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The 14th Symposium of the International Society for Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics (ISVEE 14) was held in Merida, Yucatan, Mexico during 3-7 November. 2015. The purpose of ISVEE 14 Yucatan 2015 was to provide a global forum for graduate students, postdoctoral fellows, junior and senior investigators, as well as health policymakers to exchange information that can advance the fields of veterinary epidemiology and economics, and other disciplines in the health and social sciences. The main theme of ISVEE 14 was Planning Our Future. Human population growth is predicted to increase nearly 50% to 11 billion by 2050, and climate change and changing land use can have an impact on local and global food systems, interactions among humans, wildlife and domestic animals, as well as local, regional, and global public health alerts. How can we help our systems of education, research, and public policy adapt? Are new veterinary graduates and epidemiology practitioners prepared to become active protagonists in the solution of health issues that affect humans and animal populations in a changing environment? What innovative research is needed to understand and enhance the food systems of the future? What are the expected roles or contributions of veterinarians or epidemiology practitioners on future climate change, food systems, and health? Is our profession or discipline leading One Health initiatives? Are there current or new models that make national veterinary services more efficacious and efficient for disease control and eradication? To help us answer these questions, the organizing committee of ISVEE 14 invited five distinguished keynote speakers to share their vision and innovative ideas on education, technological developments, research, and public policy of our future with a concentration in the following five areas: (i) One Health (Jonna Mazet), (ii) climate change (Bernard Bett), (iii) animal health economics (Jonathan Rushton), (iv) national veterinary services (Vitor Goncalves), and (v) animal welfare (Aline Schunemann). This Special Issue includes manuscripts from four of five keynote presentations delivered during ISVEE 14.

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Research by a number of international organisations indicates that world demand for red meat protein is set to increase significantly in the coming years. However, faced with the risk of infectious animal diseases and zoonoses--factors that could limit the growth of this production sector--the fight against livestock diseases must continue, especially against those that affect food safety or pose a threat to human life. The use of vaccination to prevent infectious animal diseases is of key importance, not only because it helps to control and effectively eradicate infectious livestock diseases, but also because it makes it possible to introduce new technologies for intensive or semi-intensive production, to protect the environment, to care for animal welfare and to guarantee the safety of animal-derived foodstuffs. As part of their professional culture, livestock producers have come to fully appreciate the advantages of using vaccination to prevent disease rather than curative measures, which are more costly to implement and in some cases not very effective. The control of anthrax and rabies by means of effective vaccines was a factor in the widespread development of livestock in Argentina and other parts of Latin America. Recent results in the control and eradication of foot and mouth disease have made producers even more convinced of the merits of this technology. Animal disease prevention has proven to be highly conducive to the production of healthy foodstuffs. It is the responsibility of international organisations to draw up appropriate regulations to protect trade, supply safe and healthy products and prevent the application of unjustified non-tariff measures.

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Production of livestock across North and South America is extensive. The opportunities for production, commerce, and thriving economies related to animal agriculture are balanced against the devastating threats of disease. Commitment by livestock and poultry producers in exporting countries to production methods, herd health management, and biosecurity in their operations must be coupled with an animal health and marketing infrastructure that allows the industries to thrive and offers assurances to trading partners that their livestock industries will not be jeopardized. National and international animal health organizations play a key role in providing this infrastructure to the industries that they serve. The incentive for the successful World agricultural production economies to provide direction and support for improving animal health and conveying principles for competitive and safe production to lesser developed nations is the assurance that the expanding economies of these nations offer an eager and hungry market for the products of the other industries of an export-dependent economy. The World Trade Organization (WTO) was established after the Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). The WTO provides the permanent international multilateral institutional framework for implementing dispute resolution agreements and the agreement on the application of sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures. The SPS agreements allow for the protection of animal and plant health.

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A broad framework for the assessment of the economic impact of animal diseases and control of these diseases is described. Various levels of analysis are discussed, from the herd, to the household, the sector, the nation and the region. For each of these levels, methods of economic impact assessment are outlined and discussed with respect to the objectives, data requirements and outputs of each type of assessment. In addition, the authors attempt to describe the conditions under which the various methods might be used. To conclude, a discussion of the state of the art is presented, and areas of further research are identified.

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The Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) established the World Trade Organization to supervise the reduction of barriers to, and liberalisation of, world trade. The application of sanitary and phytosanitary measures will be standardised to avoid use for protectionist purposes by countries or regional trade blocks. Harmonisation of animal disease control measures within regional blocks is essential if benefits to freer trade are to occur, but this harmonisation must be balanced against potential disease risks and costs associated with disease outbreaks. World trade in livestock products is concentrated among developed countries, although developing countries are responsible for approximately a third of poultry meat imports and exports. Despite liberalisation, the share of global trade by developing countries is unlikely to increase greatly in the short term. The benefits of trade and of freer trade are emphasised. Examples are given of the impacts of trade barriers on developing countries and of the harmonisation of European Union animal health standards. Economic implications for the future of greater global trade are assessed.

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The authors discuss the relative importance of the livestock sector in South America, in developing countries and in countries world-wide. The development of animal health services is highlighted and the new challenges which these services must meet, with respect to the restructuring of international trade, are described. The economic impact of animal diseases and of disease control is evaluated by taking a regional approach and by analysing production systems. A classification of production systems is accompanied by case studies on the economics of animal health. Emphasis is placed on national control programmes, diseases which affect reproduction, parasitic diseases and mastitis, with particular reference to the livestock sector of Colombia. The authors suggest that integrated livestock development programmes include the management of animal health and production information. A change of attitude is also recommended with greater participation of those involved. The need to co-ordinate sustained research initiatives is stressed.

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