoplasia (carcinoma). A surgical procedure for nodule resection was ruled out because bone involvement was extensive, and chemotherapy was selected. The patient died 2 months after the 1st consultation. The diagnosis was confirmed through necropsy via immunohistochemical tests, demonstrating squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) both in the mouth and the nasal and ocular sinuses. Discussion: The most common conditions affecting the nasolacrimal drainage system in dogs are those causing obstructions. These may be congenital, arising from a developmental defect of micropunctum or agenesis of the punctum, they may be acquired, arising from infection and inflammation. SCC is a malignant neoplasm originating in the stratified squamous epithelium. The predisposing factors in cats and dogs include lack of adnexal pigmentation and, possibly, chronic irritation of the ocular surface. A light coat is considered a relevant factor, especially in regions with little hair coverage. In addition to a mass lesion, other clinical signs of eyelid or ocular surface tumors may include epiphora, conjunctival vascular injection, mucopurulent ocular discharge, 3rd eyelid protrusion, conjunctival/corneal roughness or ulceration, and corneal neovascularization or pigmentation. Clinical presentations are nonspecific. Neoplasms, whether nasal and/or in the maxillary sinus, can invade the nasolacrimal duct and spread to the nasal cavity, and neoplasms in the nasal cavity can invade the nasolacrimal duct. Ophthalmic evaluation along with good inspection of the oral cavity is a useful tool in the diagnosis of eye neoplasms that may have effects on the oral cavity or vice versa due to the strong association between them. Early diagnosis is crucial for the clinical or surgical management of each case of ophthalmic neoplasia and for therapeutic success.

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Background: Bullous Keratopathy (BK) is characterized by decompensation of the corneal stroma resulting in visual impairment by corneal opacity, discomfort, excessive tearing, blepharospasm and pain. The aim of this study was to report a case of BK in a dog and the complete recovery of the ocular structure and visual function, with a third eyelid flap associated with the use of autologous blood serum topically. Case: A 2-year-old Shih Tzu male dog, weighing 4.3 kg, with recurrent bilateral eye discomfort was brought to Ophthalmologist Veterinarian Assistance. The patient had already been seen by other veterinarians, but the signs returned in a short period of time after the prescription was suspended. During physical examination it was observed moderate blepharospasm in the right eye, epiphora in the left eye, and in both eyes was noted exophthalmos, medial corneal entropion, caruncle trichiasis and ectopic cilia in the upper and lower eyelids. Fluorescein test was positive in both eyes, and a large bullous, opaque and gelatinous lesion with irregular appearance was observed occupying a large part of the cornea of the right eye. Superficial corneal ulcer was diagnosed in left eye and BK in right eye, both probably in consequence of ectopic cilia presence. Surgical intervention was made, with the cauterization and excision of the ectopic cilia and third eyelid flap in the right eye. The cauterization of caruncle trichiasis was not authorized by the owner. Moxifloxacin eye drops in the dose of one drop four times a day in both eyes, lubricant based on hyaluronic acid in the dose of one drop four times a day in both eyes, and autogenous blood serum, obtained from the centrifugation of a blood sample of the dog itself, in the dose of one drop every hour in the right eye for 24 h, and meloxicam in the dose of...(AU)

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RESUMO

Background: Bullous Keratopathy (BK) is characterized by decompensation of the corneal stroma resulting in visual impairment by corneal opacity, discomfort, excessive tearing, blepharospasm and pain. The aim of this study was to report a case of BK in a dog and the complete recovery of the ocular structure and visual function, with a third eyelid flap associated with the use of autologous blood serum topically. Case: A 2-year-old Shih Tzu male dog, weighing 4.3 kg, with recurrent bilateral eye discomfort was brought to Ophthalmologist Veterinarian Assistance. The patient had already been seen by other veterinarians, but the signs returned in a short period of time after the prescription was suspended. During physical examination it was observed moderate blepharospasm in the right eye, epiphora in the left eye, and in both eyes was noted exophthalmos, medial corneal entropion, caruncle trichiasis and ectopic cilia in the upper and lower eyelids. Fluorescein test was positive in both eyes, and a large bullous, opaque and gelatinous lesion with irregular appearance was observed occupying a large part of the cornea of the right eye. Superficial corneal ulcer was diagnosed in left eye and BK in right eye, both probably in consequence of ectopic cilia presence. Surgical intervention was made, with the cauterization and excision of the ectopic cilia and third eyelid flap in the right eye. The cauterization of caruncle trichiasis was not authorized by the owner. Moxifloxacin eye drops in the dose of one drop four times a day in both eyes, lubricant based on hyaluronic acid in the dose of one drop four times a day in both eyes, and autogenous blood serum, obtained from the centrifugation of a blood sample of the dog itself, in the dose of one drop every hour in the right eye for 24 h, and meloxicam in the dose of...

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A ceratoconjuntivite seca é uma inflamação progressiva da córnea e da conjuntiva causada por deficiência/ausência do filme pré-corneal trilaminar, sendo frequente na clínica de pequenos animais, mas muitos clínicos têm dificuldade em diagnosticar esta doença, o que talvez possa ser explicado pela diversidade de apresentações, com sinais comuns a outras enfermidades da superfície ocular e conjuntiva. O diagnóstico precoce da CCS tem relação direta com a remissão e controle dos sinais, pois os animais que recebem precocemente tratamento têm um prognóstico mais favorável. A terapia inclui manter a superfície ocular lubrificada e úmida, próximo ao normal, simultaneamente com a correção ou controle de alguma disfunção sistêmica ou regional identificada na abordagem física e oftálmica. Este texto faz um alerta em relação ao diagnóstico e apresenta uma breve revisão da terapia, com objetivo de evitar sequelas graves e irreversíveis.(AU)

Keratoconjunctivitis sicca, a progressive inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva caused by deficiency/absence of the trilaminar tear film, is frequently observed in the clinical evaluation of small animals, although many clinicians have difficulty in diagnosing this disease, which may be explained by the diversity of presentation, sharing common signs with other diseases of the ocular surface and the conjunctiva. Early diagnostic of KCS is directly related with remission and control of clinical signs as animals that were treated at early stages had a more favorable prognosis. Therapy to KCS consists in keeping the lubrication and humidity of the ocular surface close to its normal and simultaneously correcting or controlling any systemic or regional dysfunction previously observed in the physical and ophthalmological evaluation. This text makes an alert regarding the KCS diagnosis and presents a brief review of its therapeutics, in order to avoid serious and irreversible sequels.(AU)

La queratoconjuntivitis seca es una inflamación progresiva de la córnea y de la conjuntiva causada por deficiencia/ausencia de la película precorneal trilaminar. Es frecuente en la clínica de pequeños animales, pero muchos clínicos tienen dificultad en diagnosticar esta enfermedad, 10que talvez pueda ser explicado por la diversidad de presentaciones, con signos comunes a otras enfermedades de la superficie ocular y conjuntiva. EI diagnóstico precoz de Ia QCS tiene relación directa con la remisión y control de las señales, pues los animales que reciben precozmente tratamiento tienen un pronóstico más favorable. La terapia incluye mantener la superficie ocular lubricada y húmeda, cerca de 10 normal, simultáneamente con la corrección o control de alguna disfunción sistémica o regional identificada en el abordaje físico y oftálmico. Este texto hace una alerta en relación al diagnóstico y presenta una breve revisión de la terapia, con el objetivo de evitar secuelas graves e irreversibles.(AU)

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A ceratoconjuntivite seca é uma inflamação progressiva da córnea e da conjuntiva causada por deficiência/ausência do filme pré-corneal trilaminar, sendo frequente na clínica de pequenos animais, mas muitos clínicos têm dificuldade em diagnosticar esta doença, o que talvez possa ser explicado pela diversidade de apresentações, com sinais comuns a outras enfermidades da superfície ocular e conjuntiva. O diagnóstico precoce da CCS tem relação direta com a remissão e controle dos sinais, pois os animais que recebem precocemente tratamento têm um prognóstico mais favorável. A terapia inclui manter a superfície ocular lubrificada e úmida, próximo ao normal, simultaneamente com a correção ou controle de alguma disfunção sistêmica ou regional identificada na abordagem física e oftálmica. Este texto faz um alerta em relação ao diagnóstico e apresenta uma breve revisão da terapia, com objetivo de evitar sequelas graves e irreversíveis.

Keratoconjunctivitis sicca, a progressive inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva caused by deficiency/absence of the trilaminar tear film, is frequently observed in the clinical evaluation of small animals, although many clinicians have difficulty in diagnosing this disease, which may be explained by the diversity of presentation, sharing common signs with other diseases of the ocular surface and the conjunctiva. Early diagnostic of KCS is directly related with remission and control of clinical signs as animals that were treated at early stages had a more favorable prognosis. Therapy to KCS consists in keeping the lubrication and humidity of the ocular surface close to its normal and simultaneously correcting or controlling any systemic or regional dysfunction previously observed in the physical and ophthalmological evaluation. This text makes an alert regarding the KCS diagnosis and presents a brief review of its therapeutics, in order to avoid serious and irreversible sequels.

La queratoconjuntivitis seca es una inflamación progresiva de la córnea y de la conjuntiva causada por deficiencia/ausencia de la película precorneal trilaminar. Es frecuente en la clínica de pequeños animales, pero muchos clínicos tienen dificultad en diagnosticar esta enfermedad, 10que talvez pueda ser explicado por la diversidad de presentaciones, con signos comunes a otras enfermedades de la superficie ocular y conjuntiva. EI diagnóstico precoz de Ia QCS tiene relación directa con la remisión y control de las señales, pues los animales que reciben precozmente tratamiento tienen un pronóstico más favorable. La terapia incluye mantener la superficie ocular lubricada y húmeda, cerca de 10 normal, simultáneamente con la corrección o control de alguna disfunción sistémica o regional identificada en el abordaje físico y oftálmico. Este texto hace una alerta en relación al diagnóstico y presenta una breve revisión de la terapia, con el objetivo de evitar secuelas graves e irreversibles.

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La transposición del ducto parotídeo es un procedimiento quirúrgico utilizado como alternativa al tratamiento de la queratoconjuntivitis sicca que es refractaria al tratamiento clínico. Esta abordaje quirúrgica es realizada por medio de la transposición del ducto parotídeo de la cavidad oral para el fórnix conjuntival inferior, permitiendo la sustitución de la lágrima por la saliva. Un canino de 2 años de edad, sin raza definida, porte grande, fue atendido por el servicio de oftalmología del Laboratorio de Oftalmología comparada del Hospital Veterinario da Universidade Federal do Paraná y diagnosticado con queratoconjuntivitis sicca severa probablemente de causa neurogénica. Como el paciente demostró ser refractario al tratamiento clínico instituído previamente, se optó por el procedimiento quirúrgico mencionado anteriormente, utilizando el abordaje transcutáneo (abierto). A pesar de las consecuencias, que incluyeron epífora, blefaritis y deposición de minerales en la córnea, el procedimiento fue bien sucedido, permitiendo la lubricación de la superficie ocular.(AU)

Parotid duct transposition is an alternative surgical approach for the treatment of keratoconjunctivitis sicca when the clinical management has proven unsuccessful. This procedure consists in the transposition of parotid duct from the mouth to the inferior conjunctival fornix to provide lubrification of the eye. A large 2-yearold dog, presented at ophthalmology service of Comparative Veterinary Ophthalmology Laboratory at the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Paraná with severe keratoconjunctivitis sicca with probably a neurogenic cause and refractory to previous medical treatments. There by, the patient was treated surgically by the afore mentioned technique. Although some of the expected complications appeared, including epiphora, blepharitis and mineral deposition in the cornea, the surgery was successful providing lubrication of the eye.(AU)

A transposição do ducto parotídeo é um procedimento cirúrgico utilizado como alternativa para o tratamento da ceratoconjuntivite seca refratária ao tratamento clínico. Esta abordagem cirúrgica é realizada por meio da transposição do ducto parotídeo da cavidade oral para o fórnice conjuntival inferior, permitindo a substituição da lágrima pela saliva. Um cão de 2 anos de idade, sem raça definida, porte grande, foi atendido pelo serviço de oftalmologia do Laboratório de Oftalmologia Comparada do Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal do Paraná e diagnosticado com ceratoconjuntivite seca severa de provável causa neurogênica. Como o paciente demonstrou ser refratário ao tratamento clínico previamente instituído, optou-se pelo procedimento cirúrgico mencionado, utilizando a abordagem transcutânea (aberta). Apesar das consequências, que incluíram a epífora, blefarite e deposição de minerais na córnea, o procedimento foi bem-sucedido, permitindo a lubrificação da superfície ocular.(AU)

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RESUMO

La transposición del ducto parotídeo es un procedimiento quirúrgico utilizado como alternativa al tratamiento de la queratoconjuntivitis sicca que es refractaria al tratamiento clínico. Esta abordaje quirúrgica es realizada por medio de la transposición del ducto parotídeo de la cavidad oral para el fórnix conjuntival inferior, permitiendo la sustitución de la lágrima por la saliva. Un canino de 2 años de edad, sin raza definida, porte grande, fue atendido por el servicio de oftalmología del Laboratorio de Oftalmología comparada del Hospital Veterinario da Universidade Federal do Paraná y diagnosticado con queratoconjuntivitis sicca severa probablemente de causa neurogénica. Como el paciente demostró ser refractario al tratamiento clínico instituído previamente, se optó por el procedimiento quirúrgico mencionado anteriormente, utilizando el abordaje transcutáneo (abierto). A pesar de las consecuencias, que incluyeron epífora, blefaritis y deposición de minerales en la córnea, el procedimiento fue bien sucedido, permitiendo la lubricación de la superficie ocular.

Parotid duct transposition is an alternative surgical approach for the treatment of keratoconjunctivitis sicca when the clinical management has proven unsuccessful. This procedure consists in the transposition of parotid duct from the mouth to the inferior conjunctival fornix to provide lubrification of the eye. A large 2-yearold dog, presented at ophthalmology service of Comparative Veterinary Ophthalmology Laboratory at the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Paraná with severe keratoconjunctivitis sicca with probably a neurogenic cause and refractory to previous medical treatments. There by, the patient was treated surgically by the afore mentioned technique. Although some of the expected complications appeared, including epiphora, blepharitis and mineral deposition in the cornea, the surgery was successful providing lubrication of the eye.

A transposição do ducto parotídeo é um procedimento cirúrgico utilizado como alternativa para o tratamento da ceratoconjuntivite seca refratária ao tratamento clínico. Esta abordagem cirúrgica é realizada por meio da transposição do ducto parotídeo da cavidade oral para o fórnice conjuntival inferior, permitindo a substituição da lágrima pela saliva. Um cão de 2 anos de idade, sem raça definida, porte grande, foi atendido pelo serviço de oftalmologia do Laboratório de Oftalmologia Comparada do Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal do Paraná e diagnosticado com ceratoconjuntivite seca severa de provável causa neurogênica. Como o paciente demonstrou ser refratário ao tratamento clínico previamente instituído, optou-se pelo procedimento cirúrgico mencionado, utilizando a abordagem transcutânea (aberta). Apesar das consequências, que incluíram a epífora, blefarite e deposição de minerais na córnea, o procedimento foi bem-sucedido, permitindo a lubrificação da superfície ocular.

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A avaliação da epífora pode ser feita por exames clínicos, testes de excreção lacrimal, exames contrastados, como avaliação radiológica e estudo tomográfico; estes dois últimos permitem análise minuciosa das estruturas. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a via lacrimal excretora com uso de radiografia e tomografia computadorizada contrastadas, feitas em animais com epífora, comparando-se com animais sadios, sem essa afecção. Foram utilizados 20 cães, de raças e pelagens variadas, machos e fêmeas, com peso de 1 a 20 kg, com 0,7 a 8 anos de idade, apresentando epífora (grupo epífora - GE). Como grupo de controle (GC), foram utilizados 15 cães, sem alterações clínicas de drenagem do sistema lacrimonasal de raças e pelagens variadas, machos e fêmeas, pesando 1 a 20 kg, com 0,7 a 8 anos. Foi proposta a divisão do sistema de drenagem lacrimal em quatro regiões. Na região 1, o GE teve 29 (76,3%) animais com dilatação visibilizada pelo R-X e 32 (84,2%) pela TC; no GC, 4 (12,5%) no R-X e 1 (3,1%) na TC demonstraram dilatação. Na região 3, 13 (34,2%) cães evidenciaram dilatação do DLN no R-X e 14 (36,8%) na TC; e 21 (55,3%) comunicação do ducto lacrimonasal com o seio nasal pelo R-X e 28 (73,7%) pela TC. Já no GC, 15 (46,9%) pelo R-X e 22 (68,7%) pela TC possuíam comunicação do ducto lacrimonasal com o seio nasal. Concluiu-se que: dilatações também podem ser observadas em alguns cães sem sinal clínico da afecção; comunicação do ducto lacrimonasal com o seio nasal não indica alteração causadora de epífora, pois está presente em animais com e sem afecção; os dados do presente estudo confirmam que o exame DCG por si pode dar importantes informações, de forma semelhante à TC, devendo-se recorrer à ela apenas quando houver dúvidas sobre lesões ósseas, fraturas e corpos estranhos não detectados pelo primeiro...

Epiphora evaluation can be done through clinical exams, lachrymal excretion tests, contrasted exams, like radiologic evaluation and tomography studies; those last two allow a detailed analysis of the structures. The present study had as the objective to evaluate the lacrimal drainage system through radiography and contrasted computed tomography, which were made with animals presenting epiphora, comparing them to healthy animals, without the mentioned condition. Twenty dogs were used for tests, from a variety of breeds and coatings, males and females, weight varying from 1kg to 20kg, ages varying from 0.7 to 8 years old, presenting epiphora (epiphora group - GE*). As a control group (GC*) 15 dogs were used, with no clinical alterations of naso-lachrymal drainage system, from different breeds and coatings, males and females, weighing from 1kg to 20kg and ages varying from 0.7 to 8 years old. It was propoused the division of the lacrimal drainage system in four regions. On region 1, the GE had 29 (76.3%) animals with dilation visualized by the RX and 32 (84.2%) by CT, the GC, 4 (12.5%) in the RX and 1 (3.1% ) CT showed dilation. In region 3, 13 (34.2%) dogs showed dilatation of the DLN in RX and 14 (36.8%) on CT, and 21 (55.3%) nasolacrimal duct communication with the sinus and the X-ray 28 (73.7%) by CT. For the CG, 15 (46.9%) the X-ray and 22 (68.7%) by CT had nasolacrimal duct communication with the nasal sinus. It has been concluded that dilations can also be observed in some dogs with no clinical signs of disease; nasolacrimal duct communication to sinus does not indicate epiphora causing alteration, as it is present in animals with and without affection; the present study data confirm that DCG itself can provide important informations, in a similar manner to CT, and should resort to it just in case of doubts about bone lesions, fractures and foreign bodies undetected at first...

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A avaliação da epífora pode ser feita por exames clínicos, testes de excreção lacrimal, exames contrastados, como avaliação radiológica e estudo tomográfico; estes dois últimos permitem análise minuciosa das estruturas. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a via lacrimal excretora com uso de radiografia e tomografia computadorizada contrastadas, feitas em animais com epífora, comparando-se com animais sadios, sem essa afecção. Foram utilizados 20 cães, de raças e pelagens variadas, machos e fêmeas, com peso de 1 a 20 kg, com 0,7 a 8 anos de idade, apresentando epífora (grupo epífora - GE). Como grupo de controle (GC), foram utilizados 15 cães, sem alterações clínicas de drenagem do sistema lacrimonasal de raças e pelagens variadas, machos e fêmeas, pesando 1 a 20 kg, com 0,7 a 8 anos. Foi proposta a divisão do sistema de drenagem lacrimal em quatro regiões. Na região 1, o GE teve 29 (76,3%) animais com dilatação visibilizada pelo R-X e 32 (84,2%) pela TC; no GC, 4 (12,5%) no R-X e 1 (3,1%) na TC demonstraram dilatação. Na região 3, 13 (34,2%) cães evidenciaram dilatação do DLN no R-X e 14 (36,8%) na TC; e 21 (55,3%) comunicação do ducto lacrimonasal com o seio nasal pelo R-X e 28 (73,7%) pela TC. Já no GC, 15 (46,9%) pelo R-X e 22 (68,7%) pela TC possuíam comunicação do ducto lacrimonasal com o seio nasal. Concluiu-se que: dilatações também podem ser observadas em alguns cães sem sinal clínico da afecção; comunicação do ducto lacrimonasal com o seio nasal não indica alteração causadora de epífora, pois está presente em animais com e sem afecção; os dados do presente estudo confirmam que o exame DCG por si pode dar importantes informações, de forma semelhante à TC, devendo-se recorrer à ela apenas quando houver dúvidas sobre lesões ósseas, fraturas e corpos estranhos não detectados pelo primeiro.(AU)

Epiphora evaluation can be done through clinical exams, lachrymal excretion tests, contrasted exams, like radiologic evaluation and tomography studies; those last two allow a detailed analysis of the structures. The present study had as the objective to evaluate the lacrimal drainage system through radiography and contrasted computed tomography, which were made with animals presenting epiphora, comparing them to healthy animals, without the mentioned condition. Twenty dogs were used for tests, from a variety of breeds and coatings, males and females, weight varying from 1kg to 20kg, ages varying from 0.7 to 8 years old, presenting epiphora (epiphora group - GE*). As a control group (GC*) 15 dogs were used, with no clinical alterations of naso-lachrymal drainage system, from different breeds and coatings, males and females, weighing from 1kg to 20kg and ages varying from 0.7 to 8 years old. It was propoused the division of the lacrimal drainage system in four regions. On region 1, the GE had 29 (76.3%) animals with dilation visualized by the RX and 32 (84.2%) by CT, the GC, 4 (12.5%) in the RX and 1 (3.1% ) CT showed dilation. In region 3, 13 (34.2%) dogs showed dilatation of the DLN in RX and 14 (36.8%) on CT, and 21 (55.3%) nasolacrimal duct communication with the sinus and the X-ray 28 (73.7%) by CT. For the CG, 15 (46.9%) the X-ray and 22 (68.7%) by CT had nasolacrimal duct communication with the nasal sinus. It has been concluded that dilations can also be observed in some dogs with no clinical signs of disease; nasolacrimal duct communication to sinus does not indicate epiphora causing alteration, as it is present in animals with and without affection; the present study data confirm that DCG itself can provide important informations, in a similar manner to CT, and should resort to it just in case of doubts about bone lesions, fractures and foreign bodies undetected at first.(AU)

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