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BACKGROUND: While Zika virus (ZIKV) is now widely recognized as a teratogen, the frequency and full spectrum of adverse outcomes of congenital ZIKV infection remains incompletely understood. METHODS: Participants in the MERG cohort of pregnant women with rash, recruited from the surveillance system from December/2015-June/2017. Exposure definition was based on a combination of longitudinal data from molecular, serologic (IgM and IgG3) and plaque reduction neutralization tests for ZIKV. Children were evaluated by a team of clinical specialists and by transfontanelle ultrasound and were classified as having microcephaly and/or other signs/symptoms consistent with congenital Zika syndrome (CZS). Risks of adverse outcomes were quantified according to the relative evidence of a ZIKV infection in pregnancy. FINDINGS: 376 women had confirmed and suspected exposure to ZIKV. Among evaluable children born to these mothers, 20% presented with an adverse outcome compatible with exposure to ZIKV during pregnancy. The absolute risk of microcephaly was 2.9% (11/376), of calcifications and/or ventriculomegaly was 7.2% (13/180), of additional neurologic alterations was 5.3% (13/245), of ophthalmologic abnormalities was 7% (15/214), and of dysphagia was 1.8% (4/226). Less than 1% of the children experienced abnormalities across all of the domains simultaneously. Interpretation: Although approximately one-fifth of children with confirmed and suspected exposure to ZIKV in pregnancy presented with at least one abnormality compatible with CZS, the manifestations presented more frequently in isolation than in combination. Due to the rare nature of some outcomes and the possibility of later manifestations, large scale individual participant data meta-analysis and the long-term evaluation of children are imperative to identify the full spectrum of this syndrome and to plan actions to reduce damages.

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BACKGROUND: This study investigated the association between pesticide exposure in Brazil (2005-2013) with rates of central nervous system (CNS) and cardiovascular system (CVS) congenital abnormalities in 2014. METHOD: An exposure variable was established from data on production and sales of pesticides (kg) per crop area (ha) for 2012 and 2013 years. The Brazilian states were divided into three categories: high, medium, and low pesticide use and rate ratios were estimated for each group of states (CI: 95 %). RESULTS: In 2013 and 2014, the high use group presented a 100 and a 75 % increase, and the medium group a 65 and 23 % increase, respectively, in the risk of CNS and CVS congenital abnormalities at birth, compared to the low use group. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that pesticide exposure could be associated with increased risk of congenital malformations at birth in Brazil.

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Congenital anomalies of the central nervous system (CNS), although relatively frequent, can present prenatally with a wide dysmorphic spectrum. CNS anomalies can be classified into two groups; those in which a neurulation defect occurs during the first weeks of development, widely known as neural tube defects (NTDs), and those affecting lately the development of the brain during the time of neural proliferation, migration or organization. In addition, there are pseudo-cystic lesions affecting the brain parenchyma, which origin can be difficult to establish during examination of the fetal brain. Schizencephaly is a typical example of neural migration disorder and porencephaly is usually secondary to an external insult either caused by an infection, hemorrhage, or trauma. These lesions present several features at ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging that can be used in the differential diagnosis. We review this topic and propose some imaging signs which may help in establishing the prenatal diagnosis.

Las anomalías congénitas que comprometen el Sistema Nervioso Central (SNC) son relativamente frecuentes aunque presentan un amplio espectro dismorfico en la etapa fetal. Estas lesiones pueden ser clasificadas en dos grupos, aquellas con defecto de la neurulación que ocurren durante las primeras semanas de la gestación, clásicamente conocidos como defectos del tubo neural (DTN), y las anomalías que comprometen posteriormente el desarrollo del cerebro durante la etapas de proliferación, migración u organización neuronal. Existen sin embargo, lesiones pseudo quísticas del parénquima cerebral que pueden llevar a confusión durante el examen cerebral fetal. La esquizencefalia es un típico ejemplo de defecto de migración neuronal y la porencefalia habitualmente es secundaria a una injuria externa de tipo infecciosa, hemorrágica o traumática. Estas lesiones presentan algunas características típicas al ultrasonido (US) y a la resonancia magnética (RM) que pueden ser considerados criterios para el diagnóstico diferencial prenatal. Se revisa el tema y se proponen algunos signos imagenológicos para clarificar el diagnóstico prenatal.

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The lesions of the central nervous system represent an important cause of morbid-mortality in the neonatal period. This is due to the vulnerability of the brain to several adverse conditions during gestation and after birth. This study analyses the prevalence and pattern of central nervous system lesions in neonates autopsied at Hospital de Clínicas - Curitiba. There were 5743 pediatric autopsies performed in the Sector of Anatomic Pathology from 1960 to 1995 with 2049 cases corresponding to death during neonatal period. These later autopsies were reviewed and all cases with central nervous system lesions were selected and classified according to sex, age and pattern of central nervous system lesion. The central nervous system was affected in 1616 (78,87%) of neonatal autopsies and there was predominance of intracerebral hemorrhages (73,39%), congenital malformations (4,27%) and infections (3,59%). The hypoxic hemorrhages are the most prevalent central nervous system lesions in the neonatal period, affecting mainly premature babies. There was predominance of central nervous system malformations in the female neonates.

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As lesöes do sistema nervoso central, resultantes da vulnerabilidade do encéfalo às condiçöes adversas durante a gestaçäo e após o nascimento, representam uma importante causa de morbimortalidade no período neonatal. Este estudo visa analisar a prevalência e os padröes das lesöes neuropatológicas em neomortos do Hospital de Clínicas de Curitiba. Utilizou-se como fonte de dados o Banco de Necropsia da Unidade de Patologia Perinatal e Pediátrica do Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Federal do Paraná - Curitiba, que registra 5743 necropsias realizadas entre os anos de 1960 e 1995. Foram selecionados 2049 casos correspondentes aos laudos de necropsia dos neomortos, os quais foram classificados segundo a faixa etária e o padräo de lesäo neuropatológica. Caracterizou-se lesäo neuropatológica em 1616 casos (78,87 por cento), observando-se maior prevalência das hemorragias intracranianas (73,39 por cento), malformaçöes congênitas (4,27 por cento) e infecçöes (3,59 por cento). As hemorragias hipóxicas representaram a lesäo neuropatológica mais freqüente entre os neomortos, especialmente entre os prematuros. Houve diferença na prevalência quanto ao gênero apenas nas malformaçöes, que foram mais comuns no sexo feminino

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Se reúnen datos históricos sobre el uso de la cocaína, su epidemiología, química y farmacología, así como las complicaciones médicas y el tratamiento, tanto en las intoxicaciones agudas como en las adicciones crónicas. La repercusión y daño sobre el sistema nervioso con alteraciones neurológicas y psiquiátricas. La frecuencia de hemorragias cerebrales e infartos cardíacos y en otras vísceras por lesión vascular. Los variados cuadros pulmonares producidos por las distintas vías de uso y los múltiples problemas obstétricos presentes durante la gestación; los partos anormales con productos dañados cerebralmente y lesiones teratogénicas por causa de la cocaína. También se incluyen las campañas profilácticas actuales contra el uso de la cocaína y de otras drogas

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